home Children The mechanism of the emergence of emotions was a theory. Emotions, their functions and types

The mechanism of the emergence of emotions was a theory. Emotions, their functions and types

Emotional manifestations are an interesting area of the human psyche. These manifestations play an important role in any type of interpersonal communication and not only. they express the reaction and attitude of a person to a particular situation, phenomenon, etc. If perception, sensations, thinking and ideas reflect diverse objects and phenomena, their various qualities and properties, all kinds of connections and dependencies, then in emotions and feelings a person shows his attitude to the content of the knowable.

Introduction………………………………………………………………3
1. The concept of emotions. The origin of emotions ………………....5
2. Biological and psychological significance emotions …………..7
2.1. Functions of emotions…………………………………………………..10
2.2. Properties of emotions…………………………………………………..11
2.3. Types of emotional states………………………………12
3. Physiological mechanisms of manifestation of emotions …………….17
Conclusion……………………………………………………………23
List of used literature……………………………….25

The work contains 1 file

MF NOU VPO
"St. Petersburg

Humanitarian University of Trade Unions»

Correspondence faculty

Test

By discipline: The concept of modern natural science.

Topic: Origin and mechanism of emotions.

Performed:

4th year student

Faculty "Economics and management at the enterprise"

Group Ek 6-08

Melnikova Milana Nikolaevna

(8-902-131-04-33)

Checked:

Murmansk 2012.

Page

Introduction………………………………………………………………3

1. The concept of emotions. The origin of emotions ………………....5

2. Biological and psychological significance of emotions …………..7

2.1. Functions of emotions………………………………………………..10

2.2. Properties of emotions………………………………………………..11

2.3. Types of emotional states…… ………………………… 12

3. Physiological mechanisms of manifestation of emotions …………….17

Conclusion……………………………………………………………23

List of used literature……………………………….25

Introduction.

Emotions play a very important role in human life. They are different from other mental processes, but it is difficult to separate them, because. they merge into a single human experience. For example, the perception of works of art in images is always accompanied by certain emotional experiences that express a person's attitude to what he feels. An interesting, successful thought, creative activity is accompanied by emotions. All sorts of memories are also associated with images and carry not only information, but also feelings. The simplest taste sensations, such as sour, sweet, bitter and salty, are also so fused with emotions that they are not even encountered in life without them.

Emotions differ from sensations in that sensations are usually not accompanied by any specific subjective experiences such as pleasure or displeasure, pleasant or unpleasant. They give a person objective information about what is happening in him and outside him. Emotions express the subjective states of a person associated with his needs and motives.

Feelings and emotions depend on the features of the reflected objects. Objective relations develop between a person and the surrounding world, which become the subject of feelings and emotions.

In emotions, the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of a person with his behavior, actions, statements, and activities is also manifested.

Emotions, as well as feelings, are a kind of personal attitude of a person to the surrounding reality and to himself.

The world of emotions is very complex and diverse. The subtlety of its organization and the versatility of expression are often not realized by the person himself. Emotions are not always pronounced and have an unambiguous meaning. There are shades of emotion that are not always easy to recognize. In my opinion, the better a person recognizes emotions, the easier it is for him to understand another person and himself.

Emotion can be viewed as an altered or special state of consciousness. It can exist relatively independently of other states of consciousness, but usually interacts with them and influences coexisting states or processes in consciousness.

Emotions are the psychological reactions inherent in each of us to good and bad, these are our anxieties and joys, our despair and pleasure, emotions provide us with the ability to experience and empathize and maintain an interest in life, in the world around us. Emotions are part of our psychological activity.

1. The concept of emotions. Origin of emotions.

Emotions (from Latin emovere - to excite, excite) are states associated with an assessment of the significance for the individual of the factors acting on him and are expressed primarily in the form of direct experiences of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of his actual needs. Emotion is understood as either an inner feeling of a person, or a manifestation of this feeling. Often the strongest, but short-term emotions are called affect, and the deepest and most stable ones are called feelings. Emotion is a mental process of impulsive regulation of behavior, based on a sensory reflection of the needful significance of external influences, their favorable or harmful effect on the life of an individual.

Emotions are always bivalent. They are positive or negative. Separate vital properties of objects and situations, causing emotions, tune the body to the appropriate behavior. This is a mechanism for direct assessment of the level of well-being of the organism's interaction with the environment.

Emotions, like sensations, are the basic phenomena of the psyche. If the sensations reflect the materiality of being, then the emotions reflect the subjective attitude to various aspects of this being.

Emotions are associated with the activity of the cerebral cortex, primarily with the function of the right hemisphere. Impulses from external influences enter the brain in two streams. One of them is sent to the corresponding areas of the cerebral cortex, where the meaning and significance of these impulses are realized and they are deciphered in the form of sensations and perceptions. Another stream comes to the subcortical formations (hypothalamus, etc.), where the direct relation of these influences to the basic needs of the organism, subjectively experienced in the form of emotions, is established. It was found that in the region of the subcortex (in the hypothalamus) there are special nervous structures that are centers of suffering, pleasure, aggression, calm.

