Maksimovich ambodic contribution to pediatrics. The meaning of Maksimovich Nestor Maksimovich (Ambodik) in a brief biographical encyclopedia

Nestor Maksimovich Maksimovich-Ambodik- the largest scientist of the second half of XVIII century - is the founder of Russian obstetrics and pediatrics; he is also rightfully considered one of the founders of Russian pharmacognosy and medical terminology. The fundamental works he created in the field of obstetrics, pediatrics, medical botany and pharmacology were not only the first original scientific manuals, but also the first Russian teaching aids, Without which successful development medical education and the training of obstetricians in Russia would be impossible.

Dictionaries compiled by N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik laid the foundation for the development of Russian medical nomenclature.

N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik also owns a number of major translated works that contributed to the popularization of medical knowledge among the general population. -

However, in order to understand and truly appreciate the merits of N. M. Makspmovich-Lmbodik, one must at least in general terms get acquainted with what was before him, as well as with the pace of the conditions in which he had to live and work.

The second half of the 18th century in Russia is a period of great transformations associated with the reforms of Peter I, which covered all aspects of the economic, state and cultural life of the country. The reforms also affected medicine, in particular the most important issue of medical education. The first hospital schools are opened, which became the beginning systematic training local doctors. Education in hospital schools was conducted in Latin, and not all Russians could enter these schools. In them. mainly children of foreigners and children of the clergy who graduated from theological seminaries studied. Due to the lack of textbooks and the shortage of qualified teachers, the training of doctors was slow. Most of the teachers were foreigners. Some of them, such as Nikolai Bidloo, played an important role in the organization of medical education in Russia. But there were also those who were alien to the interests of the Russian people, and they did not always conscientiously treat their duties. In Russian doctors, they felt rivals, tried in every possible way to impede the development of medical education in Russia.

Meanwhile, Russia at that time, due to the very high morbidity and mortality of the population, was in dire need of medical staff. Frequent epidemics, wars claimed a large number of lives. But maternal and child mortality was especially high, since there was no obstetric care during childbirth among the general population. If women from rich strata of society had the opportunity to turn to foreign doctors for obstetric care, then women from the people were forced to resort to the help of midwives, the overwhelming majority of them were illiterate and ignorant, often causing great harm to both mother and child.
Such a situation could not but be reflected in population growth - there was almost no "multiplication of the Russian people". Both the state and the leading figures of society were concerned about the situation. The state tried to solve this problem with the help of foreign specialists, while the progressive people of Russia considered it necessary to create a domestic cadre of doctors, and primarily obstetricians.

Thus, the brilliant Russian scientist M. V. Lomonosov in his writings paid great attention to the issue of increasing the birth rate and population growth. He considered the main reason for the slow population growth to be high infant mortality. In a letter to I. I. Shuvalov “On the conservation and reproduction Russian people”, written in 1761, he recommended a whole system of measures to increase the birth rate, reduce mortality and morbidity in children. For the development of midwifery in Russia, M.V. Lomonosov proposed compiling a Russian manual on obstetrics, based on the scientific works of Western European scientists and the rich experience of Russian midwives, printing it in large quantities.

Education in obstetrics and the formation of obstetric institutions on a state basis in Russia began only in the second half of the 18th century, when, at the suggestion of the first organizer of Russian healthcare, P. 3. Kondiodi, in 1757, babichny schools were opened in Moscow, in St. Petersburg, where they began to study obstetric art midwives - women who assist in childbirth.

But German professors were placed at the head of these schools: in Moscow I.F. Erasmus, in St. Petersburg

A. Lindeman. Classes were held in the apartments of professors. They did not speak Russian, they communicated with their students through German translators, who also had a poor command of Russian. The training was purely theoretical. There were no modern teaching aids, therefore, the achievements of European obstetrics remained unknown. There was also no practical base where one could learn the art of midwifery. Only when obstetric departments were opened at the Orphanage in Moscow (1764) and St. Petersburg (1771), the opportunity for practical training first appeared,

The level of training in these schools continued to be low. The number of graduates was also small. So, for the first 20 years of the existence of the Moscow Babi school, only 35 students received the title of "sworn midwives", of which there were only 5 Russians.

Thus, the matter of national importance - the training of domestic obstetric personnel - did not have the proper development. Only with the advent of well-trained Russian doctors-teachers, sincerely interested in the development of obstetrics in Russia, is the training of obstetrical personnel at the modern scientific level. One of these teachers and scientists was the first Russian professor of obstetrics, Nestor Maksimovich Maksimovich-Ambodik.
^ life path N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik.

Nestor Maksimovich Maksimovich-Ambodik (from the Greek words "ambo dic" - "say twice", indicating the double repetition of the word "Maximovich" in his patronymic and surname) was born on October 27, 1744 in the village of Veprik, Poltava province, in the family of a village priest. first primary education he received, obviously, at home. At the age of 13, he was assigned to the Kiev Theological Academy - one of the largest educational institutions of that time, which gave its students extensive and deep knowledge not only in theology, but also in philosophy, history, and foreign languages. The Kiev Theological Academy supplied Russia with cadres of educated people: teachers, translators and even publishing workers. Many of her pupils became students of medical schools. After graduating from the academy in 1768, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik did not intend to devote himself to medicine. He wrote about this in the preface to The Art of Fiddling: “As much as I can remember from childhood, when it never occurred to me that I would ever study medical science; and even less so, to be a guide for others in midwifery.

A richly gifted young man who had a sensitive soul and good heart, Ambodik could not but see and experience the contradictory coexistence of general progress in the life of the state and tremendous poverty, lack of culture, huge morbidity and mortality among the common people. And he “wanted to know the laws by which Russian

filed, so he began to work in the legal commission for the formation of the draft Code of new laws. It took a very short time for N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik to understand one of the reasons for the high infant mortality rate - "the extreme ignorance of many unlearned Russian grandmothers in midwifery. Who are everywhere in Russia, and especially among the common people, freely correct the midwife to their own shame , common death and obvious harm to the entire state". In the future, he will give a lot of strength and energy to the education of scientific midwives and the education of the common people. In the meantime, the desire to be useful to the Motherland makes him find his vocation in medicine, especially in obstetrics.

In 1769, N. M. Makenmovich-Ambodik entered the Hospital School at the St. Petersburg Land Hospital, but, not satisfied with the training, after a few months he left for France Faculty of Medicine Strasbourg University. This university, famous for its teachers, was the first educational institution where, since 1728, doctors could receive special theoretical and practical training in obstetrics. The midwifery was taught by Rederer, a scientist with a European name.

First N.M. Maksimovich-Ambodik studied at his own expense, and then he was awarded a scholarship to Princess E. D. Golitsina-Kantemir, who bequeathed a large capital, as she wrote, "for the continuous natural Russians to study obstetrics in foreign lands." The very fact that special capital was bequeathed for the training of obstetricians is convincing evidence of the great need for them. This scholarship enabled the young N. M. Maksimovich, together with his peers A. M. Shumlyansky and M. M. Tershovsky (who later also became well-known doctors), to receive an excellent medical education abroad.

After graduating from the university, where he studied for 4 years, on May 18, 1775, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik successfully defends his thesis on the topic "On the Human Liver" and receives a doctoral degree and an excellent certificate from the dean of the University of Strasbourg, Prof. I. R. Shpilman . one

In order to increase general education and acquaintance with medical achievements in another country, N.M. Maksimovich-Ambodik made a long journey through Germany. He visited a number of German clinics, listened to lectures, talked with doctors and heads of clinics. At the same time, he improved his knowledge of the German language, which later allowed him to speak and read fluently in this language.

Upon his return to St. Petersburg, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik was examined at the Medical College by doctors G. Asch, X. Pekken, A. Lindeman, and on September 19, 1776, he received the right to practice and was appointed junior doctor at the St. Petersburg Admiralty Hospital. Here he began to give his first lectures on midwifery. In addition, he was given the condition to read the same lectures twice a week at the Hospital School at the St. Petersburg Land Hospital.

In 1777, by the “highest order”, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik was sent abroad for one year to further improve his knowledge. Upon his return to Russia on September 2, 1778, he again began lecturing at the St. Petersburg Admiralty Hospital, but was soon transferred to the Kronstadt Hospital. There he is ordered to lecture on physiology, medical and surgical practice and medicinal plants- a course that also included methods for collecting, drying and storing prepared medicinal raw materials (course "Materia Medica"). This kind of activity absolutely did not correspond to the aspirations of the young doctor. The Russian historian of medicine Ya. A. Chistovich later wrote: "Maybe THIS was a kind of LINK, because the Kronstadt school was always considered backward, and the hospital in Kronstadt was until the end of the last century a model of disorder, disorder and abuse."

Six months later, N.M. Maksimovich-Ambodik filed a petition for his return transfer to St. Petersburg, referring to the fact that he had always prepared to be an obstetrician, while in Kronstadt he had to do a variety of things, but not the midwife for which he was preparing himself . It was only by sheer luck that his aspirations were crowned with success. In 1781, Dr. A. Lindemann, professor at the St. Petersburg Babichka School from the time of its foundation, retired. There were no candidates from foreigners, and N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik on May 10, 1781 was appointed his successor. In addition, he was obliged to teach midwifery to assistant doctors and students 3 times a week in two St. Petersburg hospitals.

Despite the almost 25-year existence of the St. Petersburg Babies' School, the level of training of midwives in Pei still remained very low. Education at school was conducted according to the obsolete obstetric guidance of Horn and continued to be theoretical, but such obstetric education was inaccessible to most Russians, because teaching was conducted in German.

Having headed the St. Petersburg Baby School, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik sets himself three goals: 1) to make medical education accessible to Russians; 2) put teaching at a high level, appropriate modern development obstetrics; 3) to create an educational manual on obstetrics in Russian, reflecting modern knowledge in the field of midwifery.

With extraordinary energy and enthusiasm, sparing neither time, nor effort, nor personal funds, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik takes on the reorganization of everything

educational process preparation of midwives.

