Gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, weak. Fundamental physical interactions: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak; main characteristics and significance in nature
1. Fundamental physical interactions: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak; main characteristics and significance in nature. The special role of electromagnetic interactions.
Fundamental Interactions– qualitatively different types of interaction between elementary particles and bodies composed of them
Evolution of theories of fundamental interactions:
Until the 19th century:
Gravitational (Galileo, Newton-1687);
Electrical (Gilbert, Cavendish-1773 and Coulomb-1785);
Magnetic (Gilbert, Aepinus-1759 and Coulomb-1789)
Turn of the 19th and 20th centuries:
Electromagnetic (electromagnetic theory of Maxwell-1863);
Gravitational (Einstein's General Theory of Relativity-1915)
The role of gravitational interactions in nature:
Gravitational interactions:
Law of universal gravitation;
The force of attraction between the planets of the solar system;
gravity
The role of electromagnetic interactions in nature: Electromagnetic interactions:
Coulomb's law;
Intra- and interatomic interactions;
Friction force, elastic force, ...;
Electromagnetic waves (light) The role of strong interactions in nature: Strong interactions:
Short range (~10 -13 m);
Approximately 1000 times stronger than electromagnetic;
Decreases approximately exponentially;
Are saturated;
Responsible for the stability of the atomic nucleus
The role of weak interactions in nature Weak interactions:
Very short range (~10 -18 m);
Approximately 100 times weaker than electromagnetic;
Are saturated;
Responsible for mutual transformations of elementary particles
2. Electric charge and its main properties: bipolarity, discreteness, invariance; microscopic carriers of electric charges, the concept of quarks; the law of conservation of electric charge; physical models of charged bodies.
Electric charge - it is a physical scalar quantity that characterizes the property of particles or bodies to enter into electromagnetic force interactions;
*denoted by q or Q;
*measured in SI units in coulombs
Basic properties of electric charge:
Bipolarity:
there are electric charges of two signs - positive (glass rod) and negative (ebonite rod);
*like charges repel, unlike charges attract Additivity:
* the electric charge of a physical body is equal to the algebraic sum of the electric charges of the charged particles in it - microscopic carriers of electric charge Resolution:
Basic properties of electric charge
Equality of modules of positive and negative elementary electric charges:
the charge modules of the electron and proton are equal with high accuracy
Invariance:
the magnitude of the electric charge does not depend on the reference frame in which it is measured
this distinguishes it from body weight
Conservation law:
* the algebraic sum of the electric charges of bodies (body parts, elementary particles) that make up a closed system remains unchanged for any interactions between them; including annihilation (disappearance) of matter
electron is the carrier of the negative elementary electric charge (
proton - carrier of a positive elementary electric charge ()
quark is a hypothetical fundamental particle in standard model, which has an electric charge that is a multiple of e/3
3. Coulomb's law: physical essence and significance in electrodynamics; vector form of the law and the principle of superposition of electrostatic forces; methods of experimental verification of the law and the limits of its applicability.
Coulomb's law - Two fixed point electric charges in a vacuum interact with each other with forces proportional to the magnitude of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
Vector form of Coulomb's law
Methods for experimental verification of Coulomb's law
1. Cavendish method (1773):
2. Rutherford method:
Rutherford's experiments on the scattering of alpha particles on gold nuclei (1906)
experiments on elastic scattering of electrons with an energy of the order of 10 +9 eV
GRAVITY AND ITS PHYSICAL ESSENCE
Gadzhiev S.Sh., Doctor of Technical Sciences, prof.
NOU HPE "Social and Pedagogical Institute", Derbent
Annotation: The article deals with the phenomena of the movement of the forces of nature, and according to these forces, other phenomena that allow revealing the essence of knowledge natural phenomena in general, and, in particular, the mysteries of "gravity" and (or) the physical essence of gravity. The universal law of interaction between the forces of the system and the universal method based on it serve as the key to understanding natural phenomena and processes. From the conducted comprehensive analysis of the interaction of the bodies of the system, it turns out that the reason for the lack of disclosure of the physical essence of the law of universal gravitation turned out to be the absence in nature as such of the gravity of bodies to each other.
Key words: knowledge of natural phenomena, law, method, interaction of bodies.
Abstract: This article examines the phenomenon of motion the forces of nature, and these forces other phenomena, allowing to discover the essence of knowledge of natural phenomena in general and, in particular, the puzzle of "gravitation" and (or) the physical nature of gravity. Universal law of the interaction of forces and systems based on it are the key universal method of knowledge of natural phenomena and processes. Of conducted a comprehensive analysis of the interaction of bodies appears that the reason is not solved the physical essence of the law of universal gravitation was in the nature of the absence of gravity as such bodies to each other.
Keywords: knowledge of natural phenomena, law, method, interacting bodies.
The history of the idea of universal gravitation
Academician S.I. Vavilov in his book "Isaac Newton" cites a well-known story that Newton's discovery of universal gravitation was caused by an unexpected fall of an apple from a tree in Woolstorp. This story, apparently, is reliable and is not a legend. Stekelei relates the following scene relating to Newton's old age: “After dinner in London (at Newton's) the weather was hot; we went into the garden and drank tea in the shade of several apple trees; were only
we are together. By the way, Ser Isaac told me that this was the situation he was in when the idea of gravity first occurred to him. It was caused by the fall of an apple while he sat deep in thought. Why do apples fall vertically, he thought to himself, why not to the side, but always towards the center of the Earth. There must be an attractive force in matter, concentrated in the center of the Earth. If matter pulls other matter in this way, then there must be a proportionality to its quantity. Therefore, the apple attracts the Earth in the same way as the Earth pulls the apple. There must therefore be a force, like that which we call gravity, extending throughout the universe."
For some reason, Stekelei's story remained little known, but a similar retelling of Voltaire from the words of Newton's niece spread around the world. They liked the story, they began to show the apple, as if it had served as the reason for the emergence of the "Beginnings", poets and philosophers used a grateful metaphor, comparing Newton's apple with the apple that killed Adam, or with the apple of Paris; people far from science liked the simple mechanics of the emergence of a complex scientific idea. There are other fictional legends. As we can see, here Newton gave his assumption about the occurring phenomenon, without revealing its physical mechanism, and, naturally, this seemed to him a real conjecture of the essence of the natural phenomenon.
Although gravity is the most clearly palpable of all four fundamental forces of nature, which acts on everything and all of us, starting from childhood, when we barely got up and fell, not staying on our feet. However, it still remains an unsolved mystery of nature.
More than three hundred years have passed since the discovery of the law of universal gravitation, established by Newton in the form mathematical formula, and the physical mechanism of gravity of bodies to each other has not yet been revealed.
The reason for everything is the absence as such of the law of universal gravitation in general, and due to the absence of the gravitation of any bodies to each other in nature. All processes that occur and are attributed to "gravity" are performed by the gravitational field, and not by gravity, attributed to the nature of the forces of the gravitational field. Gravity is not attraction. Nothing can create the attraction of bodies to each other, including gravity. Any physical field does its work. Do we attribute to the action of the known magnetic field concept of "gravity"? No. Because at the same time there is a repulsion. The whole reason lies in the interaction, that is, in the direction of movement of these (considered) magnetic fields.
It is believed that according to Einstein, space and time are a form of the existence of matter. In reality, no one can object and doubt that space and time determine the location and duration of the existence of matter, including all kinds of physical fields. The basis of the entire Universe is space, where material components take place, as well as all known and not yet revealed physical fields, and
time determines the duration of the existence of material bodies and the duration of the phenomena and processes of nature.
The ideas that have arisen about the curvature of space are even worse when they consider that matter is a curved space. Then it turns out that matter is absent in nature, it becomes space, that is, matter turns into curved space. It follows from this that space happens in two states: curved and not curved. Only they cannot indicate the location and transformation or transition of matter into curved space. The distribution (or location) of energy in space cannot be taken as a curvature of space itself. The assertion that it is not the beam that changes its direction when passing by the Sun, but the curved space that directs it in this way, should be considered unfounded. To change the direction of movement, a certain force must be applied, which could give a reason for justifying one or another phenomenon. In other words, such unsubstantiated statements evoke nothing but the irony of a sober mind. It turns out that there is no matter in nature, only curved and not curved space remains.
Unnecessarily, time was “glued” to space and, “at the behest of a pike,” it was called four-dimensional space. As a result, out of the three fundamental components of the Universe, only one space remained, to which many hypothetical assumptions are attributed, which have already entered the everyday life of scientists, having no real physical understanding of such multidimensional spaces. However, such multidimensionalities of space are just speculative constructions, not based on practice, which mislead many generations.
In any case, it remains obvious that nature is based on its three fundamental components: space, time, matter. Without their independent existence, naturally, the flow of any phenomena and processes is unthinkable. The simplest example. The body is moving. This requires space, time and also the body itself (matter). Which of them can be excluded from this phenomenon? Syncretism, that is, fusion, was provided by Nature itself. Why unite them in parts: space-time, space-body (matter) or unite time with matter? They are united without us and forever. This is that "Holy Trinity" without which nothing can exist.
If matter disappears (removes), then time and space will remain unclaimed. Getting rid of space and time is not possible. They are absolute, that is, eternal and unchanging fundamental principles, like matter, for everything that exists in the universe. Naturally, for the finding (existence) of matter, space is necessary as a container, and time is necessary for the duration of existence. Consequently, all these three components of the Universe itself enter into their functions, providing all natural phenomena and processes. The task of science is to understand the physical mechanism and
the reason for the emergence of phenomena and processes, that is, to get to the essence of these patterns of phenomena and answer the question: why does this happen in this way and not otherwise?
Matter (mass) cannot change the geometry of space. It only concentrates the flow of gravitons, and the gravitational field does not belong to any planet or other cosmic bodies, just as light does not belong to a focusing lens. It is a completely different matter when we consider the magnetic field created by the magnet itself. In other words, the magnet radiates its field into space, and the light and gravitational field, in the phenomena under consideration, do not belong to these bodies. They come from outside from other emitters. For instance. Light can enter the lens from any of its sources. We do not say that the lens bends space, although there is a real similarity of curvature, that is, a change in the direction of the flow of light. A similar picture is observed with the gravitational field when passing through massive cosmic bodies.
Here we find an analogy between a stream of light and a gravitational field. When the direction of light through the lens is bent, we observe the refraction of light and cannot say in any way that the light enters the curved space near the lens. In contrast, the magnetic field created by the magnet itself belongs to the magnet, and the gravitational field does not belong to any body with which they interact. The lens only concentrates or may, depending on the shape of the lens (optical glass), scatter the light flux. The same can be said about the concentration of the flow of the gravitational field, carried out by a large mass of spherical bodies in space.
The gravitational field does not create gravity, but the pushing of bodies
A comprehensive analysis of the interaction of the forces of the system shows that attraction is an apparent phenomenon, as the rotation of the Sun, stars and planets around our Earth previously seemed.