Being directly related to the endocrine-vegetative system, emotions can turn on energy mechanisms of behavior. Thus, the emotion of fear, arising in a situation dangerous for the body, provides a reaction aimed at overcoming the danger - the orienting reflex is activated, the activity of all, on this moment secondary systems: the muscles necessary for the fight tighten, breathing quickens, the heartbeat increases, the composition of the blood changes, etc.

Emotions are directly related to instincts. So, in a state of anger, a person has a grin of teeth, narrowing of the eyelids, clenching of fists, a rush of blood to the face, assuming threatening postures, etc. All basic emotions are innate. Proof of this is the fact that all peoples, regardless of their cultural development, the same facial expressions during the expression of certain emotions. Even in higher animals (primates, dogs, cats and others), we can observe the same facial expressions as in humans. However, not all external manifestations of emotions are innate; some are acquired as a result of training and education (for example, special gestures as a sign of a particular emotion).

Any manifestations of human activity are accompanied by emotional experiences. Thanks to them, a person can feel the state of another person, empathize with him. Even other higher animals can assess each other's emotional states.

The more complex a living being is organized, the richer the gamut of experienced emotional states. But some smoothing of manifestations of emotions in a socialized person is observed as a result of an increase in the role of volitional regulation.

All living organisms initially strive for that which corresponds to their needs and for that through which these needs can be satisfied. A person acts only when his actions make sense. Emotions are innate, spontaneous signalers of these meanings. Cognitive processes form a mental image, representations, and emotional processes provide selectivity of behavior.

2. Biological and psychological significance of emotions.

Emotions are a mental process of impulsive regulation of behavior based on a sensory reflection of the significance of external influences.

When we suddenly find ourselves near an abyss, we experience the emotion of fear. Under the influence of this fear, we retreat to a safe zone. By itself, this situation has not yet harmed us, but through our feeling it is reflected as a threat to our self-preservation. Signaling the direct positive or negative meaning of various phenomena, emotions reflexively regulate our behavior, encourage or inhibit our actions.

Emotion is a general, generalized reaction of the body to vital influences.

Emotions regulate mental activity not specifically, but through the corresponding general mental states, influencing the course of all mental processes.

A feature of emotions is their integration - arising under appropriate emotional influences, emotions capture the entire body, combine all its functions into an appropriate generalized stereotypical behavioral act.

Emotions are an adaptive product of evolution - they are evolutionary generalized ways of behaving in typical situations.

“It is precisely thanks to emotions that the organism turns out to be extremely favorably adapted to the surrounding conditions, since, even without determining the form, type, mechanism and other parameters of the impact, it can respond with saving speed to it with a certain emotional state, reducing it, so to speak, to a common biological denominator. , i.e. determine whether a particular exposure is beneficial or harmful to him.

Emotions arise in response to key features of objects to satisfy a specific need. Separate biologically significant properties of objects and situations cause an emotional tone of sensations. They signal the meeting of the body with the desired or dangerous property of objects. Emotions and feelings are a subjective attitude to objects and phenomena, arising from the reflection of their direct connection with actualized needs.

All emotions are objectively correlated and bivalent - they are either positive or negative (because objects either satisfy or do not satisfy the corresponding needs). Emotions induce stereotypical forms of behavior. However, the features of human emotions are determined by the general law of human mental development - higher education, higher mental functions, being formed on the basis of lower functions, restructure them. The emotional and evaluative activity of a person is inextricably linked with his conceptual and evaluative sphere. And this sphere itself affects the emotional state of a person.

Conscious, rational regulation of behavior, on the one hand, is stimulated by emotions, but, on the other hand, it opposes current emotions. All volitional actions are performed in spite of strong competing emotions. A person acts, overcoming pain, thirst, hunger and all kinds of inclinations.

However, the lower the level of conscious regulation, the more freedom emotional-impulsive actions receive. These actions do not have conscious motivation, the goals of these actions are also not formed by consciousness, but are unambiguously predetermined by the nature of the impact itself (for example, impulsive removal from an object falling on us).

Emotions dominate where the conscious regulation of behavior is insufficient: with a lack of information for the conscious construction of actions, with an insufficient fund of conscious ways of behavior. But this does not mean that the more conscious the action, the less important are emotions. Even mental actions are organized on an emotional basis.

In conscious actions, emotions provide their energy potential and enhance the direction of action, the effectiveness of which is most likely. Allowing greater freedom of conscious choice of goals, emotions determine the main directions of human life.

Positive emotions, constantly combined with the satisfaction of needs, themselves become an urgent need. A person strives for positive emotions. Deprivation of emotional influences disorganizes the human psyche, and prolonged deprivation of positive emotional influences in childhood can lead to negative deformations of the personality.