First of all, he introduces mandatory workshops at the bedside of women in labor in the maternity ward of the Orphanage. He considers theory and practice to be inseparable. To gain knowledge, “it’s not enough for a doctor, healer or grandmother to read only any book about midwifery, it’s not enough to listen to only verbal instructions about the woman’s business, but it’s enough ... to be present at childbirth several times, but it is necessary, necessary, both by reading and listening ... and the thing itself through the woman's guidance during childbirth is corrected, to acquire the proper knowledge in it. Speculation with experience is associated with an inseparable union ... ".

N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik is the first in Russia to conduct classes on an obstetric phantom (a model of the female pelvis and fetus), using it to study the mechanism of childbirth, both normal and pathological, as well as to teach various obstetric techniques, benefits, and operations. Since the St. Petersburg Babies' School did not have an obstetric phantom, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik will create a model, according to which in September 1782 master Vasily Kozhenkov makes a phantom. At the same time, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik orders him to make a number of obstetric instruments: steel tongs with wooden handles (i.e. obstetric forceps), a silver female catheter, etc.

N. M. Maksimovich-Lmbodik was the first of the obstetricians to begin lecturing in Russian, believing that other sciences in all medical schools should be taught in Russian. mother tongue, as lack of knowledge of a foreign language is an obstacle to obtaining medical knowledge.

In an effort to increase the number of students studying "6a-scourge business", Maksimovich-Ambodik submits a petition to the Medical College to "publish" the hours of his lectures through the newspaper "Sankt-Peterburgskiye Vedomosti". Considering his activities as the fulfillment of public duty, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik tried with all his might to make medical science accessible and understandable to compatriots who were interested in medicine. “The public and state benefit requires that the theoretical and practical midwifery and other medicinal sciences be Russian language were taught.
Now it is impossible to imagine exactly what difficulties N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik and other Russian doctors-teachers faced, who embarked on the path of struggle for the development of domestic medicine. Indeed, at that time, all medical and medical institutions in Russia were practically in the hands of foreign doctors, most of whom did not want to give up their dominant positions. The Germans occupied almost all leadership positions; on scientific matters it was customary to speak only German. Russian doctors, who did not know the German language, were ignored, treated with haughtiness. They were not recognized for their merits, they prevented their advancement, entwined with intrigues and creating a difficult atmosphere. It was necessary to have extraordinary perseverance and firmness of spirit in order not only to withstand this opposition, but also to actively fight for the formation of Russian medicine, for teaching in Russian.

Teaching in the native language was also complicated by the fact that scientific medical terminology did not exist in Russian. L. F. Zmeei, evaluating this side of the activity of N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik, wrote: “Maximovich was the first to dare to convey science in the language. as they said, barbaric, - work, before the enormity of which more than one good wave broke down, more than one burning energy of many of his predecessors subsided.

Another Russian historian of medicine, Ya. A. Listania, wrote: “Ambodik was one of the first to begin to expound scientific subjects in Russian and had to invent terms for expressing concepts that did not yet have the right of citizenship in the Russian language. He laid the foundation for the Russian medical nomenclature, and we use the fruits of his labors, not realizing their origin. "N.M. Maksimovich-Ambodik felt sincere and deep affection for his students, trying to inspire them, captivate them, instill a love for their chosen profession. Emphasizing that enormous the role that his students will play in saving the lives of mothers and babies, he contrasts them with uneducated midwives, in whom he sees one of the main reasons for the huge morbidity and mortality among mothers and newborns. even dedicates his poems to them, in which he sings of their art.

In addition to teaching, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik is actively involved in medical work, visiting those who need his help at any time of the day or night, both in the maternity ward and at home. A brilliant obstetrician-practitioner, he was one of the first in Tossitz to apply the operation - the imposition of obstetric forceps, which requires great skill from the doctor. A vivid illustration of the intense activity of N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik is one of his reports. Medical Collegium: 209 births were taken in the Orphanage during the year, 39 of them were difficult births; in 13 cases "pincers" were applied. In addition, in 25 cases, births were taken at home, of which flares were used in 10 cases, in 13 cases - turns, in 2 - manual separation of the child's place.

The medical board has cordoned off the outstanding merits of N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik in the development of obstetric education in Russia, conferring on him, the first of the Russian teachers, in October 1782 the title of professor of obstetrics.

Despite his great employment as a teacher and doctor, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik in 1783 published the Anatomical and Physiological Dictionary and was actively working on several capital works on obstetrics, pediatrics and pharmacognosy at once: about the woman's business", "Medical substance, or a description of healing plants"

Knowing well French, German and Latin language and, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik translates a number of medical works of a popular nature, promoting medical knowledge among the broad strata of the Russian population in order to increase its cultural and sanitary level. He does not stop at material costs and publishes part of the work at his own expense, although he does not have much capital.

In 1784, the St. Petersburg Babitch School, having received a large monetary donation from an unknown private person, was transformed into a school of a higher type - the Midwifery School. Morenheim, specially invited for this from Germany, is appointed director of this school, and N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik is appointed professor of obstetrics to teach midwifery. Two years later, the midwifery school was transformed into a midwifery institute. In this regard, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik was released from teaching in hospitals so that he could devote more time to teaching obstetrics at the Midwifery Institute.

For merits in the field of teaching and in the creation of a number of scientific works in 1793, N. M. Maksnmovich-Ambodik was elected an honorary member of the Medical College and takes an active part in its work: he reviews the works received by the College from Russian doctors, draws up a project for the development of obstetric education in Russia, which, however, was not implemented; also draws up a program for the preparation of midwives for the village.

In 1797, the third obstetric institution in Russia was opened in St. Petersburg, headed by Morenheim, and N.M. Maksimovich-Ambodik was appointed teacher of obstetrics. N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik could rightfully head both obstetric institutions in St. Petersburg, but the tsarist government still did not believe in the knowledge and skills of Russian doctors and continued to invite foreign doctors to senior positions. Explaining the reasons for the poor training of obstetricians in those days, the famous Russian obstetrician V. S. Gruzdev wrote that the midwife was in the hands of foreign mediocrity, “Russian gifted people like Shumlyansky and Maksimovich-Ambodik in every possible way wiped him off by the German clique, and at best, remained in the position of ordinary workers.
N. M. Maksichovich-Achbodik, carried away by his favorite work, did not openly fight against foreign doctors. However, in his writings there are statements directed against foreign domination: “Although medical science is everywhere the same and the same, however, it seems to have some difference in that the doctor and healer from the United States, compatriot and friend, are revered for the sick and better , and more reliable, and more certain than an unknown stranger and foreigner, to whom the composition of the body, and the properties, and the type of life of the sick person are unknown.

Despite the difficult conditions, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik continues to work tirelessly, improving teaching methods and creating capital piles. At the same time, he uses not only his personal richest clinical experience, but also the achievements of European obstetrics: “I am not ashamed to admit that I used the instructions of the best men of foreign universities, glorious in the art of medicine. They gave me a chance for new ventures.”

During this period, he published a number of medical and botanical works: "Botanical Dictionary" (1795), "Primary Foundations of Botany" (1796), in which he points out the need to study medical botany for doctors, pharmacists and those involved in the collection of medicinal plants.

Years of hard work could not but be reflected

on the state of health of N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik. His health was deteriorating, his eyesight was especially weakening. It is possible that in this regard, in 1798, he left his teaching job. Almost nothing is known about his subsequent activities, except that until the end of his life he occupied a modest position as a consultant in the Kalinkinskaya hospital. N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik died in St. Petersburg on July 24, 1812.
^ Founder of domestic obstetrics and pediatrics

Nestor Maksimovich Maksimovich-Ambodik is rightfully called the father of Russian obstetrics. He is the creator of the capital work "The Art of Understanding, or the Science of Womanhood" (1784-1786) - the first domestic scientific guide in Russian, without which the successful development of obstetrics and scientific training of obstetricians in Russia would be unthinkable. "The art of intervening" includes issues of physiological, pathological and operative obstetrics. Several generations of doctors and midwives studied on it. This work was written on the basis of excellent knowledge of modern European obstetrics and rich personal clinical experience.

Many of the provisions expressed by N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik were progressive and have not lost their relevance in our days. In the preface to The Art of Irrigation, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik writes that one should know the anatomy of the female body and the fetal fetus, without which it is impossible to become an experienced obstetrician, that “advance” practical training is important to obtain special skills, needed to provide timely assistance for difficult births. He repeatedly says “the need to combine theoretical and practical knowledge: “... speculation with experimental action is associated with an inseparable union, so that one without the other is very weak and powerless, and sometimes it can be harmful and detrimental.” NM Maksimovich-Ambodik also draws attention to the close connection between medicine and other sciences, such as chemistry and physics. The statement of N. M. Maksimovich-Ambofdik that “experienced physics is needed to help the doctor” echoes the ideas of M. V. Lomonosov about the close connection between medicine and chemistry and physics.

In The Art of Povivanie, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik described in detail the anatomical structure of the female genital organs and the intrauterine position of the fetus, signs of pregnancy, the methodology and significance of obstetric examination of a pregnant woman and a woman in labor. He was the first to draw attention to the great importance of preparing the hands of an obstetrician for "palm touch": it is necessary to cut the nails and lubricate the hands with warm oil. At the same time, he recommends not conducting an obstetric study without sufficient evidence.

One of the most important causes of obstetric pathology, a narrow pelvis, is considered by N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik in great detail. Paying attention to the irregular structure of the female pelvis, he emphasizes that such a pelvis is a frequent cause of difficult childbirth, and sometimes their impossibility. The forms of the narrow pelvis described by him, recognized at the present time, formed the basis of the classifications of the narrow pelvis, proposed later by many authors.