It is known that the search for the fundamental laws of nature remains another grandiose task of science. The nature of forces is recognized by the phenomena of motion, when there is a change in the amount of motion in time. To reveal the nature of the physical essence of the forces of gravity, which determines the gravity of the body, it is necessary to look for the cause of the occurrence of such gravity by the phenomena of movement of the interacting material bodies of the system under consideration.
There is no doubt that all attempts to understand the physical nature of gravity
invariably ended in failure. Even G. Galileo came to the conclusion on this issue that we do not know anything, except for the name, which for this special case is known as "gravity".
I. Newton, faced with the problem of explaining the nature of gravity, was forced to admit that he could not derive the cause of gravity from phenomena.
M. Kline writes that Newton explained the limited success of his program as follows: “The fact that gravity should be an internal, integral and essential attribute of matter, thereby allowing any body to act on another at a distance through a vacuum, without any intermediary, with by means of which and through which action and force could be transmitted from one body to another, seems to me such a blatant absurdity that, in my deep conviction, not a single person, in any way versed in philosophical matters and endowed with the ability to think, will agree with it. ".
Newton was clearly aware that the law of universal gravitation he discovered was a description, not an explanation. Therefore, he wrote to Richard Bentley: “Sometimes you speak of gravity as something essential and intrinsic to matter. I beg you not to attribute this concept to me, because I do not at all pretend to know the causes of gravity, and therefore I will not waste time on their consideration. In the same place, M. Kline writes further that H. Huygens was surprised that Newton took it upon himself to do a lot of cumbersome calculations, without having the slightest reason for this, except mathematical law universal gravitation. Huygens considered the idea of gravity absurd on the grounds that its action, transmitted through empty space, excluded any mechanism whatsoever. G. V. Leibniz also criticized Newton's works on the theory of gravity, believing that the famous formula for the forces of gravity is nothing more than a computational rule that does not deserve the name of a law of nature. "Leibniz compared this law to Aristotle's animistic explanation of a stone falling to the ground by reference to the stone's 'desire' to return to its natural place".
Newton himself did not believe that the nature of gravity could not be revealed. He simply believed that the level of knowledge of his time was insufficient to solve this problem, and hoped that others would explore the nature of gravity. However, his followers elevated Newton's temporary refusal to explain gravity into an unshakable principle of science, which should limit itself only to describing phenomena, without revealing in depth their causes, which are still inaccessible to human understanding.
This approach to solving problems is typical of some researchers with difficulties in understanding natural phenomena. A similar method has limited the solution to the fluidized bed problem. Some even decided to accept fluidization as a new state of matter and abandon further search for the physical essence of this phenomenon. The special interest of scientists in this issue "faded" all over the world after we discovered the real physical essence of the inhomogeneous fluidized state and published the results in a number of countries abroad.
The explanation of the "negative" result of the Michelson-Morley experiment remains an age-old problem. Due to the absence, for a certain period of time, of a real unambiguous explanation of the result of only one of this experiment and
their powerlessness, the researchers began to question the entire foundation of classical mechanics, including the immutable laws of conservation. As a result, dependencies not inherent in nature were introduced: mass, time and space on the speed of bodies. The solution to this problem and the real approach we have found may well turn out to be final. Let's hope that they will hear us, understand us, objectively evaluate and accept our decision, which will return the unshakable foundations of classical mechanics. This topic should be covered in detail in a separate work. Despite the widespread law of universal gravitation, no one has yet been able to explain its physical mechanism, and the nature of its action remained undiscovered.
At the present stage of the development of science, it seems to us that gravity does not arise due to gravity, but as a result of pushing, caused by the resistance exerted by the body when the gravitational field passes through it.
Analyzing the real essence of the observed phenomena, one can come to the conclusion that “attraction” is an apparent phenomenon. Bodies are not attracted, but they are pushed towards each other or they are pushed away from each other.
In nature, apparently, there is no physical mechanism for the "attraction" of bodies, since there is no attraction at a distance without external action. The interaction of bodies causes only their pushing and repulsion. The mechanism of the observed (in reality, apparent) "attractive force" of two bodies includes pushing due to a change in the amount of motion (or momentum) of the third body interacting with them.
The gravitational field (i.e. gravitons), which exerts pressure on all material bodies, which in reality creates gravity, which we take for "attraction" to the Earth, serves as such a third body, which determines the apparent attraction to the Earth.
A similar picture is observed here, as at one time it was believed that the Earth is the center of the Universe, and all celestial bodies move around it. In the gravitational field, the "attraction" to the Earth also seemed obvious, but in reality, every particle of the planet itself and the surrounding atmosphere experience pressure (force) of the gravitational field directed perpendicular to the Earth's surface. Consequently, it is not the Earth that attracts to itself, but it itself experiences the force of pressure of gravitons, which gives "weight" to all the material constituent elements of the Earth system.
There is a significant difference in the phenomena of the gravitational field and electromagnetic interaction. In electromagnetic fields, there is attraction and repulsion, and in a gravitational field, only heaviness arises. Apparently, in electric charges, some charged bodies radiate an electric field, while others receive it, like a magnet, where the lines of force always emanate from the north pole and go to the south pole, which they enter. V
As a result, like fields repel each other, and unlike components of these fields push the bodies towards each other.
In contrast to them, the gravitational field permeates all bodies. At the same time, the resistance exerted by material bodies to the gravitational field causes pressure, which causes gravity. This energy of gravity, created by the gravitational field in massive bodies, turns into heat, due to which the corresponding temperature is created and maintained in the depths of planets and stars indefinitely. Thus, the heat (energy) lost by the radiation of stars, the Sun and planets is replenished.
The force of gravity caused by gravity is the real result of the interaction, due to the change in the momentum of gravitons, and "gravitation" is an imaginary, seeming representation of the phenomena when bodies fall, which we observe in everyday life.
Unfortunately, in physics the concepts are mixed: gravity, gravitation, attraction and heaviness. Bodies do not tend to attract each other. Rapprochement inherent in bodies is a forced phenomenon, caused by a third material body or physical fields: magnetic, electric, gravitational and other known and still unknown forces.
We do not even assume the possibility of the phenomenon of cosmic bodies repulsing each other at a distance, and we do not imagine anything about the necessity of the "law of universal repulsion". This is while the physical explanation of the essence and the famous "law of universal gravitation" has not yet been found. On the physical essence of the phenomena of attraction and gravitation, the answer has not been found due to the fact that they do not exist. In nature, only repulsion and pushing are observed. Consequently, gravity cannot create either gravitation or attraction that is absent in nature.
Gravity causes gravity and thereby returns the scattered to outer space thermal energy. Basically, the energy of the gravitational field is concentrated in massive cosmic bodies, where it passes into mass, and the mass, in turn, accumulates gravitational energy. It is obvious that the divine law of circulation is manifested here as well. As energy accumulates in the Sun and stars, radiation is renewed, which again leads to the return of energy to the general circulation of natural phenomena.
So, we can say that the problem of "thermal death" of the Universe disappears (disappears). An imaginary fear turned out to be a forced invention of the researchers.
All living things in nature, its charms, and the harmony of the universe are due to the divine laws of circulation and, in particular, concentration and return to the cycle of energy circulation, where gravity plays an important role. In the absence of a gravitational field, there would be neither life nor heat. Then everything would freeze. The Sun would cool down, and all the stars and other luminaries would go out. However, the divinely charming laws: circulation, recreation,
reproduction, renewal, renewal - rule and keep stability alive and inanimate nature.
It is curious that in appearance the law of universal gravitation and the law of interaction of electric charges of Coulomb are identical. This remarkable feature in their similarity helps us to reveal the mechanism of action of gravity created by the gravitational field. It only remains to find out why attraction and repulsion are observed in electric charges, and only the “attraction” that seems to us is observed in the gravitational field.
A similar picture of gravitational attraction is observed when iron filings (objects) are attracted to a magnet. Here we also observe only attraction and do not observe the inherent repulsion of like poles.
The question arises. Why are iron objects attracted to both the north and south poles of a magnet, but there is no repulsion, just like in a gravitational field? How to explain the mechanism of such a coincidence?
Of course, the force arises when the momentum changes, i.e. amount of movement. A change in the latter at a constant mass can be conditioned only by changing the speed of the material body. With a change in speed, the energy state of the body changes in accordance with the principle of energy, which says: any change in speed causes an increase or decrease in the energy of the body. Therefore, the reason for such a coincidence of the “attraction” forces in such different phenomena is explained by a change in the momentum (momentum) of the magnetic and gravitational flows fields when interacting with the corresponding material bodies. It should be emphasized that in nature, as such, the existence of attraction of bodies is not possible. Therefore, H. Huygens rightly considered the idea of gravitation absurd.
In reality, the gravitational field permeates bodies, pushing them in its direction of motion. Then it turns out not the law of gravitation, but the law of motion of bodies in the gravitational field under the action of the energy of decelerating gravitons, caused by the resistance of material bodies to the gravitational field.
Summarizing the above, it follows that the reason for the unrevealed physical essence of the law of universal gravitation turned out to be the absence of the gravitation of bodies as such in nature.
The analysis carried out shows that in nature, so familiar to us for so many years, there is no "gravitation" of bodies to each other, and the observed convergence of bodies is caused by pushing them towards each other by a third body. The role of the third body can also be played by physical fields, including the gravitational field, which “presses” all material bodies to the surface of massive cosmic formations - planets and stars.
The universal law of interaction of the fields of forces of the system greatly facilitates the solution of many problems along with many problems of phenomena and processes of nature, including cosmology.
It is gratifying that the mathematical expression (description) of Newton's law of universal gravitation also finds its deep scientific justification in the revealed physical essence.
It turned out to be quite expedient for the knowledge of natural phenomena, when one proceeds from the universal law of interaction of the fields of forces of the system, which serves as a universal key for revealing the essence of observed phenomena and processes throughout the universe.
L and t er a t u r a:
1. Vavilov S.I. Isaac Newton. - M. - L.: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1945. -230 p.;
2. Kline M. Mathematics. The search for truth: Per. from English / Ed. IN AND. Arshinov, Yu.V. Sachkova. - M.: Mir, 1988. - 295s.;
3. Gadzhiev S.Sh. Interaction of system forces in technological processes(analysis, theory, practice). - Makhachkala: DGU Publishing House, 1993. - 210s.
Fundamental interactions are different, not reducible to each other types of interaction of elementary particles and bodies composed of them. Today, the existence of four fundamental interactions is reliably known: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak interactions, and electromagnetic and weak interactions, generally speaking, are manifestations of a single electroweak interaction. Searches are being made for other types of interactions, both in the phenomena of the microworld and on a cosmic scale, but so far the existence of any other type of interaction has not been discovered.