Cannon-Bard theory. W. Cannon found that the bodily changes observed during the occurrence of different emotional states are very similar to each other and not so diverse as to quite satisfactorily explain the qualitative differences in the highest emotional experiences of a person. At the same time, the internal organs are insensitive structures. They are very slow to become aroused, and emotions usually arise and develop quite quickly. Moreover, Cannon discovered that organic changes artificially induced in a person are not always accompanied by emotional experiences. As a result of the experiment, it was found that an artificially induced cessation of the flow of organic signals to the brain does not prevent the emergence of emotions.

Cannon believed that bodily processes during emotions are biologically expedient, since they serve as a preliminary setting of the whole organism for a situation when it will require an increased expenditure of energy resources. At the same time, emotional experiences and corresponding imorganic changes, in his opinion, occur in the same brain center - the thalamus.

Later, P. Bard showed that, in fact, both bodily changes and emotional experiences associated with them occur almost simultaneously, and of all the structures of the brain, it is not even the thalamus itself that is functionally connected with emotions, but the hypothalamus and the central parts of the limbic systems. Later, in experiments on animals, X. Delgado found that with the help of electrical influences on these structures, one can control such emotional states as anger and fear.

Peripheral theory of James - Lange. W. James and, independently of him, G. Lange proposed "peripheral"the theory of emotions, according to which the emergence of emotions is due to changes in the motor sphere (including in the sphere of involuntary acts), which are caused by external influences. The sensations associated with these changes are emotional experiences. The essence of his theory, James expressed the following phrase: " We feel sadness because we cry, we are afraid because we tremble, we rejoice because we laugh. "That is, it is organic changes, according to this theory, that are the root causes of emotions: first, under the influence of external stimuli, changes characteristic of emotions occur in the body, and only then, as a consequence, does the emotion itself arise.The James-Lange theory played a positive role, pointing out the connection of three events: an external stimulus, a behavioral act and an emotional experience.Its weak point remains the reduction of emotions only to the awareness of sensations arising as a result of peripheral reactions Sensation appears here as a primary phenomenon in relation to emotion, which regarded as its direct derivative.

Schechter's cognitive-physiological theory. S. Shekhter revealed the role of human memory and motivation in emotional processes. The concept of emotions proposed by S. Shekhter is called "cognitive-physiological". According to this theory, in addition to the perceived stimuli and the bodily changes generated by them, the person's past experience and his subjective assessment of the current situation influence the emotional state that has arisen. At the same time, the assessment is formed on the basis of the interests and needs that are relevant to him. An indirect confirmation of the validity of the cognitive theory of emotions is the influence of verbal instructions on human experiences, as well as additional information, on the basis of which a person changes his assessment of the situation.

Information concept of emotions by P. V. Simonov. In accordance with this theory, emotional states are determined by the quality and intensity of the individual's actual need and the assessment that he gives of the probability of its satisfaction. A person evaluates this probability on the basis of innate and previously acquired individual experience, involuntarily comparing information about the means, time, resources supposedly necessary to satisfy the need with the information received at the moment. So, for example, the emotion of fear develops with a lack of information about the means necessary for protection.

The approach of P. V. Simonov was expressed in the formula:

E \u003d P (I n - I s)

Where E- emotion, its strength and quality;

P- the magnitude and specificity of the actual need;

I n- information necessary to meet the current need;

And with- existing information, i.e. information that a person has at the moment.

The consequences arising from the formula are as follows: if a person does not have a need (P=0), then he does not experience emotions (E=0); Emotion does not arise even in the case when a person experiencing a need has the full opportunity to realize it. If the subjective assessment of the probability of satisfaction of the need is large, positive feelings appear. negative emotions arise if the subject negatively assesses the possibility of satisfying the need. Thus, conscious or unconscious of this, a person constantly compares information about what is required to satisfy a need with what he has, and, depending on the results of the comparison, experiences various emotions.

Until now, there is no single point of view on the nature of emotions. Emotional research is still being intensively carried out. The currently accumulated experimental and theoretical material allows us to speak about the dual nature of emotions. On the one hand, these are subjective factors, which include various mental phenomena, including cognitive processes, features of the organization of a person's value system, etc. On the other hand, emotions are determined by the physiological characteristics of the individual.

Classifications of emotions

K. Izard singled out the following emotions: pleasure-displeasure, interest-excitement, joy, surprise, grief-suffering, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt.

Emotions are complex mental phenomena. The following types of emotional experiences are considered to be the most significant: affects, emotional reactions, feelings, moods, emotional stress.

According to duration allocate emotional reactions, emotional states and emotional properties..

1. Emotional reactions - direct experience of any emotion. They are based on primary needs, as a rule, are short-term and reversible and are associated with existing circumstances (fright reaction in response to a cry).

Affect– the most powerful type of emotional reaction. Affects are called intense, rapidly occurring and short-term emotional outbursts that affect the consciousness and activity of a person, and are accompanied by changes in the functioning of the motor, endocrine, cardiovascular, and other systems of the body. The emergence of an affect is associated with evaluative moments, with the personal meaning of what is happening. Distinctive features affect are its situationality, generality, high intensity and short duration. Effects can be distinguished by content joy, fear, anger, despair, ecstasy etc.