Among the causes of complicated childbirth, N.M. Maksimovich-Ambodik also noted the unusual position of the head, when the shawl is “faced to the bosom, and the back of the head to the sacrum is turned around.” This theory was further developed as a doctrine of a clinically narrow pelvis, to which many works of Soviet and foreign authors were devoted (M S. Malinovsky, 1923; B. A. Arkhangelsky, 1939; I. A. Pokrovsky, 1959; R. I. Kalganova, 1965, etc.). For the purpose of delivery with a narrow pelvis, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik suggested correcting the position of the head with manual techniques (turning on the leg), and, if necessary, using direct forceps or craniotomy (fruit-destroying operation). N. M, Maksimovich-Ambodik describes in detail the conditions and indications for the operation of an obstetric external-internal rotation. He was the first in Russia to describe the asynclitic insertion of the fetal head (incorrect insertion of the fetal head into the pelvic cavity is a very serious sign indicating the existing narrowing of the entrance to the pelvis, which could complicate the normal course of childbirth).

At the time of the publication of The Art of Pillowing, doctors had no idea about the configuration (adaptation of the fetal head to the pelvis). The views of German and French obstetricians were widespread among doctors, who argued that the main purpose of the tips is to squeeze the fetal head, due to which the reduced head can pass through a narrow pelvis. However, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik argued that excessive compression of the head with forceps harms the fetus. With a significant discrepancy between the pelvis of the mother and the head of the fetus, obstetric forceps cannot be applied, since this operation cannot save the fetus and, moreover, endangers the life of the mother. With a large discrepancy, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik advised to perform a fruit-destroying operation. He pointed out that forceps are safe only when they are light, there are no complications during childbirth and an experienced obstetrician imposes them.

N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik described the operation of applying forceps to the subsequent head (with a foot presentation of the fetus), the main provisions of which have not lost their relevance to the present. At the command of childbirth, he recommended refraining from unreasonable interventions: “truly happy are those wives who, with the help of nature, give birth to children safely themselves, without needing someone else's help. N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik was an opponent of interference in the physiological course of childbirth and advised resorting to it only when they were complicated. He believed that the use of "tools" is indicated only for "..unnatural, difficult childbirth" (narrow or deformed pelvis, excessive size or deformity of the fetus, its incorrect position, fused twins, a combination of a narrow pelvis and a large fetus, old primiparous). If necessary, you need to start surgical interventions with the "easiest" and less dangerous methods. He initiated the careful management of childbirth, adhering to the expectant tactics that are still used today.

In order to prevent rupture of the perineum during childbirth, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik was the first in Russia to offer protection of the perineum - a crucial moment in the management of childbirth.

Pathology of pregnancy, i.e., a description of diseases during pregnancy and their treatment, N. M, Maksimovich-Ambodik attached special meaning. He paid attention to the lifestyle of a pregnant woman, considering it very important for the health of the unborn child. “A pregnant wife, as soon as she feels that she has conceived in her womb, is strictly obliged to observe in every possible way a respectable life and blagoblenie in all her decent condition; for she should not only take care of protecting her own health, but also have care about the observance of the uterine fetus she carries. He attaches great importance during pregnancy to food, movement, clothing, fresh air, the use of the right medicines.

N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik describes in detail both postpartum diseases and their treatment. Such a formidable obstetric pathology as postpartum hemorrhage claimed many lives at that time. N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik lists the causes of bleeding, very carefully describes the clinical signs of large blood loss (pallor, ringing and noise in the ears, yawning, small pulse, weakness, fainting). The tasks of the obstetrician are to cause uterine contraction, for which he recommended massaging the abdomen, removing blood clots or a delayed child's place. In the absence of effect, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik, for the first time in the world, offers a method of massaging the uterus on the fist. This method has become widespread and is used today.

Another obstetric pathology, very common after a difficult birth, accompanied by rupture of the perineum, is uterine prolapse. As a treatment, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik suggested repositioning the uterus immediately after birth. For. to hold and strengthen it, he recommended the use of special rings inserted into the vagina. With ruptures of the perineum, he suggested connecting the edges of the wound with a waxed thread and a curved needle.

Of great historical interest is the indication of N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik on the need for surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy, which in those years had the most vague idea. Even a hundred years later, when abdominal surgery was carried out with complete success, some obstetricians and gynecologists used a conservative method of treatment for ectopic pregnancy. The correct position of N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik on the need for surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy was subsequently confirmed by the brilliant dissertations of N. V. Sklifosovsky (1863) and V. F. Snegirev. (1873). "The art of weaving" was provided large quantity illustrations, which further enhanced the value of this work.

Contribution to domestic pediatrics

A huge contribution was made by N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik to domestic pediatrics. The fifth part of "The Art of Fiddling" is devoted to issues of physiology and hygiene, as well as diseases of young children. The title of this part says: “The art of weaving, or the science of womanhood. Part Five, containing a brief explanation of everything that raising children should know and do - regarding their natural properties, upbringing, care and maintenance from their very birth to adolescence; ... a description of the diseases that happen to babies; notes and instructions on the treatment of these and reliable means, contributing to the relief and protection of children from infirmities. This work is essentially the first guide to pediatrics in Russian.

N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik gives a definition of a full-term and premature fetus, a healthy and sick child, information about the corresponding dimensions of the head, chest, length and weight of the child’s body, describes the processes of breathing, blood circulation of newborns In the chapter “On the causes of death of infants in general” M. Maksimovich-Ambodik shows how "ignorance and extreme ignorance in midwifery of many unlearned and imaginary grandmothers, exposing great danger, and sometimes death, not only to giving birth to wives, but also to those born from them" are the main cause of death of babies. At the same time, he opposes prejudices when assisting in childbirth associated with church rituals and customs, such as, for example, “the opening of the royal gates in churches, as if the church doors were paired with the opening of the pregnant uterus.” And then he exclaims, “Oh, how far the popular superstition and delusion extends. Such an assessment of church rites in those conditions could threaten the author with great trouble.

The task of “preserving and multiplying the people included both concern for increasing the birth rate and preventing death among children. The Art of Nursing provides a classification of childhood illnesses. N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik gives the correct clinical write-off of many childhood diseases - dyspepsia ("diarrhea"), rickets ("English disease"), smallpox, root, whooping cough ("sponal cough"), as well as helminthic diseases. “Sometimes a great multitude of worms are born in children from uncleanness and untidyness, which are exterminated only by cleanliness and medicines that kill worms.” NM Maksimovich-Ambodik considered it necessary to resort to medicines for the treatment of children only in exceptional cases and with great caution. Medicines are scarcely required for the cure of infantile illnesses. At the very least, the lightest of them should be chosen, and even then only according to the necessary need.

Many of the advice of N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik can be recommended by doctors at the present time. For example, he advocated breastfeeding. "Mother's milk is the healthiest, most reliable, irreplaceable food." In cases of illness of the mother, he recommended using fresh low-fat cow's milk, diluting it with water and adding a small amount of sugar. Feeding porridge from crackers or cereals was advised to start after 5 months, moreover, porridge "should always be made fresh and not stocked up ahead so that it does not turn sour." Complementary feeding with new food was advised to start carefully, gradually, avoiding a sudden change in food.

In his works, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik emphasizes the essential importance of care and hygiene in the prevention of childhood pathology. “It is useful to let air into the children's room at least twice a day, more often it is necessary to take the children out into the fresh air, especially in good weather. Walking children in the fresh air protects them from many diseases. He pointed out that the air in the children's room should always be clean, dry, at a certain temperature. “Excessive warmth, stuffiness relax the entire bodily composition. It is necessary to accustom children in advance to the cold and to all air changes. Cold air strengthens the body. The baby's crib should not stand near the stove and in a draft.

N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik attached great importance to the child's clothing. He pointed out that clothing should be simple, loose, moderately warm. In The Art of Fiddling, he wrote that it is necessary to “respectably maintain children, regarding surrounding things, especially air, clothing, food, and other things: from their very birth to adolescence, carefully observed, can and should be considered then the best and most useful when it is most similar to nature itself. N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik taught children to develop endurance, affection, pity, and philanthropy. He categorically objected to corporal punishment and pointed out that “corporal punishment instills meanness, timidity, lack of frankness, lies and other vices in children. Beatings undoubtedly turn to the detriment of health. This was written at a time when corporal punishment was considered mandatory in education.
^ Contribution to domestic pharmacognosy

N. M Maksimovich-Ambodik wrote a number of works on medical botany ("Dictionary Botanical" -

1795, "The Original Foundations of Botany" -

1796, "New Botanical Dictionary" -1804, 1808), which give the right to consider him one of the founders of Russian pharmacognosy. He also owns the first Russian guide to medicinal plants in 4 volumes, "Medical Substance, or Description of Healing Plants", which was published from 1783 to 1789. The appearance of biomedical works on this topic is not accidental. They are due to a number of reasons, the main of which was the urgent need of the state for a large number of different medicines due to the extremely high incidence and frequent epidemics.

Despite the richest natural resources, Russia almost did not have its own raw materials base due to the poor development of medicinal plant growing. As a result, states had to buy drugs from abroad at very high prices. According to the state budget for 1764 - 1767. expenses for medicines were expressed in the amount of 71,459 rubles. annually, which was about 0.5% of all government spending.

The lack of qualified medical help from Pinsk and the necessary medicines created fertile ground for the development of quackery and quackery, contributed to the emergence a large number a variety of remedies that did not have any healing properties. Here is how S. M. Grombakh writes about this in the monograph “Russian Medical Literature of the 18th Century”: “The number of plants to which healing properties were attributed was very large. And this pharmaceutical arsenal was tirelessly replenished with new and new means, among which, along with true medicines, all sorts of untested, and sometimes simply charlatan means flourished along with them: elixirs, drops, powders, etc. ".
Leading Russian doctors of the 18th century, guided by a patriotic desire to improve the economic situation of the state, decided to abandon the foreign supply of expensive medicines. Strive to make the use of numerous medicinal plants available to the population, they begin to actively study herbs. For this purpose, prominent scientists travel around the country (I. I. Lepekhin, P S. Pallas, etc.). Russia of this period is characterized by the appearance of a significant number of scientific papers, which affirm the need for the development of domestic medicinal plant growing, domestic medicinal herbs are persistently promoted , which are in no way inferior, and sometimes even superior in their medicinal properties to foreign ones.