The electromagnetic interaction is one of the four fundamental interactions. Electromagnetic interaction exists between particles that have an electric charge. From the modern point of view, the electromagnetic interaction between charged particles is not carried out directly, but only through the electromagnetic field.
From the point of view of quantum field theory, the electromagnetic interaction is carried by a massless boson - a photon (a particle that can be represented as a quantum excitation of an electromagnetic field). The photon itself does not have an electric charge, which means it cannot directly interact with other photons.
From fundamental particles Electromagnetic interaction also involves particles with an electric charge: quarks, an electron, a muon, and a tau particle (from fermions), as well as charged gauge bosons.
The electromagnetic interaction differs from the weak and strong interactions by its long-range nature - the force of interaction between two charges falls off only as the second power of the distance (see: Coulomb's law). According to the same law, the gravitational interaction decreases with distance. The electromagnetic interaction of charged particles is much stronger than the gravitational one, and the only reason why the electromagnetic interaction does not manifest itself with great force on a cosmic scale is the electrical neutrality of matter, that is, the presence in each region of the Universe with a high degree of accuracy of equal amounts of positive and negative charges.
In the classical (non-quantum) framework, the electromagnetic interaction is described by classical electrodynamics.
Brief summary of the basic formulas of classical electrodynamics
An ampere force acts on a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field:
A charged particle moving in a magnetic field is subject to the Lorentz force:
Gravitamtion (universal gravity-darkness, gravitational-darkness) (from Latin gravitas - “gravity”) is a long-range fundamental interaction to which all material bodies are subject. According to modern concepts, it is a universal interaction of matter with the space-time continuum, and, unlike other fundamental interactions, to all bodies without exception, regardless of their mass and internal structure, at the same point in space and time gives the same acceleration relative to the local inertial reference frame - Einstein's equivalence principle. Mainly, gravity has a decisive influence on matter on a cosmic scale. The term gravity is also used as the name of a branch of physics that studies the gravitational interaction. The most successful modern physical theory in classical physics describing gravity is the general theory of relativity; the quantum theory of gravitational interaction has not yet been built.
Gravitational interaction is one of the four fundamental interactions in our world. Within the framework of classical mechanics, the gravitational interaction is described by Newton's law of universal gravitation, which states that the force of gravitational attraction between two material points masses m1 and m2 separated by the distance R is proportional to both masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance -- i.e.
Here G is the gravitational constant, equal to approximately 6.6725*10m?/(kg*s?).
The law of universal gravitation is one of the applications of the inverse square law, which is also encountered in the study of radiation, and is a direct consequence of the quadratic increase in the area of the sphere with increasing radius, which leads to a quadratic decrease in the contribution of any unit area to the area of the entire sphere.
The gravity field is potential. This means that it is possible to introduce the potential energy of the gravitational attraction of a pair of bodies, and this energy will not change after moving the bodies along a closed contour. The potentiality of the gravitational field entails the law of conservation of the sum of kinetic and potential energy, and when studying the motion of bodies in a gravitational field, it often greatly simplifies the solution. In the framework of Newtonian mechanics, the gravitational interaction is long-range. This means that no matter how a massive body moves, at any point in space the gravitational potential depends only on the position of the body in this moment time.
Large space objects - planets, stars and galaxies have a huge mass and, therefore, create significant gravitational fields.
Gravity is the weakest force. However, since it operates at all distances and all masses are positive, it is nevertheless a very important force in the universe. For comparison: the total electric charge of these bodies is zero, since the substance as a whole is electrically neutral.
Also, gravity, unlike other interactions, is universal in its effect on all matter and energy. No objects have been found that have no gravitational interaction at all.
Due to its global nature, gravity is also responsible for such large-scale effects as the structure of galaxies, black holes and the expansion of the Universe, and for elementary astronomical phenomena - the orbits of planets, and for simple attraction to the Earth's surface and falling bodies.
Gravity was the first interaction described by a mathematical theory. Aristotle believed that objects with different masses fall at different speeds. Only much later, Galileo Galilei experimentally determined that this was not the case - if air resistance is eliminated, all bodies accelerate equally. Isaac Newton's law of gravity (1687) was a good description of the general behavior of gravity. In 1915, Albert Einstein created the General Theory of Relativity, which more accurately describes gravity in terms of the geometry of spacetime.
Analyzing modern theories of gravity, starting with Newton and his followers, we see the complexity of the perception of this phenomenon. It lies in the fact that the term "gravitation" is associated with the term "gravitational radiation". But if this is radiation, i.e. something emanating from a gravitating body (for example, the Earth), how it can act in the opposite direction, i.e. attract? Hegel pointed out this discrepancy 200 years ago. He believed that attraction is a derivative of repulsion, however, he did not bother to substantiate this theoretically.
Physics cannot use intuitive insights unless they can be formulated in coherent mathematical language and complemented by a description in ordinary language. In addition, the existing theories of gravity today, including Newton's law of universal gravitation and Einstein's general theory of relativity, do not answer the most important question - where does the energy come from to create and maintain the gravitational field. According to the calculations of scientists, the gravitational force of the Sun, which holds the Earth in orbit, is 3.6x1021 kgf. But besides the Earth, other planets must also be attracted. Scientists have reached a dead end, having found out that the Sun is not able to energetically provide the attraction of the planets of the solar system. Newton and Einstein struggled with this question for a long time, but did not find a reasonable answer. Ultimately, Newton decided that mass itself was the source of gravity. This is how gravitational mass appeared, which he separated from weight. But at the same time, he had to introduce another mass into his theory - inert, like the amount of matter. To his surprise, mathematical calculations showed that these masses are exactly equal to each other. Thus was born the law of equivalence of heavy and inertial mass, which Einstein used to construct general theory relativity. Thus, Newton abandoned the physical explanation of the observed phenomena, replacing it with a mathematical one. Einstein also followed his path, creating his theory of gravity, in which the dominant role is played not by mass, but by space and time, as physical objects. Therefore, his theory is also called geometric. Of course, geometry can determine the parameters of forces, but it cannot be the cause of motion.
In the 20th century, the quantum theory of the microcosm and its separate branch, the quantum theory of gravity, appeared and began to develop rapidly. Its difficulty, first of all, lies in the fact that it is based on a mathematical formalism of a rather high level, when the results of calculations are used to judge the physical essence of the phenomenon under consideration. In addition, it postulates the presence in nature of elementary particles - gravitons, responsible for the gravitational interaction. As is known, despite a long search, these particles were never found. In addition, this theory, like all the previous ones, does not answer the question - where is the source of energy that feeds the gravitational field. So, all the theories listed above, as well as similar ones (today there are more than a dozen of them) are purely mathematical, with an unrevealed physical essence. Such theories do not give way to experiments to confirm them. Explaining the lack of large-scale experiments with gravity, scientists refer to the fact that, according to Newton's theory, they require a huge mass, since it is it that is the source of gravitational forces, and this is practically impossible. As for Einstein's general theory of relativity, as already noted, there is only mathematics in it, and the physical essence is space and time, which are not amenable to experiments. Not in at its best The quantum theory of gravity also looks like this. As the history of the development of physical science has shown, some caution is necessary in the use of mathematical methods for solving problems, because. in mathematics there is no mechanism of expediency and criticism. In accordance with this, some scientists consider mathematics not a science, but a kind of mental tool. This in no way diminishes her role in research. It is included in the work at the last stage, when the physical essence of the phenomenon under consideration has already been revealed. In any science, initially there is a selection of physical and other factors, and qualitative patterns are established in the form of analogous laws. Such an ambiguous attitude to mathematics can be traced in scientific research since ancient times. Hegel, for example, states: “When constructing scientific theory reference to mathematics as an argument of proof is not legitimate. Or: "There is no proof in mathematical reasoning." All of the above was summed up by the famous scientist V.A. Atsyukovsky: “In modern physics Since Newton, mathematics has been given precedence over physics, as if something new could be sucked out of mathematics beyond what was put into it.