Affect is characterized by a narrowing of consciousness, its fixation on irritants that cause affect. These changes in consciousness are manifested in a concentration on affectively colored experiences and ideas associated with a traumatic situation, a decrease in the completeness and accuracy of its reflection. Therefore, under the influence of affect, a person often does things that he later regrets, and which he would not allow himself in a calm / normal state.

In a state of passion, automatisms are released and manifested outside, i.e. involuntary actions that have a stereotypical character. Actions in a state of passion are chaotic, arise as a result of general excitement. The peculiarity of actions performed under the influence of passion lies not in their complete unconsciousness, but in the fact that there is no sufficiently clear consciousness of the purpose of the action, and conscious control over one's behavior is difficult. There is an awareness of only the immediate, and not the final goals, the weakening of criticism in relation to external influences, which finds its expression in the violation of the purposefulness of behavior, its inflexibility and inconsistency.

The psychological consideration of affect includes an analysis of the conditions and factors that contribute to the occurrence of this state. These include personal and age features human, properties of his nervous system, the presence of an affectogenic situation, as well as factors that temporarily weaken the body.

2. Emotional states more durable and stable. They coordinate the needs and aspirations of a person with his capabilities and resources at any given time.

Mood - the longest-lasting or "chronic" emotional state that colors all behavior. The mood is distinguished by less intensity and less objectivity. It reflects an unconscious generalized assessment of how circumstances are currently developing. The mood can be joyful or sad, cheerful or depressed, cheerful or depressed, calm or irritated, etc.

The mood depends on the general state of health, on the work of the endocrine glands and, especially, on the tone of the nervous system. Moods can vary in duration. The stability of mood depends on many reasons - the age of a person, individual features his character and temperament, willpower, level of development of the leading motives of behavior. Mood can color a person's behavior for days or even weeks. Moreover, mood can become a stable personality trait. It is this peculiarity of mood that is meant when people are divided into optimists and pessimists.

3. Emotional properties - the most stable characteristics of a person, reflecting the individual characteristics of an emotional response typical of a particular person.

These include: reactivity, excitability and lability-rigidity.

Emotional reactivity- the speed of emotional response, the duration of the reaction (response).

Emotional excitability- the speed of emotional inclusion.

Emotional lability- mobility of emotions, change of one emotion by another. Its opposite is emotional rigidity, those. viscosity, persistence of emotions.

At the heart of emotional properties are features of the properties of the nervous system and temperament of a person.

Content.

1. Introduction

2. What are emotions?

3. Emergence of emotions

4. Development of emotions

5. Functions of emotions

5.1. expressive

5.2. reflective-evaluative

5.3. encouraging

5.4. trace formation

5.5. anticipatory / heuristic

5.6. synthesizing

5.7. organizing / disorganizing

5.9. stabilizing

5.10. compensatory

5.11. switching

5.12. reinforcing

5.13. "emergency" resolution

5.14. activation and mobilization of the body

6. Emotions and components that form a personality

6.1. need

6.2. motivation

6.3. behavior

6.4. activity

6.5. Lifestyle

6.6. personality experiences

6.7. the role of ethical feelings

6.9. logics

6.10. thinking

7. Physiological significance of emotions

8. Conclusion

9. Literature

Introduction.

Emotions are one of the manifestations of a person's subjective attitude to the surrounding reality and to himself. Joy, grief, fear, anger, compassion, bliss, pity, jealousy, indifference, love - there is no end to the words that define different kinds and shades of emotion.

Emotions are a special class of mental phenomena, processes and states that are associated with instincts, needs and motives. They reflect the world in the form of direct experience (satisfaction, joy, sadness) and they reflect the significance for the individual of the phenomena of the situation that surround him. They "tell" what is important and what is not important. Their most striking feature is their subjectivity. We talk about emotions when we have a special state - the peak of experience (according to Maslow), when a person feels that he is working to the maximum, when he feels pride in himself.

The purpose of this work is to reveal the relationship between emotions and the mental organization of a person.

Hypothesis: Emotions play a significant role in the mental organization of a person.

Of course, first of all, the mental organization of a person is understood as his needs, motives, activities, behavior and lifestyle, on which emotions depend, and which, as it were, give rise to them. They own the main role in the formation of emotions. Without emotions, it is impossible to perceive the world around us. They have a special role. Emotions are part of our "inner" and "outer" life, manifested when we are angry, happy, sad.

The American psychologist W. James, the creator of one of the first theories in which subjective emotional experience is correlated with functions, described the huge role of emotions in human life in the following words: “Imagine, if possible, that you suddenly lost all the emotions that fill you with surrounding world, and try to imagine this world as it is in itself, without your favorable or unfavorable assessment, without the hopes or fears it inspires. must be of greater importance than any other, and the totality of things and events will have no meaning, character, expression, or perspective.Everything of value, interest, and importance that each of us finds in his world is all a pure product of the contemplative personality".

What are emotions?

Emotions, or emotional experiences, usually mean a wide variety of human reactions - from violent outbursts of passion to subtle shades of mood. In psychology, emotions are called processes that reflect personal significance and assessment of external and internal situations for human life in the form of experiences.