N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik was one of the active supporters of the development of domestic medicinal plant growing and an opponent of the import of expensive foreign medicines. “I can boldly say that if all doctors and healers more carefully and diligently tested the strength and action of plants that vegetate in their own country, they would hardly have a need to prescribe new ones, exported from foreign countries, expensive, but sometimes completely inactive , medicinal substances.

N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik was well aware that for the scientific study of domestic medicinal plants, one cannot be content with only “external knowledge of the plant”, it is necessary to know their structure, growing conditions, features of the collection and storage of medicinal raw materials, and also be able to check and test the healing properties various plants. In this regard, he considered it necessary to study botany by doctors, pharmacists and those involved in the collection of medicinal plants.

The work of N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik “The Initial Foundations of Botany” (1796) is the first Russian manual on botany, which provides a detailed description general structure plants and their parts (root, stem, leaves, flowers, etc.), talks about individual groups of plants (for example, ferns, mushrooms). There are no scientifically researched medicinal plants in this guide. N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik describes strictly established plant species based on the taxonomy of the animal and flora Carl Linnaeus, Much attention is paid to the order of the study of the plant; beautifully done drawings complete the content of the book.

N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik owns the fundamental work “Medical Substance Science” (1783-1789) - the first generalizing guide to medicinal plants, including 134 original color drawings, made very skillfully by Russian artists on special order and under the supervision of N. M. Maksimovich- Ambodika.

Each medicinal plant is described by him in great detail: appearance, geographical distribution, location, collection time, drying methods, storage conditions, as well as the use of this plant by humans. For example, he reports that they build seagoing ships from spruce, make barrels, various utensils, and cover the roofs of houses. “As for medical benefits ... young branches or tops are used in pharmacies ... with earthen needles and young spruce cones, from which spruce resin is obtained, which is used to make ointments, plasters. When describing the medicinal properties of medicinal plants, he also paid attention to contraindications to their use. So, recommending the use of aloe inside as a laxative, as well as locally for purulent wounds or ulcers, he emphasized in particular that aloe should not be used by pregnant women, consumptive (i.e., patients with tuberculin) and subject to any kind of bleeding.

N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik noticed a very important feature, which has a great practical value: The healing power of the same plant can be different depending on the age of the plant, the period of its development, the time of collection and storage conditions. In this regard, all these points are analyzed by him in detail for each part of the plant (roots, leaves, flowers). “Roots ... of which all strength disappears through drying, it is better to use fresh ones; store these in winter in pots filled with dry sand. Fragrant herbs dried in the open air "lose most of their strength, because from the sun's rays everything that is ... fragrant, volatile, is carried into the air and completely disappears." N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik suggests drying the plants in an oven, but not too hot. He also notes that their healing power disappears during long-term storage; therefore, harvested and unused medicinal plants must be periodically replaced with fresh ones. All of these recommendations have retained their value to the present day.

The classification of drugs is very interesting, based on which N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik put their effect on the body. Some sections of this classification and the names of substances in it still exist at the present time: laxatives, emetics, astringents, diuretics ("diuretics"), hypnotics ("sleeping pills").

Emphasizing the proposition that each drug has a strictly defined effect, he also drew attention to the fact that the same drug may not always and in every "ailing body act in the same way." Therefore, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik, rejecting the stereotyped approach in prescribing treatment to patients), considered it important and necessary to study the mechanism of action of drugs, the understanding of which is the basis of their practical application. Otherwise, the doctor "in fact, cannot do anything sufficient or useful for the sick." In addition, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik opposed overly complex drug combinations, preferring simple prescriptions, and also against starting treatment of a patient with potent drugs. “You should never start with strong medicines to do what can be corrected by the easiest means.”

In "Medical Matter", as well as in his other works, he points out that in order to achieve success in treatment, it is necessary to know the properties of both a sick organism and a healthy one; moreover, he attaches great importance in recovery to the influence internal forces body, and not just the action of drugs alone. Such a statement by N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik about the need for an individual approach to the patient was an important and progressive position of Russian medicine in the second half of the 18th century.

^ The merits of N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik in the development of domestic medical terminology.

In the second half of the 18th century, an active struggle between Russian doctors and foreign doctors for the right to teach began in Russia. academic disciplines in Russian, as well as for the right to write and publish scientific papers in their native language. So, Professor of the Medical Faculty of Moscow University S. G. Zybelin was one of the first to start teaching in Russian

The teacher of anatomy and surgery at the Hospital School in St. Petersburg, K. I. Shchepin, began to read an anatomy course in Russian, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik - obstetrics.

But both teaching and writing scientific papers in Russian, as well as the translation activities of Russian doctors, were seriously complicated by the fact that there was no scientific medical terminology in Russian yet. And this presented enormous difficulties, as eloquently evidenced by the numerous statements of teachers and translators. So, K. I. Shchepin complained that “I’ll read ten collegiums (i.e. lectures) in Latin better than one in Russian.” Translator F. I. Barsuk-Moiseev wrote: “Nothing has done me so difficulties in this translation, as technical, by art, i.e., terms invented and put into use. "Teachers and translators themselves had to invent Russian words that are equivalent or close to foreign terms. Sometimes foreign terminology was simply borrowed, but this path was chosen less often. The newly created terms were often unpronounceable, clumsy, and their creators themselves were acutely aware of this. “The invention of decent names for millions of educational words, how difficult it is, is known to everyone who practices spiders,” M. I. Shein wrote in 1761 when translating the book I 3. Plascher Fundamental Surgical Instructions.

This situation caused a natural desire to improve new terms. Not every proposed term was accepted by other translators, and therefore several names corresponded to the same concept. And although this created additional difficulties, the development of Russian scientific terminology continued. Many doctors and teachers took part in this extremely important process for Russian medical science, but N.M. Maksimovich-Ambodik, A.P. Protasov, M.I. Shein, S.G. Zybelin, M. M. Terekhovsky, F. I. Barsuk-Moiseev.

N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik in his work “The Primary Foundations of Botany” (1796) speaks of this as follows: “... I found myself forced to replenish the lack of Russian botanical words borrowed from the meaning of these foreign languages, and in other words and from myself with fictitious sayings. However, he not only invented, but also collected Russian scientific terms, systematized them and published dictionaries, thereby laying the foundations of domestic medical terminology. The enormous work of collecting terms, which he began back in student years continued throughout his life. They were used great amount a wide variety of printed and handwritten books, from which he drew “Slavic and Russian words.

The medical dictionary conceived by N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik was supposed to consist of 3 books: a, nagomic-physological, medical-surgical and natural-chemical-historical dictionaries.

Preparing dictionaries for publication, I. M. Maksnmovich-Ambodik perfectly understood their general benefit for doctors, translators, but even more so for Russian students. “Everyone who has only been tempted by his own experience, practicing in writings or translations of this kind, undeniably recognizes how necessary and useful it is for everyone, and even more so for new students of medical science, such Russian dictionary! At the same time, he acknowledged their shortcomings. I know that such a work would be incomparably correct if many learned people wanted to try to compose it in Russian with their combined forces: and for that very reason, many used names and words translated from other languages ​​will seem insufficient to some, or faulty, or completely rude, however, I hope that I will be forgiven for that, but at least for the fact that, having no better figurative imitation, to the best of my ability, I tried in the world to publish This medical dictionary composed by my own labors and thereby induce most learned men to publish the best in the future ... ".

Only two dictionaries were published: Anatomical and Physiological Dictionary (1781) and Medico-Surgical Dictionary (1785). On the title page of the "Anatomical and Phnziotological Dictionary" is written "For the benefit of the Russian youth." N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik wanted to make it easier for students to master such disciplines as anatomy and physiology. Anatomy was especially difficult for Russian students, since it was precisely the anatomical terms in their overwhelming majority that did not have words in the Russian language that would fully correspond to them.

N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik. like most of his contemporaries, he attached great importance to the study of anatomy and physiology, considering them a necessary basis for the knowledge of medicine. In this regard, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik considers it necessary to preface the dictionary with a “brief explanation of the benefits of anatomy and physiology”, presenting in a concise form the basics of anatomy and physiology at the level of modern European achievements. For example, he brilliantly described the intrauterine circulation of the fetus, muscle innervation, etc.

Only after such a "brief explanation" did A. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik consider it possible to give "the interpretation of some anatomical and physiological names." All the given terms are given in parallel in three languages ​​- Russian, Latin, French. For ease of use, the dictionary is divided into two parts. The first part is Russian words arranged in alphabetical order; the second part - the same words in Latin in Latin alphabet. The Medical-Surgical Dictionary had the same structure.

In 1804, the "New Botanical Dictionary" was published, which is a continuation of the book by N. M. Maksimovin-Ambodik "The Initial Foundations of Botany" (1796). The dictionary contained a list of plants, the names of which were given according to the systematics of K. Linnaeus in Latin, German and Russian.

Many medical terms introduced in the XVIII Vox have not survived to this day. For example, “combat veins” (arteries, “heat swelling” (subcutaneous emphysema), “seat” (rickets), etc.) have disappeared from scientific terminology. However, a significant part of the terms has become firmly established in scientific use. interest, in those days they were really like "a golden key that opens the way to the knowledge of noble and useful spiders" - this is how I. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik defined the meaning of dictionaries, printing these words on the reverse side title page"Anatomical and physiological dictionary". At the same time, dictionaries, contributing to the development of scientific terms, served as the basis for the creation of a domestic medical nomenclature. N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik is rightfully considered one of the founders of Russian medical terminology.
^ Contribution to Russian medical literature

N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik left a great scientific legacy for his 30 years of activity, striking both in the number of written works and in the versatility of topics. In addition to major works on obstetrics and pharmacognosy, he owns works in the field of anatomy, physiology, and medical terminology. A number of his original translated works of popular importance played a huge role in the dissemination of medical and sanitary-hygienic knowledge among the general population.

In his numerous writings, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik appears before us as a representative of the materialistic worldview, a follower of the natural-science materialism of M. V. Lomonosov, who considered experience and observation to be the basis for cognition of reality.