So, the most important task facing the researchers is: to identify a source of constant energy that creates and feeds the Earth's gravitational field. To solve it, we turn to thermodynamics. The law, called the "Second Law", states: "The entropy of the universe is always increasing." Entropy is a measure of the energy of random (chaotic) movement of molecules in a substance. But as far as its growth is concerned, far from everything is clear here. Modern thermodynamics asserts that every real natural process, every real movement is necessarily accompanied by more or less noticeable thermal effects. This is due to the fact that, in full accordance with the law of conservation of energy, all forms of motion can arbitrarily and without the slightest loss pass one into another. But if a link is included in a chain consisting of mechanical, electrical, chemical and other elements, in which there is friction, electrical resistance or heat transfer, the picture changes. Each of these links turns out to be a kind of trap in which various forms of motion are converted into thermal motion. And, since it is considered irreversible, thermal energy accumulates in nature, which leads to an increase in entropy. Based on this conclusion, the prominent scientists of the 19th century W. Thomson and R. Clausis, having extended this law to the entire Universe, came to the conclusion that its heat death is inevitable. However, long-term observations and common sense convince us that the world of the Earth is a world of constant entropy. What is the reason for such a contradiction on a universal scale? Here, one should immediately pay attention to the form of thermal motion, in particular, what is happening in our Earth, which has a hot core. The heat flow will go from it strictly along the radius, i.e. will be ordered, directed towards the outer surface of the Earth. This can be easily verified experimentally, which will be discussed below. At one time, Max Planck said that if in any way it was possible to turn the random movement of molecules into an ordered one, then the second law of thermodynamics would lose the significance of the principle. It turns out that nature anticipated the fears of our scientists about the inevitability of the heat death of the universe. But, if our Earth does not have an increase in entropy, then we need to get to the bottom of where, in this case, the energy emitted by its hot core disappears. The question of the loss of thermal energy, as it were, in a process with a constant, non-increasing entropy, was raised by Engels in his work Dialectics of Nature. The answer to this question, however, is not entirely clear, we will find in modern cosmology. She argues that the increase in entropy is opposed by some organizing role of gravity. But this, rather, is not an answer, but a hint where to look for it. There should be a different wording here: “That part of the energy that, it would seem, should be spent on increasing the entropy of space objects (planets, stars), is spent on creating and maintaining gravitational radiation in the form of longitudinal waves. This mechanism is completely analogous to the generation of an electric field during the directed motion of electrons in a conductor. Thus, the chain of energy circulation in nature becomes closed. Until now, thermal energy, by the way, the most used by mankind, was the "black sheep" among other types of energy, this chain was interrupted on it. Consequently, the energy of directed thermal motion can be converted into the energy of gravitational radiation, and that, in turn, into the energy of mechanical motion (meaning the energy of the motion of planets and their satellites). And now we need to answer the last, no less important question posed by Hegel: “If gravitational radiation is something emanating from the Earth (planets, stars), then how can it act in the opposite direction?” This refers to Newtonian attraction, or gravitation. Eminent scientists give a few clues that shed light on this phenomenon. As already mentioned, the same Hegel believed that attraction is a derivative of the repulsion of gravitating bodies. But this is just a philosophical reflection, and nothing more. The English scientist Heaviside (1850-1925), who is called an unrecognized genius, spoke more definitely on this issue. His idea was that in nature a second reflected gravitational field is formed, falling on the Earth. It creates the illusion of attraction. But what mechanism is at work here? This can be compared to a radar wave. But unlike it, the gravitational wave, having been reflected, returns to the Earth not to the place of its source, but falls flat, as if embracing it. To figure out from which obstacle the gravitational wave radiated by the Earth is reflected, we will be helped by the analogy of the interaction of two magnet poles of the same name. In this interaction, magnets are repelled due to the meeting of magnetic fields of the same name. Approximately the same picture is observed in the gravitational interaction of space objects, such as the Earth with the Moon. They repel each other due to opposite gravitational fields of the same name in the form of waves. In this case, the waves of the Earth, having collided with the waves of the Moon, return to the body that generated them, in the form of a longitudinal-transverse structure. This begs the question - why does the primary gravitational radiation not interact with matter or a body, while the secondary, falling flat, interacts, or rather, pushes bodies towards the Earth? To answer this question, it is necessary to understand the structure of gravitational radiation or field. Structure is understood as a particle responsible for gravitational interaction. As already noted, quantum theory has proclaimed the hypothetical graviton as such a particle. In turn, the English scientist Stephen Hawking believes that the particle of the gravitational field is a neutrino. This is, for today, the smallest discovered particle, which is 10,000 times smaller than an electron. However, not only the size of the particle, but also its shape plays an important role here. According to scientists, the macroworld and the microcosm are built according to the same scenario. As you know, a galaxy is a disk-shaped cluster of stars. The same can be said about the solar system, where the planets rotate approximately in the same plane. And in the microcosm the same analogy is manifested in the structure of the atom. But it turns out that elementary particles also have the shape of a disk. Recently there was a message that scientists managed to photograph an electron. It appeared in the form of a nanodisk. Based on this, it should be expected that both nucleons and neutrinos have the same shape. It seems that this is the general principle of the structure of the universe. When a gravitational wave is emitted, the neutrino has a longitudinal spin with respect to its motion and has a high permeability through any obstacles. Because of this, it does not interact with the substance of the material body. However, in the secondary, reflected gravitational field, where the wave falls flat on the Earth, the spin of the neutrino turns out to be transverse with respect to its motion, and the permeability of the wave through the body is sharply reduced. In this case, the gravitational field interacts with material bodies, but this is not the attraction of the Earth, but a push towards it. This will be the secondary gravitational field of Heaviside. If the test body is at a height from the Earth and is not fixed, it will fall on it with the same speed as the gravitational field, but it will not have weight. If the body has a support, then the gravitational field, passing through it, forms a weight proportional to the amount of matter in it, or what we call gravity. Here it is time to explain why the gravitational radiation of the Earth, which is obviously superior to the lunar one, does not push the Moon out of its orbit during their interaction? The fact is that the Earth interacts with its radiation not only with the Moon, but also with the Sun, and in some cases (when approaching) - with Venus and Mars. This interaction takes place far beyond lunar orbit. Reflecting from the solar gravitational radiation, the terrestrial radiation returns back, but in a new quality, like the Heaviside gravitational field. (The mathematical expression of this interaction will differ sharply from Newton's)
Where is the strength of the gravitational radiation of the Earth in the region of contact with the oncoming similar radiation of the Moon; - the force of the Earth's gravitational field, which prevents the Moon from moving from its orbit from the action (Heaviside's gravitational field). Along the way, this field acts on a similar field of the Moon, surrounding it in the form of a certain sphere, and thereby presses it to the Earth. As a result, the Moon is in balance between two forces - the force of repulsion from the earth's radiation and the force that presses the Heaviside field. The boundary where this equilibrium is established determines the distance of the Moon's orbit from the Earth. It follows from this that if the Moon exhausts its energy potential (hot core), then it will inevitably fall to the Earth. Scientists call such an event a gravothermal catastrophe. It can be assumed that the interaction of the Sun with the planets, including the Earth together with the Moon, occurs according to the same scenario. In this case, the boundary where the transformation of gravitational radiation into a gravitational field occurs, i.e. the repulsion of two radiations determines the size of a certain energy sphere formed around the planets from the action of the Sun or around the Moon from the action of the Earth. The same sphere is also formed around the Sun when its gravitational radiation interacts with similar radiation from other space objects located outside the solar system. A sphere is a region of space around a gravitating object, within which the forces of "gravitation" act (as was commonly believed before), and in accordance with the new paradigm, these are pressure or pushing forces. Perhaps a similar sphere is formed around the UFO. It also disables the electronics of aircraft approaching it, and also negatively affects the psyche of people. Now, as a result of all these innovations, celestial mechanics appears before us in a more understandable form. The sun, rotating, sweeps with its gravitational radiation the entire space of its system, forcing the planets to dance, each in its own orbit and simultaneously rotate around its axis in the same direction. But the most important thing here is that the planets surrounded by an energy sphere created from their own radiation are, as it were, in a suspended state and weigh nothing in relation to the Sun (like a ball on water). Therefore, to bring the round dance of the planets into action, an insignificant energy is required, compared with that required by the Newtonian theory. Only Venus and Uranus have anomalous rotation around their axis in the opposite direction. At the same time, Uranus "lay down on its side", so that its axis is directed towards the Sun. But even these anomalies can be logically explained on a mechanistic basis. At the same time, it should be noted that all interactions in celestial mechanics occur at the field level. For example, the gravitational radiation of the Sun acts on the planets through their energy spheres. It can be assumed that other space objects (galaxies) are similar to our solar system. It follows from these considerations that the orbits of planets and stars are predetermined (unlike Newton, who considered them random) and depend on the gravitational potential of each of the interacting space objects. In addition, the primary gravitational radiation of space objects does not allow their collision, puts things in order on a universal scale and thus ensures the stability of the Universe, which previous theories gave very dubious explanations. The same mechanism (repulsion) confirms Hubble's assumption that all galaxies are moving away not only from us, but also from each other. In other words, the universe is expanding. Perhaps the most convincing and illustrative moment of the new celestial mechanics is the explanation of lunisolar tides on Earth. According to new views, water is not attracted by the Moon and the Sun, but is squeezed out by the falling gravitational field of the Earth in the direction of least pressure, that is, in the zenith and opposite to it (in relation to the Moon and the Sun). This is confirmed by gravimetric measurements, showing periodic fluctuations in the force of gravity of bodies at various points on the Earth with a cyclicity corresponding to the change in the lunar phases and the position of the Sun relative to the Earth. Moreover, the increase in this force is shifted with respect to tidal waves by 90°. If we imagine for clarity the reflected gravitational field of the Earth consisting of lines of force, then when returning, these lines of force are bent along a parabola, as if hugging the Earth. Einstein explained this phenomenon by the curvature of space. But this is physically inexplicable. The formation of tides on Earth in the place where the Moon is at its zenith, Newton explained by the forces of its attraction. But to the sarcastic question of his opponents - why, then, at the same time the same tidal hump is formed on the far side of the Earth - there was no intelligible answer. In turn, the French scientist R. Descartes explains this phenomenon differently, he says: "The formation of ebbs and flows occurs due to the pressure of the lunar vortex." What kind of vortex it is and where it comes from is unclear, but, in general, this statement is closer to the truth. But the new celestial mechanics, based on the thermodynamic nature of gravity, gives a quite convincing explanation for the ebb and flow, confirmed by numerous experiments. It follows from this mechanics that the action that we call "attraction" is, figuratively speaking, an echo of the Earth's gravitational radiation. But an echo can only form if the Earth is surrounded by other gravitating objects (the Moon, other planets, and especially the Sun). And this means that, contrary to Newton's theory, the mass of the Earth has nothing to do with its ability to attract. If the Earth were alone in outer space, it would not have the ability to attract, even being a thousand times more massive. Such a picture completely violates modern astrophysical science. In particular, it is generally accepted that the evolution of stars, their birth and death, depend on the magnitude of their mass, which determines the ability of a space object to attract. The new hypothesis refutes this statement. At the same time, the word "gravity" in no way implies the concept of "attraction". Here, gravity is a mechanistic force wave, which, when interacting with matter or a similar wave can only repel. In particular, the presence in nature of such exotic stars as "white dwarfs", neutron stars, black holes, was the result of mathematical calculations based on the theories of Newton, Einstein and their followers, who took as a postulate that mass is the source of attractive forces. In the new hypothesis, mass is perceived simply as the amount of matter in which, under certain conditions, the energy of the heat flux emanating from the core of a space object is partially converted into the energy of its gravitational radiation. It follows from this that two cosmic objects having the same mass can have gravitational radiations different in strength. Everything depends not on the mass, but on the size of the hot core and the energy contained in it. So, for example, from the standpoint of a new hypothesis, “white dwarfs” and “neutron stars” are cosmic objects that are small in size and at the same time have a high energy sphere compared to ordinary stars. But this does not mean at all that the mass in such objects is "packed" with a high density in order to correspond to the size of the resulting energy sphere (or the force of attraction according to Newton's theory). Here, rather, the high energy of the hot core is a factor in the formation of a high energy sphere. The calculations performed by scientists to determine the density of a neutron star, which would correspond to its ability to attract, amounted to 3x1017 kg/m3. This is a completely disproportionate value, once again indicating that the mass, as such, is not a source of gravitational radiation. As for the “black holes”, around which the passions of scientists have flared up, which have not subsided to this day, P. Laplace wrote about them more than two hundred years ago: “A luminous star with the density of the Earth and a diameter 250 times larger than the Sun does not give a single light the beam reach us because of its gravity; therefore it is possible that the brightest celestial bodies in the universe turn out to be invisible for this reason. This explanation is within the Newtonian theory of gravity. The theory of relativity gives a different, more paradoxical explanation: “A black hole” is a region of space near which all physical processes stop completely, and inside this region the laws of physics completely lose their meaning.” But both of these theories converge in one, the main assumption that the magnitude of the mass determines the force of gravitational attraction. However, if this assumption is excluded from the physical picture of the world (as is done in the author’s new hypothesis of gravity), then all paradoxes resulting from mathematical tricks will disappear and the “black hole” will turn into an ordinary star with a huge mass and quite moderate gravitational radiation. In fact, according to new ideas, any planet or star is a kind of " black hole". If some cosmic non-gravitating body enters the energy sphere of the Earth, then at a speed less than the second cosmic one (11 km/s), it will be captured by the Earth and become its satellite. If this speed is less than the first cosmic one (8 km/s), then the body will fall to the Earth. And, finally, if its speed exceeds 11 km / s, then the body will leave the sphere of influence of the Earth and become a satellite of the Sun. Of course, this conclusion does not apply to bodies with a trajectory of motion directed directly to the Earth. In turn, if the cosmic body is gravitating, it will either be thrown out of the energy envelope of the Earth, or, having a high speed, will enter this sphere and turn into an eternal satellite like the Moon. Therefore, it can be assumed that it is not of earthly origin, as is believed, but "stray" as a result of some cosmic cataclysms. It should be noted that the Newtonian mass also appears in the microworld. So, for example, the birth of stars is explained by the attractive ability of particles of matter scattered in space. According to the new hypothesis, self-creation from promatter, the role of which is again claimed by the neutrino particle, occurs on the spin basis of particles as a result of fluctuations. Accordingly, neither elementary particles, nor atoms and molecules have an attractive ability. All these misconceptions were the result of Newton's introduction into science of the concept of the so-called "heavy mass" and inertial mass. And Einstein introduced another mass into science - relativistic, which generally does not climb into any gates. As a result, the same body can have three masses, which inevitably creates confusion in people's minds. As our writer M.I. Pisemsky noted: “There are such brilliant mistakes that have an exciting effect on the minds of entire generations.” It can be added that these errors can go unnoticed for a long time. These errors include Newton's law of universal gravitation and Einstein's general theory of relativity. The researcher's work within the framework of a false paradigm naturally leads to false results. If this is not noticed, over time these errors accumulate like a snowball and a crisis occurs in physical science.