The most essential feature of emotions is their subjectivity. If such mental processes as perception and thinking allow a person to more or less objectively reflect the world around him and not dependent on him, then emotions serve to reflect the subjective attitude of a person to himself and to the world around him. It is emotions that reflect the personal significance of knowledge through inspiration, obsession, partiality and interest. about their impact on mental life V. I. Lenin said this: "Without human emotions, there has never been, is not and cannot be a human search for truth."

It is important to emphasize that emotions are not only recognized and comprehended, but also experienced. Unlike thinking, which reflects the properties and relationships of external objects, experience is a direct reflection by a person of his own states. A person always takes a certain position in relation to an event, he does not make a purely rational assessment, his position is always biased, including emotional experience. Reflecting probabilistic events, emotion determines anticipation, which is a significant link in any learning. For example, the emotion of fear makes a child avoid the fire with which he was once burned. Emotion can also anticipate favorable events.

When a person feels danger, he is in a state of anxiety - a reaction to an uncertain situation that carries a threat.

When a person is emotionally aroused, his condition is accompanied by certain physiological reactions: blood pressure, sugar content in it, pulse and respiration rate, muscle tension. W. James and G. N. Lange assumed that it is these changes that exhaust the essence of emotions. However, later it was experimentally shown that emotions always remain, even if all their physiological manifestations are excluded, i.e. there was always a subjective experience. This means that the necessary biological components do not exhaust emotions. Then it remains unclear why physiological changes are needed? Subsequently, it was found that these reactions are essential not for experiencing emotions, but for activating all the forces of the body for enhanced muscle activity(when fighting or fleeing), usually following a strong emotional reaction. Based on this, they came to the conclusion that emotions carry out the energy organization of a person. Such a representation allows us to understand the biological value of innate emotions. In one of his lectures, I.P. Pavlov explained the reason for the close relationship between emotions and muscle movements as follows: "If we turn to our distant ancestors, we will see that everything was based on muscles ... One cannot imagine any beast, lying for hours and getting angry without any muscular manifestations of his anger. In our ancestors, every feeling passed into the work of muscles. For example, when a lion becomes angry, it takes the form of a fight, the fear of a hare turns into a run, etc. And among our ancestors everything poured out just as directly into any activity of the skeletal muscles: either they ran away from danger in fear, then they themselves attacked the enemy in anger, then they defended the life of their child.

P.V. Simonov proposed a concept according to which emotions are an apparatus that turns on when there is a mismatch between vital need and the possibility of its satisfaction, i.e. with a lack or significant excess of relevant information necessary to achieve the goal. At the same time, the degree of emotional stress is determined by the need and the lack of information necessary to satisfy this need. However, in special occasions, in unclear situations, when a person does not have accurate information in order to organize his actions to satisfy an existing need, a different response tactic is needed, including an incentive to act in response to signals with a low probability of their reinforcement.

The parable of two frogs caught in a jar of sour cream is well known. One, convinced that it was impossible to get out, stopped resisting and died. The other continued to jump and fight, although all her movements seemed meaningless. But in the end, under the blows of the frog's paws, the sour cream thickened, turned into a lump of butter, the frog climbed on it and jumped out of the jar. This parable illustrates the role of emotions from this position: even seemingly useless actions can turn out to be saving.

The emotional tone brings together a reflection of the most common and frequently occurring signs of beneficial and harmful environmental factors that have persisted for a long time. Emotional tone allows a person to quickly respond to new signals, reducing them to a common biological denominator: useful - harmful.

Let us cite as an example the data of the Lazarus experiment, which indicate that emotions can be considered as a generalized assessment of the situation. The purpose of the experiment was to find out what the excitement of the audience depends on - on the content, i.e. from what is happening on the screen, or from the subjective assessment of what is shown. Four groups of healthy adult subjects were shown a film about the ritual custom of Australian Aboriginal initiation - the initiation of boys into men, while creating three different versions of the musical accompaniment. The first one (with disturbing music) prompted the interpretation: the infliction of ritual wounds is dangerous and harmful action and the boys may die. The second (with major music) tuned in to the perception of what is happening as a long-awaited and joyful event: teenagers are looking forward to initiation into men; it is a day of joy and rejoicing. The third accompaniment was neutral and narrative, as if an anthropologist impartially told about the customs of the Australian tribes, which were not familiar to the viewer. And finally, another option - the control group watched a film without music - silent. During the demonstration of the film, all subjects were monitored. In the moments of difficult scenes depicting the ritual operation itself, the subjects of all groups showed signs of stress: changes in pulse, skin electrical conductivity, hormonal changes. The audience was calmer when they perceived the silent version, and it was most difficult for them with the first (disturbing) version of the musical accompaniment. Experiments have shown that the same movie may or may not cause a stress reaction: it all depends on how the viewer evaluates the situation on the screen. In this experiment, the score was imposed by the style of musical accompaniment. Emotional tone can be considered as a generalized cognitive assessment. So, a child, when he sees a person in a white coat, becomes alert, perceiving his white coat as a sign with which the emotion of pain is associated. He extended his attitude towards the doctor to everything that is connected with him and surrounds him.