With great perseverance and consistency. N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik repeatedly expresses the idea of ​​experience and observation as the basis of any science, in particular medical science, but at the same time he did not completely deny “speculations” (theories), believing that experiments and theory should be closely related each other, complementing each other.

Undoubtedly, his idea of ​​the connection of phenomena, in particular, of the influence of the external environment on the formation of the organism, was progressive. Appearance a person "often differs due to differences in country, upbringing and way of life." N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik denied the belief of many authors that the dark skin color of blacks is a consequence of the curses of Ham and Kann. He wrote: “The black people were produced by the climate and the sun, under which the descendants of Noah came to settle. The property of a person could not change so significantly without the help of physical causes.

However, the materialism of I. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik was not entirely consistent. Thus, he expressed clearly idealistic views on the nature of man, allegedly consisting of a body and a soul, or a reasonable and invisible principle, considering him the creation of a "highest builder." Such a contradiction should not be surprising, for he lived in an era in which the idealistic worldview was dominant. Progressive thoughts prevailed in the works of N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik, and this will give us every right to consider him a representative of the materialistic worldview.

This is confirmed by his views on the cause of the disease as a result of pathological changes in the body and his thoughts on the preventive role of medicine in maintaining human health. He writes about this in "Medical Matter", which includes not only questions of botany and pharmacy, but also questions about the medical spider in general.

Giving the definition of "medical substance" as part of the medical spider, the main purpose of which is "not only health human body to protect and preserve, but also to return and restore what is lost and damaged by capable medicines. NM Maksimovich-Ambodik divides medical science into two parts. “The first shows the rules that are useful and necessary, related to the observance of health.” He calls this part "the science of the health of the body protecting", the second has the subject of that. “how and by what means of illness ... to avert” should heal.

Thus, the idea, progressive for the 18th century, about the preventive role of medicine in preserving human health, is clearly formulated. The same is said in the epigraph to "Medical Substance": "Health is maintained by the performance and use of everything that is useful ...". These “useful and necessary” rules are essentially rules of hygiene and, therefore, they primarily concern questions of nutrition, daily routine, and clothing. as well as the environment. When eating, there should be moderation, since “excessive oversaturation, as well as excessive abstinence .. are harmful; small children should receive lighter food, they need to be fed more often, but not in excess. He attaches great importance to the regime of the day and active movements: “try not to have a single day without body movement”; he recommends getting up after sleep early, “for the morning time is the most capable for all kinds of labors, exploits and sciences.” Clothing should be clean and tidy, as sitting down is the best way to stay healthy. Speaking about the air, he advises taking care of its purity, while noting the greatest usefulness of rural and field air.

"Medical Substance" - a work that fully and scientifically reflects the medical knowledge of that time, was written in a simple and clear language. This simplicity of presentation made "medical matter" accessible not only to doctors and healers, but also to any literate person.

Interest in medicine among the population was due not only to simple curiosity, but also practically to the need caused by the almost complete absence of medical care, and the related need to widely resort to self-help in case of illness, injury, poisoning, etc. To convey medical knowledge in an accessible form to the broad masses of the people - this is the task pursued by N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik in this work. He noted that "Medical substance can be useful."

In 1782: “Shouldn’t someone be responsible that so far the Las Pet has almost no book on this spider written in Russian. It seems to me that this was the direct responsibility of the Medical College ...”. Medical College, established in 1763 as a new one supreme body medical administration, began to take care of Russian medical literature only from the 80s, when the leading role in the Medical College passed to Russian doctors from foreign doctors. In 1782, a commission was created from the members of the Medical College to clarify "all the needs concerning the medical faculty." In a report dated October 26, 1782, the commission noted that in Russia there are still almost no medical books in Russian. In its proposals, the commission asked for an annual leave of 2,000 rubles for the publication of medical books in Russian.

Leading doctors, among whom there were many academicians, professors and teachers of hospital schools, actively engaged in translation activities, seeing in this his patriotic duty to the Motherland. These are A.P. Protasov, P.I. Pogoretsky. M. M. Terekhovsky, N. Ya. Ozeretskovsky, A. M. Shumlyansky, NX Peken, D. Ya. Pischekov, P. Hoffman, V. M. Severgin, P. A. Zagorsky, V. I. Dzhunkovsky, D S. Samoilovich. M. I. Shein, I. Andrievsky and many others.

N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik became one of the most active translators. He owns about 10 translations, of which 6 are on medical topics: “ Short description many inveterate opinions and abuses of pregnant women, puerperas and newborns pertaining to ... ”Sosserot (translated from French, 1781); A guide to the knowledge and healing of human diseases with the addition of the main infirmities of the female sex and young children ". a story about a man regarding his conception, birth, nature, body structure, different ages, deeds of life, differences in the human race, noticeable diseases, old age and death "Balmont de Beaumar (translated from French. 1787); "About a new way of using mercury" and "Medical Instructions on Voluptuous Health" by I. I. Film (translations from Latin, 1790).

His translations can be conditionally divided into scientific manuals and popular science works. The former were intended mainly for doctors, as well as for students of hospital and women's schools, the purpose of the latter was to disseminate and popularize medical knowledge among the general population. However, N.M. Maksimovich-Ambodik intended most of his translations primarily for the “benefit of the medical student of the Russian youth.” This will be written more than once in the forewords of his translations.

In an effort to make it easier for students to assimilate the content of the translation of the book by I. F. Schreiber "A Guide to the Knowledge and Healing of Diseases", I. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik gives the names of diseases, medicines only in Russian, specifically eliminating Latin from the translation, since most students did not know , Latin or did not know it enough. This book by M. F. Schreiber is devoted to issues of general pathology, diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, wounds and medicines for poison. " V last chapter a good clinical description of "English infirmity" (rickets) is given.

It is interesting to note that Prof. I. F. Schreiber lived in Russia and worked as a teacher at the St. Petersburg Hospital School, being a prisoner of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. But he wrote his manual in German. In 1768 it was translated into Latin by P. Pogoretsky. and L. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik made his translation from Latin.

Sisserot's "Summary of Many Inveterate Opinions", written "for the general benefit of the human race", was awarded the Academic Prize of the Royal Academy of Nantes in France (1776). The book talks in detail about the harm caused by ignorant grandmothers, whose advice and help were based on centuries-old prejudices and superstitions. So, grandmothers hung on the neck of pregnant women and women in childbirth ladankn (talismans), which were supposed to ensure a successful outcome of childbirth; therefore, in the event of complications, they did not seek to provide any active assistance, hoping for the miraculous effect of incense. After giving birth, grandmothers ordered mothers to wear soiled underwear, believing that frequently changed underwear "multiplies bleeding." N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik regarded this as a very dangerous delusion, which is the cause of serious illness. He countered each such rigid opinion with many rational hygiene rules, some of which he introduced. For example, in the recommendation for artificial feeding to prepare liquid porridge not from flour, but from white bread, I. or Smolensk groats.

"Fnziology or natural history of man" - translation of the article "Man" from the French dictionary of Valmont de Beaumar. If we discard the idealistic ideas that "a person is composed of two special beings, i.e. soul and body", then the rest of the information about a person, his development, structure and functions of the body reflected modern knowledge of anatomy and physiology, the successful development of which was associated with knowledge based on experience.The book contains a lot of chain advice on the care, feeding and education of small children, but of particular interest is chapter XI "On the beginnings and causes of diseases. This chapter is not in the French original of the article" Man ". Obviously, it was written by N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik.

The views expressed in this chapter on the causes of diseases and their treatment characterize the medical thinking of N. M. Maksichovich-Ambodik. He believed that the disease occurs as a result of pathological changes in the body, not being something unnatural. This opinion, supported by vast clinical experience, was progressive for the medicine of that time. Putting forward the position based on experience that often nature alone heals human diseases, that is, that most diseases are cured without outside help by the forces of the organism itself, N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik at the same time emphasized that during the course of the disease it is necessary to intervene with the help of medical medical art in advance, trying to prevent further development illness. It is necessary to treat according to the individual characteristics of the patient, since the nature of a person is not the same, while taking into account the fact that the same medicine does not produce the same effect on every person. The art of healing must be based on medical experience. All these provisions were progressive and have survived to our time, forming the basis of modern practical medicine.

The insertion of our own chapter should not surprise us, for it was in the spirit of the translations of the day. N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik, like other translators, did not translate the text mechanically, literally, blindly following the original. In some cases, he expresses his point of view or another author. In this regard, the translation of the book by I. I. Plenok “Medical Instructions on Voluptuous Diseases” is especially indicative, in which 1/3 of the volume is occupied by notes written by N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik.

The translation of the book on venereal diseases was made by order of the military department and went through 3 editions (1790, 1798, 1800). The increased interest in this book was due to the very large spread of venereal diseases in Russia in the 18th century. By special decree of Catherine I, in 1762, the First Civil Hospital was opened specifically for the treatment of venereal diseases. N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik. in addition to teaching at the Kaliniki School, opened on the basis of this hospital, he was also a consultant in it. For a long time he observed and treated pregnant women suffering from venereal diseases. And his choice as a translator of a book on venereal diseases was not accidental.

P. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik possessed great knowledge and was considered a major specialist in “voluptuous diseases”. His remarks speak volumes about this. They concern, first of all, the description of cases of various clinical manifestations, sexually transmitted diseases, their treatment and complications associated with long-term use of mercury preparations. Speaking about the treatment of "white hernia" (the so-called gonorrhea), he emphasizes the greater effectiveness of local treatment (injection of mercury into the urethra) than ingestion. Somewhat earlier, he writes that not all discharge from the urethra is a manifestation of a venereal disease.

Of particular interest are N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik's reasoning on the treatment of pregnant women suffering from venereal diseases. He gives two points of view on this issue. One point of view belongs to doctors who believed that a woman should be treated after childbirth so as not to cause a miscarriage or premature birth in her. In addition, they doubted that mercury taken by a pregnant woman could penetrate "into the bowels of the fetus itself" and thereby cure it. The second point of view of N. M. Maksimovik-Ambodik. Emphasizing that I. I. Plenk saw healthy children born from women who took mercury during pregnancy, he speaks of the need to treat such women, because he believes that mercury "from a pregnant mother moves into the innermost bowels of the fetal fetus." He also reports that miscarriages in sick pregnant women are observed without any treatment with mercury.