So, from all of the above it follows that in nature there are both gravitating and non-gravitating bodies. The former include all stars and planets, as well as objects of human activity, such as nuclear reactors, which, according to scientists, emit up to 1018 neutrino particles in 1 second. The second group includes all the objects around us, objects, including celestial ones, that do not have a hot core, for example, meteorites, asteroids, etc. It is interesting to note that biological structures of wildlife, including man, are also gravitating objects alive. A person has a constant source of thermal energy inside, but the growth of entropy is not observed. This means that the thermal motion emanating from the inside to the outside is stabilized, i.e. not chaotic. From this it follows that man, like the planets, radiates gravitational waves. But these waves, in contrast to the waves of inanimate nature, also have high information content. Any manifestation of a thought, emotion, desire, any state of mind is accompanied by energy vibrations, which, as it were, are imprinted into the gravitational waves emitted by a person. This combination of gravitational radiation with its informativeness is called a biofield (for more details on this, see the book "The Nature of the Microworld"). The presence of a biofield was denied by skeptics for a long time, since its properties were not explained in any way through the properties of known fields and clearly did not fit into a strict materialistic picture of the world. The stumbling block was that, according to Newton's theory, the strength of the biofield does not correspond to the mass of a person. However, TMG removed this obstacle, showing that body mass is not a measure of the magnitude (intensity) of gravitational radiation. Consequently, this radiation includes a biofield that has information content, which in turn contributes to the manifestation of parapsychological phenomena (telepathy, clairvoyance, dowsing, etc.). And, finally, when the gravitational field of a person interacts with a similar radiation of the Earth (this always happens with varying degrees of intensity), then an aura is formed around a person - an energy shell, by analogy with a sphere around planets and stars. It is not yet clear why a person can have (spontaneously or consciously) a force of gravitational radiation comparable to that of the earth. In this case, such a phenomenon as levitation is manifested - the ability of a person to fly freely in space. Of course, science denies the possibility of such phenomena, and yet, by virtue of the information that has come down to us, levitation should be considered fundamentally possible. The mention of it can be found in the reports and diaries of many Europeans who visited India. The well-known English researcher, psychic Douglas Hume has repeatedly demonstrated levitation in the presence of many prominent scientists for 40 years. Before levitation, he plunged into a trance. Among those who attended the Hume sessions was A.K. Tolstoy. Hume visited Russia twice and gave several sessions of levitation in the presence of St. Petersburg University professors Butlerov and Wagner. Such prominent personalities as the Curies, Thomas Edison, and others testified to the phenomena of levitation. The oldest reference to levitation that has come down to us is a document dating from 1650. It reports that the monk Joseph Schipartino from Italy, being in religious ecstasy, hovered in the air at a height of 40 yards. Modern evidence of this phenomenon in our country is more than modest and is not associated with flights, but with partial weight loss. So, for example, the fact of a girl falling from the eighth floor was recorded when she landed smoothly on her feet (this is spontaneous levitation). Or another case when a boy in a state of sleepwalking could walk on water as if on dry land. Recently on television, in the program "Miracles" they showed a woman who does not drown. She was tied hand and foot and, in addition, an iron was placed on her chest. In the Middle Ages, she would have been recognized as a witch. The well-known scientist A.P. Dubrov, analyzing the international experience in the study of levitation and telekinesis, writes: “Analysis of the achievements of modern science, in particular, in the field of studying levitation, shows that even the generally accepted successes of quantum physics do not allow us to explain the mechanisms underlying levitation.” We need a new physics, a revolutionary breakthrough in understanding the observed phenomena and the role of consciousness. The famous Einstein adhered to the same point of view. In the declining years of his life, he said that in the future physics would take a different path. All modern attempts to explain the possibility of overcoming the earth's gravity and soaring into the air were based on Newton's theory, which did not give any chance to justify the phenomenon of levitation. The thermodynamic model of gravity (TMG) is the new physics that Dubrov dreamed of. The work of the heart consists in the constant contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle, which indicates the presence in it of a substance with a piezoelectric effect. It can be assumed that it is the piezoelectric effect that creates the conditions for the formation of gravitational radiation from the human body. But this topic is more related to parapsychology. In order to assign the status of a theory to a new hypothesis of the nature of gravity, it needs to be verified by numerous experiments, and by different researchers. Until now, all experiments in this area have been reduced to either fixing the alleged gravitational waves postulated by Newton using a Weber detector, or measuring attractive forces on a torsion balance. It should be noted that all these experiments, in view of the extreme smallness of the measured quantity, were associated with precision measurements at the sensitivity threshold of the instruments. Completely different possibilities for setting up TMG experiments, where the physical essence of gravity is revealed, and they will be purposeful, with a pre-expected result. First of all, to test the thermodynamic nature of gravity, it is necessary to create an artificial gravitating body. Until now, no researcher could come up with such an idea, since it would contradict all theories of gravity known today. However, according to TMG, the processes associated with the emission of gravitational waves by the Earth can be simulated in miniature. Nature itself suggests how this can be done, and very simply and clearly. To do this, you need to take a ball, preferably a larger one, from a material that can withstand high temperature. Place a source of thermal energy inside it and place this ball on the scales. Presumably, it should lose weight (not much, of course) due to the fact that its gravitational radiation will be repelled by similar radiation from the Earth (as well as the Moon). And so it happened. For the decisive experiment, a steel ball with a diameter of 100 mm was made. A conical hole was made in the ball to the center. Then it was put on a laboratory balance of the lever type VLT-5 with a division value of 0.3 g and balanced with ordinary weights. The weight of the ball was 4.2 kg. An LT1-2 laser with a beam energy of 5 kW was used as a source of thermal energy. The beam was directed into the conical hole of the ball from top to bottom. As the surface temperature of the ball increased (the measurement was carried out with a thermocouple), the balance needle, as expected, slowly deviated in the direction of decreasing weight. Approximately one and a half hours later, when the ball surface temperature reached 300°C, the laser was turned off. The difference (decrease) in the weight of the ball compared to the initial reading (when cold) was 3g (ten scale divisions). When the laser was turned off, the weight returned to its original value.
Further, in order to diversify the experiments, the gravitating body was made in the form of a torus, or, simply speaking, a large bagel of kaolin fiber with a 500W electric spiral “baked” inside along the axis. The heat flow in it, as in the sphere, propagates from the inside along the radius, i.e. will be directed. Weighing the "donut" was carried out on the same scales as in the previous experiment. In this experiment, as in the experiment with the ball, the thermal energy for the creation of gravitational radiation was expended from the entire surface of the torus. In this case, the working part of the surface, which interacts with the gravitational radiation of the Earth, is 20-25% of its entire surface. If all the energy of the spiral were directed to the working, lower, zone of the torus, then the effect of losing the weight of the torus would increase by a factor of 10. This assumption can also be attributed to the experiment with the ball. The conclusions obtained from these two experiments served as an impetus for the creation of a gravitating body in the form of a "plate". This "flying saucer" was made of two aluminum hemispheres with a diameter of 350mm. A graphite core (emitter) with a diameter and height of 100 mm was installed in the lower hemisphere. Its lower end was released 10 mm outward, and an electric spiral in porcelain beads with a power of 0.8 kW was laid on the upper end. The rest of the space of both hemispheres was filled with kaolin fiber. The weight of the "plate" in the cold state was 3.5 kg, and the gravitating ability (weight reduction) by the end of the experiment was 5 g. Weighing was carried out on the same scales. I must say that here I expected a better result. Obviously, most of the heat flux passing through the core was deflected to the sides to heat the thermal insulation of its side surface. As a result, only part of the heat flux was converted into gravitational radiation, which interacted with similar radiation from the Earth.
Best results, i.e. weight loss were obtained on a model of a gravitating body, jokingly called the "flying saucepan", by analogy with the "flying saucer". This model was indeed made from a pan with a diameter and height of 160mm. A hole 100 mm in diameter was cut out in the bottom, on which a graphite disk 130 mm in diameter and 35 mm thick was placed. On the disk, as in the previous experiment, they laid an electric spiral in porcelain beads with a power of 600 W. All the free space of the "pot" was filled with kaolin fiber. The weight of the model in the cold state was 2.534 kg. This time the weighing was carried out on an MK-6-A20 electronic scale with a division value of 2g. This made it possible to observe the change in the weight of the model over time up to minutes during its heating and then cooling in natural conditions. The model was installed on a special stand.
Their analysis shows that literally 20 minutes after turning on the power supply, the weight of the model decreased by 2g. Further weight loss was 2 g every 10 minutes. By the end of the experiment, the decrease in weight slowed down and the last reading of the scales - 14g - occurred half an hour after the previous one. Then, for an hour, the weight did not change. Almost immediately after turning off the power, there was an increase in weight of 2g. During the cooling process, the time intervals between the readings of the scales were hours. If the heating of the model to the final result - 14g took 2 hours, then the cooling lasted 5 hours. At the same time, the model never returned to its original weight. The difference was 4 years. This, apparently, is due to the rigidity of the electrical wire that feeds the spiral.
The purpose of all these experiments was to show the possibility of creating an artificial gravitating body, contrary to Newton's theory, which has a small mass. This, so to speak, is the source material, on the basis of which a solution should be sought for the construction of an operating model of a gravitational radiation generator, which was called a "graser" by the French scientist Brillouin (by analogy with a "laser").