Emotions are included in many psychologically complex states of a person, acting as their organic part. Such complex states, including thinking, attitude and emotions, are humor, irony, satire and sarcasm, which can also be interpreted as types of creativity if they take on an artistic form.

Emotions are often regarded as the sensory expression of instinctive activity. However, they manifest themselves not only in subjective experiences, the nature of which we can learn only from a person and, based on them, build analogies for higher animals, but also in objectively observed external manifestations, characteristic actions, facial expressions, vegetative reactions. These external manifestations are quite expressive. For example, seeing that a person is frowning, clenching his teeth and clenching his fists, you can understand without asking that he is angry.

In general, the definition of emotion is abstract and descriptive or requires further clarification. Let's look at some of these definitions. Soviet psychologists Lebedinsky and Myasishchev define emotion as an experience.

Emotions are one of the most important aspects of mental processes that characterize a person's experience of reality. Emotions express an integral expression of the altered tone of neuropsychic activity, which is reflected in all aspects of the human psyche and body.

Emotions affect both the psyche and physiology. The famous physiologist Anokhin considered the connection of emotions with the needs of the body. Anokhin wrote: “... from the physiological point of view, we are faced with the task of revealing the mechanism of those specific processes that ultimately lead to the emergence of both a negative (need) and a positive (need satisfaction) emotional state. Emotions are positive and negative. From the definition It follows that negative emotions arise when a person experiences a need, and positive emotions arise when satisfied.

Platonov K.K. wrote that emotion is a special psyche, previously formed in phylogenesis (the path that the psyche has gone through), and formed in its ontogenesis, the form of which reflections is characteristic not only of man, but also of animals, manifested both in subjective experiences and in physiological reactions, it is a reflection not of the phenomena themselves, but of their objective relationship with the needs of the organism. Emotions are divided into asthenic, weakening the vital activity of the organism, and sthenic, increasing it, and most (fear, anger) can manifest themselves in both forms. In an adult, emotions usually appear as components of feelings.

You can talk about emotions for a long time, but, in my opinion, the most important thing is that emotion is an experience. A person feels, so he experiences. Emotions are the impetus for achieving goals. Positive emotions contribute to a better assimilation of cognitive processes. With them, a person is open to communication with others. Negative emotions interfere with normal communication. They contribute to the development of diseases by affecting the brain, and those, in turn, nervous system. Emotions are associated with cognitive processes. For example, with the perception of emotions, the connection is direct, because. Emotions are expressions of the sensuous. Depending on the mood, emotional state of a person, this is how he perceives the world around him, the situation. Emotions are also associated with sensation, only in this case sensations affect emotions. For example, touching a velvet surface, a person is pleased, he has a feeling of comfort, and touching a rough surface is unpleasant for a person.

The emergence of emotions.

Why did emotions arise, why nature "could not get by" with thinking? There is an assumption that emotions were once a preform of thinking that performed the simplest and most vital functions. Indeed, a necessary condition for isolating relationships between objects in a pure form, as happens in the process advanced thinking, decentration is the ability to move freely in the mental field and look at an object from different points of view. In emotion, a person still retains the thread of connection of his position only with himself, he is not yet able to single out objective relations between objects, but is already able to single out the subjective to any object. It is from these positions that one can say that emotion is the most important step towards the development of thinking.

In the course of evolution, emotions arose as a means of allowing living beings to determine the biological significance of the states of the body and external influences. The simplest form of emotion - emotional tone - direct experiences that accompany vital influences (taste, temperature) and encourage them to be preserved or eliminated.

Emotions by origin are a form of species experience: focusing on them, the individual performs the necessary actions (to avoid danger, procreation), the expediency of which is hidden from him. Human emotions are a product of socio-historical development. They refer to the processes of internal regulation of behavior.

I think that the simplest emotions (fear, rage) are of natural origin. they are quite closely related to life processes. This connection can be seen even from the usual example, when any living being dies, no external, emotional manifestations are found in it. Suppose even a physically ill person becomes indifferent to the phenomena that occur around him. He loses the ability to emotionally respond to external influences.

All higher animals and humans have structures in the brain that are closely related to emotional life. This is the limbic system, which includes clusters of nerve cells located under the cerebral cortex, in close proximity to its center, which controls the main organic processes: blood circulation, digestion, endocrine glands. Hence the close connection of emotions both with the consciousness of a person and with the states of his body.

Among the emotions of humans and animals, despite all their diversity, 2 categories can be distinguished:

Positive emotions associated with the satisfaction of the needs of the individual or community;

They require a combination of two factors:

1. unmet need

2. increase in the probability of its satisfaction.

Negative emotions associated with danger, harmfulness and even a threat to life.

For their occurrence, a semantic mismatch between the predicted situation and the afferentation received from the external environment is sufficient. It is precisely such a mismatch that is observed when the animal does not find food in the feeder, receives bread instead of the expected meat, or even an electric shock. Thus, positive emotions require a more complex central apparatus.