N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik assigned a large role to the design of books. The drawings given in the 6th part of The Art of Quilting are an excellent addition to the contents of this book. A significant part of them was borrowed from European manuals, some drawings were made by N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik (for example, a drawing of a bed for a woman in labor and childbirth). A large number of drawings are devoted to the anatomy of the female genital organs and the structure of the fetus.

This once again indicates that N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik attached great importance to anatomical knowledge. Many drawings in this work are devoted to various positions of the fetus, the mechanism of childbirth, medical instruments used in obstetric practice. All drawings are provided with a detailed description, which further increases their value. There is no doubt that NM Maksimovich-Ambodik widely used them as teaching aids in lectures and classes.

The design of the works of N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik was highly appreciated by A. A. Sidorov in his work “The History of the Design of the Russian Book” (M.-L., 1946).
The whole life of N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik, his enormous talent and erudition, extraordinary energy and efficiency were devoted to the development of domestic medicine and the creation of domestic obstetric personnel, which practically did not exist before him. He was a true patriot of the Motherland, who dreamed of Russia as the center of world science and culture, and he did a lot to realize his dream, but his detail and scientific merit were not appreciated and Russia during his lifetime. And although he was well known to European scientists, who spoke of him with great respect, his name was not even mentioned in the first History of Medicine in Russia. written by W. Richter. This fact is evidence of the tone of the fierce struggle that was waged by foreigners against Russian scientists. But I. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik was not broken and, working in the difficult conditions of his time, made an invaluable contribution to the development of medical science.
Content

The life path of H. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik....

Founder of Russian obstetrics and pediatrics....

Contribution to domestic pediatrics....

Contribution to domestic pharmacognosy....

The merits of N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik in the development of domestic medical terminology .... Contribution to domestic medical literature ....

One of the founders of scientific obstetrics, herbal medicine and the creators of medical terminology in Russia. M.D. (1775), 1st Russian professor obstetrics.

Main scientific works

"The art of weaving or the science of womanhood" (1784-1786); "Physiology, or the Natural History of Man" (1787); "Medical Substance or Description of Healing Plants Used in Medicine". In 4 parts (1783-1789); "Anatomical and physiological dictionary ..." (1783); "New Botanical Dictionary" (1804).

Contribution to the development of medicine

· Professor of midwifery at the St. Petersburg Orphanage.

· He was the first in Russia to teach obstetrics in Russian.

· Founder of Russian obstetric terminology. Under him, the St. Petersburg School of Midwives turned into an institution of a higher type - the Midwifery Institute.

· Prepared and offered for training a phantom of the female pelvis with a baby doll, compiled numerous beautifully designed anatomical tables on obstetrics and gynecology.

· In the work “The Art of Povivanie” he devoted a separate section to the care of newborns and infants, the treatment of their diseases, breastfeeding, rational clothing for children, regular sleep and hygienic education.

· Simultaneously with the practical activities of an obstetrician and a teacher, he worked in the field of botany and pharmacology. He has published more than ten books on various medical and biological topics. Author of numerous translations into Russian from French and Latin.

· Author of the first Russian botany, successfully working in the field of medical botany and herbal medicine. He worked on compiling the "Medical Dictionary", finishing and publishing during his lifetime only the first two parts. The result of this work was the creation of a large number of terms that were previously absent in the Russian language.

Hotovitsky Stepan Fomich

Russian doctor, obstetrician, one of the founders of pediatrics in Russia, academician of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy (1842), Honored Professor (1843).

Main scientific works

"On Anthrax" (1831); "On Cholera" (1832); "On dwellings in medical and police relations" (1833); "Medical and popular instruction for religious schools" (1844); "Pediatrica" ​​(1847).

Contribution to the development of medicine

· Worked as adjunct professor (1823-1830), extraordinary (1830-1832), and then ordinary professor (1832-1847) of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy. Senior city obstetrician of St. Petersburg (1828-1833).

· Professor of the Department of Obstetrics with the teaching of women's and children's diseases (1836-1847). The initiator of the opening (1842) at the Department of the United Clinic (obstetrics, women's, children's).

· He was the first Russian scientist to single out pediatrics as a separate branch of medicine and define its goals and objectives.

Author of translations into Russian of foreign manuals and textbooks (K. Karusa " study book gynecology” /from German, 1835-1836/, A. Cooper “The doctrine of the initial and practical foundations of surgery” /from English, 1836). Author of scientific papers on obstetrics, women's diseases, pediatrics, infectious diseases, hygiene, forensic medicine.

· Editor of the "Military Medical Journal" (1833-1839).

· One of the first members of the Society of Russian Doctors of St. Petersburg, founded in 1833.

· For his efforts in stopping the cholera epidemic in Astrakhan (1823) and St. Petersburg (1831), Khotovitsky was declared "royal blessing"

Filomafitsky Alexey Matveevich

Russian doctor, one of the founders of experimental physiology in Russia. Born in the Romanovsky district of the Yaroslavl province. Graduated from Kharkov University (1828), professor at Moscow University.

Main scientific works

"Physiology published for the guidance of its listeners". T.1-3. (1836-1840); "A Treatise on Blood Transfusion" (1848); "A physiological view of the use of ethers, chloroform and gasoline, as blunting nervous activity" (1849).

Contribution to the development of medicine

· He headed the Department of Physiology of the Medical Faculty of Moscow University (1835-1849).

· Creator of the first Russian original three-volume textbook on physiology, awarded the Demidov Prize of the Academy of Sciences (1841).

· One of the founders of the experimental method in physiology, who widely used it in teaching and research work.

· For the first time (1836) he expressed the idea of ​​the tissue origin of animal heat (and oxidative processes), which was subsequently scientifically substantiated in the works of the French physiologist Paul Ber.

· Developed questions about the role of the brain, which were subsequently developed by I.M. Sechenov.

· Experimentally worked in the field of blood transfusion, summarizing his research in a detailed treatise.

· One of the first in Russia (together with N.I. Pirogov) began work in the field of inhalation anesthesia. He studied the effect of sulfuric ether vapors and other volatile substances that dull nervous activity.

· He was the first in Russia to introduce experiments on animals (frogs, dogs, pigeons) into the teaching of physiology.

Pirogov Nikolay Ivanovich

An outstanding figure in world and domestic medicine, surgeon, anatomist, teacher, public figure, creator of topographic anatomy and experimental direction in practical surgery, one of the founders of military field surgery. Graduate of Moscow University (1828), doctor of medicine (1832), professor of Dorpat University (1836), St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy (1841), corresponding member Petersburg Academy Sciences (1847).

Main scientific works

"Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia" (1837); "Complete course of applied anatomy of the human body with drawings / physiological and surgical anatomy /" (1843-1848); "Topographic Anatomy Illustrated by Sections Drawn Through the Frozen Human Body in Three Directions". In 4 parts. (1851-1859).

Contribution to the development of medicine

· Founder of a new branch of anatomy - surgical (topographic) anatomy.

· Initiator of the creation of a clinic for hospital surgery and a hospital with 1,000 beds at the Medico-Surgical Academy.

· Founder of the pathoanatomical museum at the Academy, to whom he donated his collection of preparations.

For the first time, he developed and applied new methods of anatomical research - sawing frozen corpses (in three directions into plates 5-10 mm each) and cutting out individual organs from frozen corpses, which opened up the possibility of establishing the topography and shape of organs with unprecedented accuracy (only in time stay at the academy, N.I. Pirogov made 12,000 post-mortem autopsies).

· In 1846, he created the Anatomical Institute at the Medico-Surgical Academy, which he himself was in charge of.

Dal scientific rationale use of ether anesthesia. In 1847 (simultaneously with A. Filomafitsky and F. Inozemtsev, who worked in Moscow) held pilot study properties of the ether in various ways of administration (inhalation, intravascular, rectal). In Pirogov's clinic, chloroform anesthesia was used for the first time.

· For the first time in the history of medicine (1847) he used ether anesthesia in mass field practice (in Dagestan). Later, during the Crimean War in Sevastopol, in front-line conditions, he performed about 10,000 operations using anesthesia.

· Proposed and put into practice a motionless plaster cast. He was the first to use a plaster cast in the field.

· Investigated the pathological anatomy of Asiatic cholera, having processed autopsy materials from more than 800 cholera patients.

· For the first time substantiated and put into practice the sorting of the wounded into four groups: 1) terminally ill and mortally wounded; 2) seriously wounded, requiring urgent surgery; 3) the wounded of moderate severity, which can be operated on the next day; 4) lightly wounded, who can be returned to the regiment after first aid.

· One of the founders of diet therapy. Developed the issues of regimen and nutrition of the wounded.

Divided postoperative patients into clean and purulent. Initiator of the opening of the departments of purulent surgery.

· During the Crimean War (1853-1856) he opened the first dressing stations. Used for disinfection iodine, lapis, chloride water, alcohol, potassium permanganate.

· The initiator of bringing nurses to care for the wounded directly at the front (the first detachment of nurses /120 people/ was formed and sent to the Crimea on the initiative of N.I. Pirogov). The sisters of mercy were divided into groups: dressing sisters, pharmacist sisters, hostess sisters.

· One of the active organizers of zemstvo medicine.

· Founder of the method of experimental surgery. Lyricist: “To be a good surgeon, one must first of all have a perfect knowledge of the anatomy of the human body. Only in this case, the surgeon can make an accurate diagnosis, correctly and quickly perform the operation.

· Gave the classic description of shock, which is included in all textbooks of surgery and is unsurpassed at the present time. The author of a detailed description of the pathogenesis, methods of prevention and treatment of shock. He formulated the basis of organizational, tactical and methodological principles of military medicine.

· Founder of scientific surgical school. Among his students: A.A. Kiter, V.A. Karavaev, K.K. Shtraukh, P.Yu. Nemmert, P.P.