Let's see what opportunities will open up for scientists when they get a grazer at their disposal. First, this physical device that Brillouin dreamed of. With its help, as he believed, it is possible to measure various parameters of gravitational waves (frequency, propagation velocity, range, etc.). It is interesting to analyze the interaction of artificial gravitational radiation with the natural radiation of the Earth. It is desirable to find the dependence of the range of the gravitational beam on the energy supplied to the device. After that, we can consider the prospect of practical use of the engraver in various fields of science. After creating a grazer and carrying out all the above experiments, it will finally be possible to turn the thermodynamic model of TMG gravity into a full-fledged theory of TTG gravity. Ultimately, all this will lead to a radical revision of many astrophysical positions. In particular, the possibility of gravitational collapse is completely excluded. According to modern science, if a massive star exhausts its energy potential (the hot core cools down), its catastrophically fast compression under the influence of gravitational forces will occur. As a result, the star can become neutron star or a black hole. However, according to TTG, with this outcome, the star will lose these gravitational forces and turn into a huge lifeless asteroid.
From the standpoint of the TTG one more factor should be considered concerning the history of physics. As is known, the American physicist Michelson (together with Morley) conducted an experiment in 1887 in order to detect the motion of the Earth relative to the motionless ether, in other words, to detect the so-called ethereal wind. This experiment had a negative result.
According to TTG, all gravitating objects (stars, planets) are surrounded by an energy sphere consisting of neutrinos, representing the ether, and, consequently, they move in the world space along with it. It is quite natural that in his experiment Michelson could not fix the motion of the Earth relative to the ether. Consequently, the failure of this experiment cannot serve as proof of the absence of the ether and testify in favor of the theory of relativity.
the effect Biefeld-Brown+ gravity reflector Podkletnova= gravitor Akintyeva.
The main version of the theory of suppression of gravity.
Gravity Shielding Facts.
The possibility of suppressing gravity was discussed at the beginning of the 20th century. Many experiments have been carried out since then, proving the possibility of partial suppression of gravity. The talented American physicist Thomas Brown used the Biefeld-Brown effect discovered by him to create a gravity suppressor (gravitor). The effect consisted in the translational movement of a flat capacitor towards the positive pole, that is, a “secondary force of gravity” was created, as it were, directed towards a positively charged plate. Moreover, the more the electric field was curved, the stronger the effect was observed. As a result, its gravitators rose into the air and made circular motions. In the 50s of the last century, American scientists tried to bend space-time with the help of electromagnetic fields, according to some reports, with the help of an advanced
by that time Einstein's unified field theory, and out of sight of the destroyer DE-173 "Eldridge". It seems that they succeeded, but several people from the team disappeared forever, someone was fused into the ship's skin, and the rest "lost their minds" and were written off.
Evgeny Podkletnov achieved a change in the weight of a superconducting disk as it rotated over a powerful electromagnet, and a decrease in pressure was recorded not only under the installation, but also high above it. But at the English electrician Searl, who, with the help of a small motor, spun a ferromagnetic disk, the disk began to self-accelerate and completely soared up. There are not many such experiences. In both cases, there are obvious signs of screening of gravity, which is obtained by rotating installations and curving space-time. Only now the shielding of gravity was small and required great amount electricity. Thomas Townsend Brown came closest.
“In 1953, Brown was able to demonstrate in the laboratory the flight of such a 60-cm “air disk” along a circular route with a diameter of 6 meters. The aircraft was connected to the central mast by a wire, through which a direct electric current of 50,000 volts was supplied. The device developed a maximum speed of about 51 m / s (180 km / h).
At the beginning of my work, I did not give preference to the Biefeld-Brown effect, which turned out to be the final point in my theory, as already once confirmed by experiment. However, this effect is useful in case of strong curvature of space-time. The reference theories were the Kaluza-Klein theory (dominant), the theory of the appearance of countercurrent in vortex jets (some facts), the theory of the American ufologist D. McCampbell “Flight characteristics. UFO propulsion system”, theory of Russian scientist Grebennikov about vortex flows.
All other theories, confirmed by experiments, directly or indirectly pointed to the dominant ones: the theories of Kaluza-Klein and Grebennikov. By taking elements of these theories and combining them, I came up with a general theory (the theory of strong screening of gravity), which is directly reduced to the Biefeld-Brown effect, but more effective than it. In other words The best way screening of gravity based on the Biefeld-Brown effect.
Briefly about the supporting theories:
The Kaluza-Klein theory.
At the turn of the XX century. Henri Poincaré and Hendrik Lorentz explored the mathematical structure of Maxwell's equations describing electromagnetic fields. Ix was especially interested in the symmetries hidden in mathematical expressions, symmetries that were not yet known at that time. It turned out that the famous additional term introduced
Maxwell into the equations for restoring the equality of electric and
magnetic fields, corresponds to the electromagnetic field, which has a rich but subtle symmetry that only comes to light with careful mathematical analysis. The Lorentz-Poincaré symmetry is similar in spirit to such geometric symmetries as rotation and reflection, but differs from them in one important respect: no one had ever thought of physically mixing space and time before. It has always been believed that space is space and time is time. The fact that the Lorentz-Poincaré symmetry includes both components of this pair was strange and unexpected. In essence, the new symmetry could be considered as a rotation, but not only in one space. This rotation also affected time. If we add one temporal dimension to the three spatial dimensions, we get a four-dimensional space-time. And the Lorentz-Poincaré symmetry is a kind of rotation in space-time. As a result of such rotation, a part of the spatial interval is projected onto time and vice versa. That Maxwell's equations are symmetrical with respect to the operation that links together
space and time, suggestive.
Throughout his life, Einstein dreamed of creating a unified field theory in which all the forces of nature would merge together on the basis of pure geometry. He devoted most of his life to the search for such a scheme after the creation of the general theory of relativity. However, ironically, the closest thing to the realization of Einstein's dream came the little-known Polish physicist Theodor Kaluza, who, back in 1921, laid the foundation for
the foundations of a new and unexpected approach to the unification of physics. Kaluza was inspired by the ability of geometry to describe gravity; he set out to generalize Einstein's theory by including electromagnetism in geometric
field theory formulation. This should have been done without violating the sacred
equations of Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism. What Kaluza managed to do is a classic example of the manifestation of creative imagination and physical intuition. Kaluza realized that Maxwell's theory could not be formulated in the language of pure geometry (in the sense in which we usually understand it), even assuming the presence of curved space. He found a surprisingly simple solution by generalizing the geometry to fit Maxwell's theory. To get out of the difficulty, Kaluza found a very unusual, but at the same time unexpectedly convincing way. Kaluza showed that electromagnetism is a kind of gravity, but not ordinary, but gravity in unobservable dimensions of space. Physicists have long been accustomed to using time as a fourth dimension. The theory of relativity has established that space and time in themselves are not universal physical concepts, since they inevitably merge into a single four-dimensional structure called space-time. Kaluza actually took the next step: he postulated that there is an additional spatial dimension and the total number of dimensions of space is four, and the total space-time has five dimensions. If we accept this assumption, then, as Kaluza showed, a kind of mathematical miracle will occur. The gravitational field in such a five-dimensional world manifests itself in the form of an ordinary gravitational field plus Maxwell's electromagnetic field if this world is observed from a space-time limited by four dimensions. With his bold hypothesis, Kaluza essentially argued that if we expand our
representation of the world up to five dimensions, then there will be only a single force field in it - gravity.
What we call electromagnetism is just a part of the gravitational field that operates in the fifth extra dimension of space, which we are not able to visualize. Kaluza's theory not only made it possible to connect gravity and electromagnetism in a single scheme, but also gave a geometry-based description of both force fields. So, an electromagnetic wave (for example, a radio wave) in this theory is nothing but pulsations of the fifth dimension. Mathematically, Einstein's gravitational field in five dimensions is exactly and completely equivalent to ordinary gravity plus electromagnetism in four dimensions; Of course, this is more than just a coincidence. However, in this case, Kaluza's theory remains mysterious in the sense that such an important fourth dimension of space is not perceived by us at all.
Klein added it. He calculated the perimeter of the loops around the fifth dimension,
using known value elementary electric charge of an electron and other particles, as well as the magnitude of the gravitational interaction between particles. It turned out to be equal to 10-32
cm, i.e., 1020 times smaller than the size of the atomic nucleus. Therefore, it is not surprising that we do not notice the fifth dimension: it is twisted on a scale that
much smaller than any structure known to us, even in subnuclear particle physics. Obviously, in this case there is no question about the motion of, say, an atom in the fifth dimension. Rather, this dimension should be thought of as something within
atom.
The theory of ufologist McCampbell.
Direct interaction with air is possible due to the conductivity of the latter at a certain content of water vapor and carbon dioxide. Why is this force directed upwards? This circumstance is puzzling. In a normal experiment in a similar environment, the exhaust of jet engines would be directed downwards. It turns out that if UFOs manage to suppress gravity in some way, then they apparently "share" this achievement with objects directly below them. All these data should inspire those theorists who are able to see in their equations the possibility of suppressing gravity with the help of electromagnetic radiation.
UFOs leave on earth evidence of thermal effects of some unusual nature: the roots of grasses are charred, while the visible part of these plants remains intact. Such an effect could only be reproduced in the US Air Force laboratory by heating samples of turf on a baking sheet from below to a temperature of about 145°C. The main investigator of this phenomenon concluded that the only mechanism for this effect is inductive heating from above by the UFO "by a powerful, variable magnetic field." It seems to us that electromagnetic energy with frequencies from 300 to 3000 MHz or even higher frequencies is the cause of the following phenomena:
a) The appearance of colored halos around UFOs is mainly due to the glow of noble atmospheric gases.
b) The appearance of a flickering white plasma on the surfaces of the UFO. The mechanism of this phenomenon is similar to the occurrence of ball lightning.
c) Chemical changes detected as various odors.
d) Weakening, up to complete attenuation, of the light of car headlights due to an increase in the resistance of the tungsten filaments of the lamps.
e) Stopping internal combustion engines by increasing the resistance of the contacts of the distributors in the ignition system and weakening the current in the primary winding of the reel.
f) Powerful vibrations of compass needles, magnetic speedometers and rattling (vibration) of metal road signs.
g) Heating of car batteries due to direct absorption of energy by an acidic electrolyte.
h) Induction and electromagnetic interference when receiving radio (and television) broadcasts and during radio and television broadcasting, due to the induction of random voltages in the coils and inductances of tuned circuits or due to the limitation of electron emission from tungsten cathodes.
i) Disruptions in the functioning of electrical power networks, due to forced operation of isolating relays at substations.
j) Drying of small ponds, grass, bushes and soil due to resonant absorption of microwave energy by water molecules.
k) Charring or burning the roots of grasses, insects, wood at UFO landing sites.
m) Heating of asphalt highways to a certain depth and ignition of volatile gases.
m) Internal heating of the human body.
o) Feeling electric shocks by people.
o) Temporary paralysis during close encounters with UFO observers.