Summarizing this part, the following conclusions can be drawn. Emotional sensations are biologically, in the process of evolution, fixed as a kind of way to maintain the life process within its optimal boundaries and warn of the destructive nature of a lack or excess of any factors. The more complex a living being is organized, the higher the step on the evolutionary ladder it occupies, the richer is the range of all kinds of emotional states that it is able to experience. Our subjective experiences are not a direct reflection of our own organic processes. The peculiarities of the emotional states we experience are probably associated not so much with the organic changes that accompany them, but with the sensations that arise during this.

The development of emotions.

Emotions go through the path of development common to higher mental functions - from external socially determined forms to internal mental processes. On the basis of innate reactions, the child develops the perception of the emotional state of the close people around him, which over time, under the influence of increasingly complex social contacts, turns into higher emotional processes - intellectual and aesthetic, which make up the emotional wealth of the individual. A newborn child is able to experience fear, which is revealed with a strong blow or a sudden loss of balance, displeasure, which manifests itself in the restriction of movements, and pleasure, which occurs in response to swaying, stroking. innate ability to evoke emotions have the following needs:

Self-preservation (fear)

Freedom of movement (anger)

Obtaining a special kind of irritation that causes a state of sheer pleasure.

It is these needs that determine the foundation of a person's emotional life. If in an infant fear is caused only by loud sounds or loss of support, then already at 3-5 years old shame is formed, which is built on top of innate fear, being the social form of this emotion - the fear of condemnation. It is no longer determined by the physical characteristics of the situation, but by their social significance. Anger is caused in early childhood only by restriction of freedom of movement. At the age of 2-3 years, the child develops jealousy and envy - social forms of anger. Pleasure is stimulated primarily by contact interaction - lulling, stroking. In the future, joy develops as an expectation of pleasure in connection with the growing probability of satisfaction of any need. Joy and happiness arise only with social contacts.

Positive emotions develop in the child in the game and in exploratory behavior. Buhler showed that the moment of experiencing pleasure in children's games shifts as the child grows and develops: for a child, pleasure arises at the moment the desired result is obtained. In this case, the emotion of pleasure plays the final role, encouraging the completion of the activity. The next step is functional pleasure: the playing child enjoys not only the result, but also the process of activity itself. Pleasure is no longer associated with the end of the process, but with its content. In the third stage, older children develop an anticipation of pleasure. Emotion in this case arises at the beginning of play activity, and neither the result of the action nor the performance itself is central to the child's experience.

The development of negative emotions is closely related to frustration - an emotional reaction to an obstacle to achieving a conscious goal. Frustration proceeds differently depending on whether the obstacle is overcome, a substitute goal is found. Habitual ways of resolving such a situation determine the emotions that form in this case. It is undesirable in the upbringing of a child to achieve his demands too often by direct pressure. To achieve the desired behavior in a child, you can use his age-specific feature - instability of attention, distract him and change the wording of the instructions. In this case, a new situation is created for the child, he will fulfill the requirement with pleasure and the negative consequences of frustration will not accumulate in him.

A child who lacks love and affection grows up cold and unresponsive. But in addition to love, for the emergence of emotional sensitivity, responsibility for the other is also necessary, care for younger brothers and sisters, and if there are none, then for pets. It is important not only not to create conditions for the development of negative emotions, it is equally important not to crush positive ones, because they are the basis of morality and human creativity.

A child is more emotional than an adult. The latter knows how to anticipate and can adapt, in addition, he knows how to weaken and hide the manifestation of emotions, because. it depends on volitional control. Defenselessness, lack of experience for foresight, undeveloped will contribute to emotional instability in children.

A person judges the emotional state of another by special expressive movements, facial expressions, voice changes, etc. Evidence has been obtained for the innate nature of some manifestations of emotions. In every society, there are norms for expressing emotions that correspond to ideas of decency, modesty, good breeding. An excess of facial, gestural or speech expressiveness may be evidence of a lack of education and, as it were, put a person outside his circle. Parenting teaches how to show emotions and when to suppress them. It develops in a person such behavior, which is understood by others as courage, restraint, modesty, coldness, equanimity.

Emotions are the result of N.S.

The development of emotions in ontogenesis is expressed by:

1) in the differentiation of the qualities of emotions;

2) in the complication of objects that cause an emotional response;

3) in the development of the ability to regulate emotions and their external expression.

Conclusion. In children, emotions run at an unconscious level. With age, a person can manage them both externally and internally. And in children, emotions splash out. An adult can control the expression of his emotions, but a child cannot. The older a person gets, the better he learns to manage emotions.

Functions of emotions.

To understand the role of emotions in the mental organization of a person, it is necessary to consider its main functions and its connection with other mental processes. The question of functions is key and permeates the entire psychology of emotions. Emotions perform the functions of such processing of primary information about the world, as a result of which we are able to form our own opinion about it: emotions play a role in determining the value of objects and phenomena.