N.I. Pirogov is rightfully considered "Father of Russian Surgery". With his research, he brought Russian surgery to the forefront of world medical science. His works on topographic anatomy, problems of anesthesia, immobilization, bone grafting, shock, wounds and wound complications, organization of military field surgery and the military medical service as a whole are classical and fundamental. His initiative in organizing the Institute of Sisters of Mercy played an important role and contributed (according to the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate A. Dunant) to the creation of the international Red Cross.

· Evidence of the international recognition and authority of N.I. Pirogov is his invitation as a consultant to German Chancellor Otto Bismarck (1859) and national hero of Italy J. Garibaldi (1862).

・Sharply criticized existing system upbringing, actively promoted general primary education. As a trustee of the Odessa (since 1856), later Kiev (since 1858) educational districts, he tried to reform the teaching in schools. In 1861 he was dismissed. He advocated for women's education.

· After the death of N.I. Pirogov, in memory of him, the Society of Russian Doctors (1883-1918) was founded, which played a significant role in the development of domestic medicine. To discuss and scientifically and practically develop medical, sanitary and medical issues, the society periodically convened congresses of Russian doctors (the so-called Pirogov congresses). From 1885 to 1918 16 congresses took place.

Sechenov Ivan Mikhailovich

The great Russian natural scientist, the founder of the national physiological school, materialistic psychology in Russia. Graduate of Moscow University (1855), professor of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy (1860-1870), Novorossiysk (1871-1876), St. Petersburg (1876-1888), Moscow (1891-1901) universities, honorary member (1904) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Main scientific works

"Materials for the future physiology of alcohol intoxication". Diss. (1860); "Reflexes of the brain" (1863); "Investigation of the centers that delay the reflection of movement in the brain of a frog" (1863); "Elements of Thought" (1878); "Physiology of nerve centers" (1891); "Autobiographical notes" (1907).

Contribution to the development of medicine

· Consistently developed the materialistic foundations of the physiology of higher nervous activity and psychology. Having headed the department of physiology at the Medico-Surgical Academy (1860), he turned it into a platform for the propaganda of materialism (which gave the Minister of the Interior Valuev reason to consider him the most popular theorist in "nihilistic circles").

· More than 30 years of his scientific activity devoted to the study of mental phenomena. According to K.A. Timiryazev, he was "perhaps the most profound researcher in the field of scientific psychology."

· Substantiated the reflex nature of conscious and unconscious activity. The idea of ​​I.M. Sechenov about the reflex basis of mental activity was the foundation for the construction of psychophysiology, contributed to the creation and development of the physiology of higher nervous activity.

Laid the foundation for the doctrine of central inhibition ("Sechenov's inhibition").

He put forward the most important position that in scientific definition The organism must also include the environment acting on the organism.

· Showed that the basis of complex mental phenomena are physiological processes that can be studied by objective methods.

Discovered and described the phenomena of summation in nervous system, showed the presence of rhythmic bioelectrical processes in the central nervous system. He substantiated the position on the leading importance of the metabolic process in the implementation of the excitation process.

· First discovered and described the rhythmic potentials of the medulla oblongata (1882). This study, in which the electrophysiological method was applied to analyze the activity of the central nervous system, was the first in the world. He studied the respiratory function of the blood. I.M. Sechenov owns research on the physiology of respiration and blood, the dissolution of gases in liquids, gas exchange and energy exchange, alcohol poisoning, the physiology of central nervous activity, neuromuscular physiology, and electrophysiology.

Studied the patterns of distribution of gases in the blood, in particular, the dissolution carbon dioxide. Using the device he designed - an absorptiometer, which made it possible to analyze the absorption of gases by whole blood and plasma with great accuracy, he made a fundamentally new conclusion about the extremely important role of blood erythrocytes in the exchange of CO 2.

· Formulated the theory of the constancy of the gas composition of the alveolar air (1882) as the most important condition for the normal existence of the organism. Subsequently, these studies contributed to the development of a new direction in Russian physiology - aviation and space physiology. (One of the first and most important works in the field of human physiology in flight belongs to I.M. Sechenov, who in the 80s of the 19th century, in connection with the accident of French balloonists in the Zenith balloon, gave the first physiological calculations of the cause of the death of these balloonists and pointed out physiological ways to fight against impaired respiratory function in humans during high-altitude flights).

· Creator of the objective theory of behavior.

· Laid the foundations of the physiology of labor ("Essays on labor movements"). I was looking for physiological mechanisms with which it is possible to fight against the phenomena of fatigue.

· Laid the foundations of age, comparative and evolutionary physiology. The peculiarity of his evolutionary-biological approach lies in the fact that it extended to the most highest level organizations - the nervous system.

· In 1903, at the age of 74, he began teaching at Prechistensky working courses (“Prechistensky classes”) for workers in Moscow factories.

The outstanding Russian scientist I.P. Pavlov called I.M. Sechenov "Father of Russian Physiology".

· The Moscow Medical Academy was named after I.M. Sechenov.

One of the founders of scientific obstetrics, herbal medicine and the creators of medical terminology in Russia. Doctor of Medicine (1775), the first Russian professor of obstetrics.

Main scientific works

"The art of weaving or the science of womanhood" (1784-1786); "Physiology, or the Natural History of Man" (1787); "Medical Substance or Description of Healing Plants Used in Medicine". In 4 parts (1783-1789); "Anatomical and physiological dictionary ..." (1783); "New Botanical Dictionary" (1804).

Contribution to the development of medicine

Professor of midwifery at the St. Petersburg Orphanage.

He was the first in Russia to teach obstetrics in Russian.

Founder of Russian obstetric terminology. Under him, the St. Petersburg School of Midwives turned into an institution of a higher type - the Midwifery Institute.

Prepared and offered for training a phantom of the female pelvis with a baby doll, compiled numerous beautifully designed anatomical tables in obstetrics and gynecology.

In the work "The Art of Povivanie" he devoted a separate section to the care of newborns and infants, the treatment of their diseases, breastfeeding, rational clothing for children, regular sleep and hygienic education.

Simultaneously with the practical activities of an obstetrician and teacher, he worked in the field of botany and pharmacology. He has published more than ten books on various medical and biological topics. Author of numerous translations into Russian from French and Latin.

The author of the first Russian botany, who successfully worked in the field of medical botany and herbal medicine. He worked on compiling the "Medical Dictionary", finishing and publishing during his lifetime only the first two parts. The result of this work was the creation of a large number of terms that were previously absent in the Russian language.

Hotovitsky Stepan Fomich

Russian doctor, obstetrician, one of the founders of pediatrics in Russia, academician of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy (1842), Honored Professor (1843).

Main scientific works

"On Anthrax" (1831); "On Cholera" (1832); "On dwellings in medical and police relations" (1833); "Medical and popular instruction for religious schools" (1844); "Pediatrica" ​​(1847).

Contribution to the development of medicine

He worked as an adjunct professor (1823-1830), extraordinary (1830-1832), and then ordinary professor (1832-1847) of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy. Senior city obstetrician of St. Petersburg (1828-1833).

Professor of the Department of Obstetrics with the doctrine of women's and children's diseases (1836-1847). The initiator of the opening (1842) at the Department of the United Clinic (obstetrics, women's, children's).

He was the first Russian scientist to single out pediatrics as a separate branch of medicine and define its goals and objectives.

Author of translations into Russian of foreign manuals and textbooks (K. Karusa "Educational book of gynecology" / from German, 1835-1836 /, A. Cooper "The doctrine of the initial and practical foundations of surgery" / from English, 1836). Author of scientific papers on obstetrics, women's diseases, pediatrics, infectious diseases, hygiene, forensic medicine.

Editor of the "Military Medical Journal" (1833-1839).

One of the first members of the Society of Russian Doctors of St. Petersburg, founded in 1833.

For his efforts in stopping the cholera epidemic in Astrakhan (1823) and St. Petersburg (1831), Khotovitsky was declared "royal blessing"

N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik - the largest scientist of the second half of the 18th century - is the founder of Russian obstetrics and pediatrics; he is also rightfully considered one of the founders of Russian pharmacognosy and medical terminology. The fundamental works he created in the field of obstetrics, pediatrics, medical botany and pharmacognosy were not only the first original scientific manuals, but also the first Russian textbooks, without which the successful development of medical education and the training of obstetricians would not have been possible. The dictionaries compiled by N. M. Maksimovich-Ambotic laid the foundation for the development of Russian medical nomenclature.

Nestor was born in the village of Veprik (modern Gadyachsky district, Poltava region, Ukraine), in the family of a priest, rector of the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin in the Gadyach regiment. He received a primary education at home, then studied at the Kiev Theological Academy, from which he graduated in 1768. The following year, Nestor entered the Petersburg medical school maritime hospital. In 1770, Nestor was sent on a special scholarship from the fund of Princess E. D. Golitsyna-Kantemir to the medical faculty of the University of Strasbourg. He stayed in Strasbourg for four and a half years, defending on September 26, 1775 doctoral dissertation"On the Human Liver", which received an admiring review from the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Strasbourg I. Shpilman. Over the next year, N. Maksimovich got acquainted with the German medical profession, visiting a number of German clinics, listening to lectures, talking with doctors and improving his knowledge of the German language. Upon returning to St. Petersburg in September 1776 and passing the exam at the Medical College, N. Maksimovich received the right to practice as a junior doctor in the St. Petersburg Admiralty (sea) and land hospitals. Simultaneously with his practical activities, he began teaching obstetrics, lecturing on the "women's field" in medical schools at hospitals.