In addition to the above, we note: medical experiments show that with pulsed radiation of this energy, it is possible
p) Direct stimulation of the human auditory nerve with a buzzing or humming sensation.
The above reasoning shows that the UFO propulsion system is based on some as yet unknown mechanism for reducing their effective mass with a double benefit: providing lift by zeroing gravity and obtaining huge accelerations using very moderate forces. Characteristics of UFOs are quite consistent with a well-tested theory, but clearly beyond the capabilities modern technology. However, it seems to us that a well-organized and sufficiently well-supported material research program can make the use of these achievements by mankind a matter of the not too distant future. Although everyday human experience inspires us with confidence in the unconditional reality and power of the Earth's attraction, the gravitational field is an extremely weak field in comparison with other fields that exist in nature. It should not be very difficult to overcome this field, once we discover how this can be done. Since electromagnetic fields have an energy density, gravity has an effect on them, but the effectiveness of this effect is not very great. In other words, electric and magnetic fields "interpenetrate" gravitational without manifestations of even the most minimal mutual influence in one way or another. In observations of UFOs that suppress gravity by an electromagnetic field, we encounter a great theoretical difficulty: neither in the laboratory, nor in nature, we have ever seen manifestations of such an interaction. However, in the circles of theoretical scientists, "suspicions" have long been expressed that all natural fields are interconnected and that they somehow interact. The interrelation of fields is one of the chapters of the unified field theory, in the development of which some impressive steps have been taken, but completely satisfactory solutions have not yet been obtained.
The theory of counterflow in vortex jets (some interesting facts):
Apparently, the famous Pulkovo astronomer H.A. Kozyrev. While conducting experiments with tops, he noticed that when a top placed on a scale rotates counterclockwise (when viewed from above), then its weight is slightly less than the weight of the same non-rotating top. The effect of reducing the weight of rotating bodies discovered by Kozyrev was confirmed in 1975 in London by the English physicist Leithwaite.
Kozyrev's experiments with rotating bodies were continued in the 70s by Minsk professor A.I. Veinik. He is known for the publication in the 60s of the textbook "Thermodynamics", the circulation of which was confiscated because the book contained criticism of Einstein's theory of relativity and the second law of thermodynamics.
As described, in Veinik's experiments, the gyroscope, weighed by means of a system of levers on an accurate analytical balance, was covered with a casing in order to eliminate the influence of thermal effects and air circulation. When the working body of the gyroscope rotated in one direction, its weight decreased by 50 mg, and when rotated in the opposite direction, it increased by the same 50 mg.
A.J. Veinik explains this by saying that "the speed of the points of one part of the rotating flywheel of the gyroscope is added to the speed of the absolute motion of the Earth in space, and the other is subtracted from it. And as a result, an additional force appears, directed in the direction where the total absolute speed of the Earth and the flywheel is the smallest ".
But in 1989, at the Dnepropetrovsk Institute of Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, an installation was created, consisting of a rotating rotor and a lead load weighing up to 2 kg, isolated from it by a metal screen, placed under it. The co-author of this installation, A. A. Selin, says that when the rotor rotated, the fixed lead load under it lost up to 45 g (about 2%) in weight. And he concludes that the effect was obtained, apparently, due to the formation of a "gravitational shadow zone".
We will not retell Selin's hypothesis about the centrifugal rejection by a rotating rotor of the ether flow supposedly going to the Earth from world space, but pay attention to the fact that this experiment crosses out Professor Veinik's version of the emergence of additional forces as a result of summing up the movements of the Earth and parts of the gyroscope. He convincingly shows that the gyroscope creates under itself a field of "anti-gravitational" forces directed upwards.
It is possible that with the rapid rotation of sufficiently large masses of matter, as, for example, in especially strong tornadoes, the weakening of the forces of attraction of bodies to the Earth can be so significant that even a not very strong air flow in the central zone of the tornado is enough to easily lift the body to the ground. considerable height, as is often observed in tornadoes. After all, if a cow or a person in a tornado were lifted and carried only by a stream of air, then estimates show that its dynamic pressure would cause severe damage to the victim, which is not observed. It is clear that when the axis of rotation of the gyroscope or vortex is located not vertically, but horizontally or in another direction, the resulting pressure forces of the torsion fields will continue to act along the axis of rotation. But then they will no longer have such a noticeable effect on the attraction of bodies to the Earth. It seems that it is these forces that lead to the appearance of a countercurrent in swirling jets and in vortex tubes.
Then the external air pressure, which was thought to be the driving force of the countercurrent in swirling jets. In our world, everything consists of matter and there is almost no antimatter. So bullets, and tornadoes, and planets, and ... (you can list for a long time) only rotate in one direction. In the world of antimatter, they would rotate in the opposite direction, emitting antineutrinos. But the physics of neutrinos is still a little-studied area.
Conclusions to the chapter
In the experiments of many researchers, it was found that the weight of bodies slightly decreases during rotation.
Since the torsion fields are directed along the axis of rotation of the bodies that create these fields, the flows of virtual particles-quanta of the torsion field must be emitted by the rotating bodies along the axes of their rotation.
The theory of vortices from the "Secrets of the Grebennikov Platform".
The key to understanding the ability to move from one dimension to another lies in determining the shape of a tetrahedron star, which is based on an amazing entity - the Merkaba.
This star consists of two interpenetrating tetrahedra and resembles the Star of David, with the only difference that the first is three-dimensional. The two interpenetrating tetrahedra symbolize perfectly balanced male and female energies. The tetrahedral star surrounds every object, not just our bodies.
The tetrahedron fits exactly into the sphere, touching its surface with all 8 vertices. If the points of the sphere with which 2 coaxial vertices of the tetrahedra inscribed in it are in contact are taken as poles, then the bases of the tetrahedra that make it up will touch the sphere at 19.47 ... degrees of northern and southern latitudes.
We have physical, mental and emotional bodies, all of which are shaped like a tetrahedron star. These are three identical fields superimposed on each other, and the only difference between them is that the physical body does not rotate, it is locked. Merkaba is made up of counter-rotating energy fields. The mental star-tetrahedron determines the masculine principle, has an electrical nature and rotates to the left. The emotional star-tetrahedron determines the feminine, has a magnetic nature and rotates to the right.
The word Mer means counter-rotating light fields, the word Ka means spirit, and Ba means body or reality. Thus, the Mer-Ka-Ba is a counter-rotating light field that encompasses both body and spirit. This is a space-time machine. It is also the image that underlies the creation of all things, the geometric form that surrounds our bodies. This figure begins with us and has microscopic dimensions, like those eight primary cells from which our physical bodies arose. Then it extends outward for the full fifty-five feet. At first it has the shape of a star-tetrahedron, then it takes the shape of a cube, after that the shape of a sphere, and, finally, forms interpenetrating pyramids.
And again, the counter-rotating light fields of the Merkaba create a vehicle in space-time. By learning how to activate these fields, one can use the Merkaba to move through the universe at the speed of thought.
In the same place, on pages 116-123, the process of launching the Merkaba is described.
At the 1st stage, the male tetrahedron is alternately and periodically filled with shining white light - from above, and the female tetrahedron - from below.
At the 2nd stage - as the intensity of the glow increases, a luminous tube appears, connecting the vertices of both tetrahedra.
At the 3rd stage, where two light streams met, a sphere begins to form in the tube, which slowly grows.
At the 4th stage, light streams come out of both ends of the tube, and the sphere continues to expand and expand, increasing the glow.
At the 5th stage, the sphere will gain a critical mass and flare up like the sun. Then the lit sun will come out and enclose the Merkaba in its sphere.
At the 6th stage, when the sphere has not yet reached a state of equilibrium, it must be stabilized.
At the 7th stage, the meeting point of the two light streams is moved somewhat higher. The large and small spheres will rise as well. A very powerful protective field is created around.
At the 8th stage, the Merkaba fields are brought into the opposite rotation.
You take off!
Note: Doesn't this description sound like a coaxial helicopter takeoff? There, step - armpit, and - vertical takeoff. But, there is a radical difference: the thrust vectors of both propellers of the helicopter are directed upwards and in accordance, and the merkaba tetrahedra are opposite.
The nature of the thrust of vortex devices. That vortex devices create “thrust” was determined by Tesla.
At first, he noticed that a slight smoke that had arisen in his laboratory suddenly disappeared. Although there were no windows or open doors.
From the analysis of UFO sightings, we know that in many cases these ships become invisible.
Hence: the field of the environment is not eliminated, but only moved apart, enveloping the entire ship (pos.3).
Then the super-maneuverable qualities of the UFO, the lack of inertia are understandable: if our plane or rocket, at supersonic speed, would try to make a sharp maneuver, then the overload would destroy the structure. Not to mention people.
Finally: the nature of the thrust is pushing.
Upon completion of my theory, I found similarities between the Merkaba and the method of shielding gravity. However, when he was working on his theory, he considered the theory of vortices to be some kind of nonsense, but the very fact that he himself uses electromagnetic vortices led to reflections and cast doubt on the futility of the theory of vortices.
General theory.
Gravity suppression.
Based on the Kaluza-Klein theory, I want to suggest that gravity shielding is possible by "twisting" the electromagnetic field. American scientists tried to do something similar in the last century, when an American destroyer was hidden from sight. The Biefeld-Brown effect is also a curvature of the electromagnetic field, as a result of which "film disks" levitated in the air.
Let's start with the fact that when the gyroscope rotates under it and above it, a cylindrical gravity shielding zone appears. As I said, to shield gravity, you need to "twist" the electromagnetic field. But so far, in my understanding, no one has managed to “twist”, but it turned out only to rotate, and even then with small frequencies (as far as the tensile strength). When rotating well-conductive disks, you can get electrons thrown to the rim of the disk, that is, at the beginning you can get a ring with current, but later, with an increase in the rotation speed, electrons will fly out of the disk in a horizontal plane. With this course of events, the following effect can be observed:
The electrons move towards the rim of the disk, and a helical displacement of the electrons can be observed until they fly out of the disk. A magnetic field is created, with its lines of force. All this is equivalent to a well-conducting hoop, in which there is a current, and which rotates around some axis that is not its own. But since the emitted electrons cannot close their track being in the weak magnetic field of the Earth, a rotating magnetic field is created in the form of a single-sheeted hyperboloid. This magnetic field can interact with the Earth's field, in particular, create a strength gradient or twist it. But this is just a slight curvature, so gravity was also weakly shielded. By the way, in many experiments, a decrease in weight is noted when the gyroscope is rotated counterclockwise (when viewed from above), and clockwise - to increase. All this is similar to the "geometry" of the electromagnetic field: Gimlet's rule.
Rotating a superconducting disk over a powerful electromagnet, Yevgeny Podkletnov obtained a weak curvature of a strong electromagnetic field. A superconductor is a diamagnet and pushes out an external magnetic field, that is, it shielded the external electromagnetic field (electromagnet), and then there is the rotation of the disk, then the network of “frozen-in” field lines of the disk field, interacting with the field lines of the electromagnet, created a slight (non-intense) twisting of the electromagnetic fields.