In 1777, Nestor Maksimovich was again sent abroad to deepen his knowledge of obstetrics. After returning to St. Petersburg, he was appointed teacher of the school at the Kronstadt Admiralty Hospital to lecture on physiology, medical and surgical practice and medicinal plants. Six months later, N. Maksimovich filed a petition for his transfer to St. Petersburg. On May 10, 1781, he was appointed professor of midwifery at St. St. Petersburg obstetric school (“babichy school”), heading which he was the first of the obstetricians to begin lecturing in Russian. In October 1782, N. Maksimovich became the first Russian teacher to receive the title of professor of obstetrics. At one time, Nestor Maksimovich was also a teacher at an obstetric institution at an orphanage. In 1784, the St. Petersburg school was transformed into a midwifery school, and two years later - into a midwifery institute. Nestor Maksimovich, who read midwifery at the institute, was released from work in hospital schools. In 1793, Nestor Maksimovich was elected an honorary member of the Medical College for his services in medicine. At the same time, he drew up a project for the development of obstetric education in Russia, which was never implemented during his lifetime. At the age of 54, Nestor Maksimovich stopped teaching. The details of his life in the next 14 years are not known. Only information has survived that he worked as a consultant at the Kalinkinskaya hospital in St. Petersburg until his death on August 5 (July 24), 1812. The burial place of N. M. Maksimovich is also unknown.

He created the capital work "The Art of Weaving, or the Science of Womanhood". He described the anatomical structure of the female genital organs and the intrauterine position of the fetus, signs of pregnancy, the methodology and significance of an obstetric examination of a pregnant woman and a woman in labor. Causes of obstetric pathology: ü Narrow pelvis; ü Unusual position of the head Described the shape of a narrow pelvis, the operation of applying forceps to the next head.

The fifth part of "The Art of Fiddling" is devoted to issues of physiology and hygiene, as well as diseases of children in early age. This work is essentially the first guide to pediatrics in Russian. Gives a definition of a full-term and premature fetus, a healthy and a sick child, information about the corresponding dimensions of the head, chest, length and weight of the child's body, describes the processes of breathing, blood circulation of newborns.

N.M Maksimovich-Ambodik wrote a number of works on medical botany ("Botanical Dictionary" - 1795, "Initial Foundations of Botany" - 1796, "New Botanical Dictionary" - 1804, 1808), which give the right to consider it one of the founders of Russian pharmacognosy. N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik owns the fundamental work “Medical Substance Science” (1783-1789) - the first generalizing guide to medicinal plants, including 134 original color drawings, made very skillfully by Russian artists on special order and under the supervision of N. M. Maksimovich- Ambodika.

N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik noticed a very important feature of great practical importance: the healing power of the same plant can be different depending on the age of the plant, the period of its development, the time of collection and storage conditions. The classification of drugs is very interesting, based on which N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik put their effect on the body. Some sections of this classification and the names of substances in it still exist at the present time: laxatives, emetics, astringents, diuretics ("diuretics"), hypnotics ("sleeping pills").

In the second half of the 18th century, an active struggle began in Russia between Russian doctors and foreign doctors for the right to teach academic disciplines in Russian, as well as for the right to write and publish scientific works in their native language. The medical dictionary conceived by N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik was supposed to consist of 3 books: anatomical-physiological, medical-surgical and natural-chemical-historical dictionaries. Only two dictionaries were published: Anatomical and Physiological Dictionary (1781) and Medico-Surgical Dictionary (1785). In 1804, the "New Botanical Dictionary" was published, which is a continuation of the book by N. M. Maksimovin-Ambodik "The Initial Foundations of Botany" (1796). The dictionary contained a list of plants, the names of which were given according to the systematics of K. Linnaeus in Latin, German and Russian.

N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik left a great scientific heritage for his 30 years of activity, striking both in the number of written works and in the versatility of topics. In addition to major works on obstetrics and pharmacognosy, he owns works in the field of anatomy, physiology, and medical terminology. "Medical Substance" - a work that fully and scientifically reflects the medical knowledge of that time, was written in a simple and clear language. This simplicity of presentation made "medical substance" accessible not only to doctors and healers, but also to any literate person. To convey medical knowledge in an accessible form to the general public - this is the task pursued by N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik in this work.

The whole life of N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik, his enormous talent, extraordinary energy and efficiency were devoted to the development of domestic medicine and the creation of domestic obstetric personnel, which practically did not exist before him.

Table of contents of the topic "History of obstetrics.":
1. Definition of midwifery. Stages of development of obstetrics. Obstetrics in primitive society.
2. Obstetrics in the Middle Ages. The development of obstetrics in the Middle Ages.
3. Obstetrics in the 17th century. Nils Stensen. Louis Bourgeois. François Morisot. Hendrik van Deventer. Chamberlain.
4. Obstetrics in the XVIII century. Andre Levre. Jean Louis Baudeloc. William Smelly. Johann Georg Rederer.
5. Obstetrics in the XIX century. F.J. Major. K.M. Baer. M. Duncan. G. Leopold. Litzman. Michaelis.
6. History of obstetrics in Russia. P.3. Kondoidi. I.F. Erasmus. N.M. Maksimovich-Ambodik. V.M. Richter. IN AND. Koch. A.P. Matveev.
7. A.A. Kiter. AND I. Krassovsky. N.N. Phenomena. B.C. Gruzdev. BEFORE. Ott. I.P. Lazarevich. N.I. Pobedinsky. M.S. Malinovsky.
8. V.V. Stroganov. K.K. Scrobansky. K.N. Zhmakin. Tsovyanov. IN AND. Bodyazhin. L.S. Persian. Narkomzdrav.

History of obstetrics in Russia. P.3. Kondoidi. I.F. Erasmus. N.M. Maksimovich-Ambodik. V.M. Richter. IN AND. Koch. A.P. Matveev.

History of obstetrics in Russia. For a long time in Russia, obstetric care was provided by midwives. Since the second half of the 17th century, especially since the time of Peter the Great, a large number of foreign doctors appeared in Russia with doctoral degrees from well-known Western universities. These doctors served not only royal family, as it was in pre-Petrine times, but also many rich people.

In 1707, by decree of Peter I, a Hospital School was established in Moscow in the German Quarter at the General Hospital. The hospital school was the first higher medical educational institution in Russia, which did a lot for the development of medicine in our country.

The need for reforms in medical education and obstetric care was well understood in Russia. The reforms were developed by the director of the Medical Office, Pavel Zakharovich Kondoidi, and implemented during the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine P. P.3. Kondoidi drew up a definition of the medical office on the establishment and organization of schools for women's work (as obstetrics was then called) in Moscow and St. Petersburg and on March 21, 1754 submitted it for consideration Governing Senate. This project included the training of their own Russian midwives. The course of study lasted 6 years. To teach midwifery in each school, a "professor of womanhood" and his assistant - a doctor or obstetrician were appointed.

On May 5, 1754, the Governing Senate approved the submission of the Medical Office and allocated a loan of 3,000 rubles. on the initial establishment of the woman's business. At that time it was very big money. After such financial support for obstetric schools, it was possible to start opening them, which Kondoidi did immediately, almost simultaneously in Moscow and St. Petersburg. At the Moscow School he was elected a professor Johann Friedrich Erasmus with title" doctor of grandmother's affairs".

Thus, since 1758 there was an obstetric school in Moscow (subsequently transformed into a midwifery institute at the Moscow Imperial Orphanage), led by a professor-obstetrician. In the first decades of the existence of this school (before the opening of the Midwifery Institute in 1801), classes with midwives were held at the House of a professor of obstetrics. I.F. Erasmus conducted classes with city midwives in his apartment on Novaya Basmannaya Street. He led the Moscow obstetric school until his death.

I.F. Erasmus was an experienced practitioner and an excellent teacher, the author of the first Russian textbook on midwifery, an academician of one of the scientific academies, a professor who, for the first time in Russia, used obstetric forceps and performed a caesarean section.

An outstanding figure in Russian obstetrics of the 18th century was Nestor Maksimovich Maksimovich-Ambodik(1744-1812). He studied at the St. Petersburg hospital school and in 1770 was sent on a special (Goliiyn) scholarship to the medical faculty of the University of Strasbourg. Upon returning to St. Petersburg N.M. Maksimovich-Ambodik taught at a hospital school and at the same time in both St. Petersburg hospitals. From the very beginning of its pedagogical activity he significantly modified and improved teaching by introducing classes on the phantom. To do this, he ordered, according to his own models and drawings, a phantom of a female pelvis with a wooden child, obstetric forceps ("pincers") with wooden handles, a silver catheter, etc.

For great merits, the Medical College in 1782 awarded N.M. Maksimovich-Ambodik the title of professor of midwifery. He wrote the first Russian original manual on obstetrics called " The art of weaving, or The Science of Butterfly" (1784- 1786).

The systematic teaching of obstetrics at Moscow University began in 1790, Wilhelm Mikhailovich Richter. From 1801 to 1807 V.M. Richter was the director of the midwifery institute he created at the Moscow Imperial Orphanage.

The opening of faculty clinics of Moscow University on Rozhdestvenka in 1846 marked an important stage in the life of the medical faculty. From now on, the clinical teaching method has become the basis of the entire educational process. As a result of this, the medical faculty of Moscow University is on a par with the best medical educational institutions Europe and it became possible to train a large number of well-trained doctors, so much needed in Russia.

In 1851, the clinic of Moscow University in connection with the resignation V.M. Richter after years of service, she passed under the leadership of a former assistant at the University of Dorpat, and then an adjunct of the Moscow clinic, Professor Vladimir Ivanovich Koch, who at the same time was the director of the obstetric institution at the Moscow Imperial Orphanage. IN AND. Koch was the first professor of obstetrics in Moscow who started lecturing in Russian. He significantly changed the teaching method itself. Lectures by V.I. Koch served as a model for the richness of scientific content, clarity of presentation, and excellent literary processing of the material. At IN AND. Kohe The defense of the first dissertations written in Russian began.

A new period in the life of the clinic began in 1874, when Alexander Matveevich Makeev. He introduced antiseptics in obstetrics. From the very first days of his teaching career, he taught students that " puerperal fever"- not an epidemic, but an endemia and sepsis. Various antiseptic agents (iodoform, sublimate, carbolic acid, creolin) were widely used in the clinic.

A.P. Matveev proposed the prevention of ophthalmic rhea by introducing a 2% solution of lapis into the conjunctival sacs of newborns, which contributed to the almost complete elimination of this dangerous disease.