But Searl’s disk, specially “chemically loaded” with ferromagnetic and dielectric layers, generally distorted its own electromagnetic field during rotation, which itself began to unwind and, almost zeroing gravity, soared up, while ionizing the air, which formed corona discharges. There were also displacement currents, and conduction currents, and magnetic fields, all of which interacted during rotation. But there was only one such case, after that no one was able to repeat it, and Searl himself referred to some kind of prophetic dream in which the proportions of the substances of the disk were dictated to him. It was here that there was just a strong curvature of the electromagnetic field, and hence space-time, according to the Kaluza-Klein theory. This is where Maxwell's equations and little-known gravity come together. By the way, something similar was modeled by Nikola Tesla. Here, for example, from the theory of vortices, Tesla's unipolar dynamo. “Here, Tesla divided the magnetic surfaces of the two coaxial disks into sections with spiral curves radiating from the center to the outer edge. The unipolar dynamo was capable of producing current after being disconnected from an external energy source. Rotation begins, for example, with DC supply to the motor. At a certain point, the speed of the two disks becomes fast enough to keep the motor generator running on its own. Spiral grooves on the disks provide a non-linear magnetic field strength in the direction from the periphery of the disk to its center. The direction of the spirals is counter, this indicates the use of Tesla's counter-rotation of the disks. Two discs ensure the balance of the vortex device in terms of thrust.
And now Evgeny Podkletnov nevertheless received an impulse, infrequent reflection of gravity, using an electrostatic field. But the reflection of gravity can be interpreted as a strong curvature of space-time. We will consider this later when I try to explain the similarity of electrostatic and gravitational fields, and I will explain superficially, with the help of Maxwell's equations and some transformations, the possibility of strong screening of gravity. Once upon a time, Thomas Brown did the same, and received a constant shielding of gravity, but not very effective (it is possible that his work was embodied in the Stealth technology, when the force field of the Biefeld-Brown effect was able to create a flow around electromagnetic fields (waves) radars, without creating a reflection effect, that is, by slightly twisting, it turns around an obstacle, not a reflection; but this is just a hypothesis, or even an assumption that can simply replace the complex geometry of an object that suppresses electromagnetic waves).
In my theory, I will describe the possibility of a strong “twisting” (curvature) of the magnetic field, as a result of which we will get an electric, or rather electrostatic, due to the predominance of the bias current, and the influence of an electric one on gravity, that is, we will get a strong curvature of gravity. As a result, we will combine the “Podkletnov effect” and the Biefeld-Brown effect, making the strong curvature permanent.
So let's start with gyroscopes. A one-lane hyperboloid (a rotating magnetic field) creates a slight curvature of space-time, and the zone of this shielding extends only until the magnetic induction of the force field (let's call it that) decreases exponentially to the value of the Earth's magnetic induction.
It is possible to obtain a strong curvature of the electromagnetic field by microwave rotation of 2 magnetic fields in different directions with a constant supply of a magnetic field. That is, we have three disks. The upper and lower are responsible for the rotation of magnetic fields, and in different directions. This is achieved using a three-phase alternating current, and we need an alternating current of an ultra-high frequency in order to obtain a microwave rotation. The central disc is the source of the feeding magnetic field, with the induction vector directed upwards and perpendicular to the induction vectors of the rotating magnetic fields. Of course, the magnetic fields must be very strong, but the strengths of the magnetic fields must be enormous. In this case, the values of magnetic inductions must be the same in all disks, so that the flux density of magnetic fields is the same. Taking into account the resulting value of the magnetic induction vector of a three-phase alternating current (a rotating magnetic field) and the induction of the feeding field equated to it, we will obtain a "twisting" of the magnetic field. In order to obtain strong electromagnetic fields, it is necessary to use a superconductor of the second kind as a winding of the coils, and in order for the twisting to be effective, it is necessary that the rotating magnetic fields do not quench each other (do not overlap each other so as not to get ripples), this is achieved by using bifilar Tesla coils, which should be slightly flattened and may even be concave on one side, and curved (modified) on the other.
Let's imagine the feeding magnetic field of a superconducting disk as the field of a current-carrying coil. Let's call the central part of the lines of force that are directed vertically or form a hyperboloid, and the lines that bypass the conductor with current - the periphery. In the experiment on the destroyer Eldridge, invisibility was achieved by "spreading the field of the environment", that is, by a slight curvature of space-time, and enveloping the object with this field. But if you strongly bend space-time, you can get partial suppression of gravity and inertia and complete suppression of shock waves in the case of movement at high speeds. This is obtained by creating a strong force field.
Twisting occurs when the fields rotate in different directions.
Let us represent the line of force of the center of the feeding field (solid hyperboloid). When the fields rotate in different directions, it is enough to turn a quarter of the period (one revolution) to shift this line of force to the diagonal. Having presented the whole picture of field lines, we obtain a magnetic beam with a maximum value of induction (a hyperboloid constricted in the center). With further rotation by another quarter, we will get two more nodes, for a total of three. In this case, from the first they will be at the same intervals (above and below), equal.
And the twisting will continue, and at a high speed, determined by the frequency of rotation of the magnetic fields. In 1 turn - 4 quarters, then the formula for the dependence of the frequency of rotation of magnetic fields on the number of nodes will be
Where is the number of knots and n is the rotational speed in revolutions per second. , and b=8.
The contraction of the boundary peripheral part of the field to the center will continue until it reaches the edges of the central disk. Thus, we will get a dense magnetic flux in the form of a cylinder, with a base radius equal to the radius of the disk, and a superdense thread - a magnetic countercurrent in an intense magnetic vortex. That is, a magnetic vortex (a swirling very dense flow) with a pitch and a magnetic thread with the same pitch. We have a gradient of the maximum value of the magnetic field strength from the center. From electrodynamics, we find that a magnetic current creates an electric current. The vortex magnetic flux must create a displacement current in the form of a superdense filament of electric displacement current directed by the vector E vs vector V magnetic thread. But the magnetic thread will create a dense vortex electric flow around itself. Since our magnetic field lines are closed (rotor), then from Maxwell's equations, they must create a displacement and conduction current (about the equations later). The conduction current is in our superconductor, but the displacement current is formed during the twisting of the magnetic flux. Having presented the whole picture of the electromagnetic field, we find that the electric and magnetic fields are embedded in each other. It is this phenomenon, based on all the above theories, in particular the Kaluza-Klein theory, that creates a powerful force field that can strongly bend space-time (it can prolong the Podkletnov effect), and the displacement current can create a secondary gravitational field (implement the Biefeld-Brown effect) . Since the intensity vector of the secondary gravitational field is directed towards the positive pole (against the vector E), that is, in the direction of the bias current and the vector V. That is, shielding the external gravity and creating a secondary gravity inside the cylindrical zone allows you to suppress gravity, bringing it closer to zero.
Similarities between gravitational and electrostatic fields. Homogeneous gravitational field and the impossibility of its existence in our Universe.
The similarity between electric and gravitational fields has long led many scientists to think. The forces of interaction between charges and masses are similar. Decreases with the square of the distance. But it is better to take charge and mass separately and consider them. Then the strengths of both fields ( E and g) can be introduced into proportion and, after certain transformations, interchange them.
Where is the "scale factor",
For =1, .
If we have a positive elementary charge, then, as the Biefeld-Brown effect explains, the field lines of the vector g are straight (the curvature of space-time is the same) and enter the charge. Therefore, Brown improved his gravitor using displacement and magnification electrical potential, thereby he tried to minimize the inhomogeneity of the gravitational field, that is, the inhomogeneity of the curvature of space-time. And after that, create a secondary gravitational field, the lines of tension of which would enter the positive charge, and leave the negative one. Everything would be much simpler if the gravitational field were homogeneous, that is, the curvature of space-time would be the same everywhere. But on Earth, these inhomogeneities are minimal than near a black hole, where even light is trapped. This is due to the difference in the masses of objects, and distances play a role here. If the masses were the same everywhere, then the intensity of the gravitational field would be the same everywhere, which means a uniform gravitational field, but there are no such fields. Otherwise, the Biefeld-Brown effect would have been used for a long time and everywhere. The homogeneity of the electrostatic field implies the same modulus of charge values. Therefore, "anti-gravity" is impossible, but the suppression of gravity is possible. Let's assume that it was possible to create an inhomogeneity, then the gravitational field can be described using Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic field. I do not touch on the quantum nature of the field, although light is an electromagnetic wave and a particle, we will get by with only a superficial explanation of the gravitational field.
Then, when twisting, we again use the rotor operation:
This will give us electromagnetic beams.
On the grounds, ; and also assuming the gravitational field is homogeneous, we obtain
These equations show the possibility of suppressing gravity when twisting electromagnetic fields. When electromagnetic beams are formed (gradient divergences E and H), which create both a shielding of gravity and an electrostatic potential (a gradient of the volumetric charge density, that is, the Biefeld-Brown effect). Thus, with a uniform gravitational field, it would be possible to completely suppress gravity.
On the basis of a homogeneous gravitational field, the following formulas could also be given:
That is, the flow of the gravitational field tends to the density of the mass, entering it. But the rotation should be silent for now.
Consider the energy balance in the system:
When twisting the electromagnetic field:
Since the rotor of divergence is zero, there is no radiation, that is, the entire power of the feed (the conduction current density of the central disk) goes to change the vortex energy
This is easy to check by simulating the Poynting vectors on an electromagnetic field, it turns out that they are directed against each other, that is, they form standing waves inside a cylindrical force field and do not transfer energy. Radiation from the system can only come from microwave rotation of magnetic fields.
The fact that the rates of formation of electromagnetic beams can be high should not be left without attention. This means that the curvature of space-time is instantaneous.
To do this, we find the distance where the feeding magnetic field will decrease to the Earth's magnetic field. This will be the sphere. When twisting the electromagnetic field, a cylinder is formed. Since twisting occurs, the sphere is converted into a cylinder, therefore, knowing the radius of the sphere and the radius of the cylinder (the radius of the disk), you can find out the height of the cylinder.
Compare with the time that an electromagnetic wave travels.
Of course, with microwave rotation, the number of nodes increases, and if the frequency is about 300 MHz, then the time for the appearance of nodes will be faster than the electromagnetic wave passes in vacuum. And this means an instantaneous curvature of space-time. All this may mean that at first there will be a curvature of space-time in time t´, and then a secondary gravitational field will be created in time t. This will be much more effective than all known methods of suppressing gravity.
The speed of curvature of space-time will exceed the speed of light in free space.
Akintiev Ivan Konstantinovich(29.07.87 - 1.11.07). Opinions, criticism send by e-mail. mail. If you would like to get in touch, tel. 89200120912 .