Functions:

1) Expressive

Thanks to emotions, we better understand each other, we can, without using speech, judge each other's states and better tune in to joint activities and communication. For example, people are able to accurately perceive and evaluate the expressions of a human face, to determine from it such emotional states as joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise. Along with the general preparation of the body for action, individual emotional states are accompanied by specific changes in pantomime, facial expressions, and sound reactions. Whatever the original origin and purpose of these reactions, in evolution they developed and became fixed as a means of notifying the emotional state of the individual in intraspecific and interspecific communication. With the increasing role of communication in higher animals, expressive movements become a finely differentiated language, with the help of which individuals exchange information both about their state and about what is happening in the environment (signals of danger, food, etc.). This function of emotions did not lose its significance even after historical development human formed a more perfect form of information exchange - articulate speech. Having improved itself due to the fact that coarse innate forms of expression began to be supplemented by more subtle conventional norms, assimilated in ontogenesis, emotional expression remained one of the main factors providing the so-called non-verbal communication. Those. Emotions serve to express an internal state and convey this state to others.

2) Reflective-evaluative

A rigorous analysis of views on the nature of emotions, carried out by N. Groth in the historical part of his work, as well as the provisions of modern concepts, allow us to conclude that emotions are quite unanimously recognized as performing the function of evaluation. It should be noted that the ability of emotions to make an assessment is in good agreement with their characteristics: their occurrence in significant situations, objectivity, dependence on needs, etc. The main conclusion following from the combined analysis of all these characteristics is that emotions are not an indirect product of motivational the significance of reflected objects, they directly evaluate and express this significance, they signal it to the subject. In other words, emotions are the language, the system of signals, through which the subject learns about the needful significance of what is happening. Those. animals always evaluate the significance of the situation for the needs of the body.

Dodonov wrote the following about the evaluative function: emotion is an activity that evaluates information about the external and internal world that enters the brain, which sensations and perceptions encode in the form of its subjective images. That. emotions evaluate the significance of impacts based on sensory-perceptual information. Emotion is a reflection by the human and animal brain of some actual need (its quality and magnitude) and the probability (possibility) of its satisfaction, which the brain evaluates on the basis of genetic and previously acquired individual experience. Price in the most general sense of this concept is always a function of two factors: demand (need) and supply (the ability to satisfy this need). This function determines the diverse regulatory functions of emotions. Emotions occupy a special place in a person's reflection of reality and the regulation of his behavior and represent a mechanism by which external stimuli are converted into motives for the body's activity, i.e. are a reflection of reality. The reflective nature of emotions lies in the self-regulation of body functions that are adequate to the nature of external and intraorganismal influences and create optimal conditions for the normal flow of reflex activity of the body.

3) Encouragement

The complete removal of emotions from the function of motivation to a large extent renders meaningless the function of evaluation they produce. Can anything more expedient follow from the assessment of what is happening, from a biological point of view, than an immediate impulse to appropriate, to master the useful and to get rid of the harmful? Therefore, there is fundamental difference between denying the emotional nature of the motivating experiences and refusing to acknowledge any part of the emotions in the development of these experiences. The latter signifies the recognition in nature of a significant and hardly explicable psychic imperfection. That. Emotions make us strive for something and, in this regard, organize our behavior.

4) Trace formation (A.N. Leontiev)

This function has several names: fixation-inhibition (P.K. Anokhin), reinforcement (P.V. Simonov). It indicates the ability of emotions to leave traces in the experience of an individual, fixing in him those influences and successful-failed actions that they excited. The trace-forming function is especially pronounced in cases of extreme emotional states. But the footprint itself wouldn't make sense if it wasn't possible to use it in the future. Those. trace is fixed in memory.

5) Anticipatory / Heuristic

The anticipatory function emphasizes a significant role in the actualization of fixed experience, since the actualization of traces is ahead of the development of events and the emotions that arise in this case signal a possible pleasant or unpleasant outcome. Since the anticipation of events significantly reduces the search for the right way out of the situation, a heuristic function is isolated. Here it is important to emphasize that, stating a certain manifestation of emotions, they acutely set the task of finding out exactly how emotions do it, clarifying the psychological mechanism underlying these manifestations. Those. we know the answer before we can say it.

6) Synthesizing

We perceive not a set of spots or sounds, but a landscape and a melody, not a set of introceptive impressions, but our own body, because the emotional tone of sensations perceived simultaneously or immediately after one another merges according to certain laws. Thus, emotional experiences act as a synthesizing basis of the image, providing the possibility of a holistic and structured reflection of the mosaic variety of actual stimuli. Those. emotions help not only fix, but also organize and synthesize all other processes. Emotions begin in sensations. They permeate the entire mental life of a person. They are able to synthesize and integrate information in memory, various mental processes and some activities.

7) Organizing / disorganizing

Emotions first of all organize some activity, diverting strength and attention to it, which, naturally, can interfere with the normal flow of another activity being carried out at the same moment. By itself, emotion does not carry a disorganizing function, it all depends on the conditions in which it manifests itself. Even such a crude biological reaction as affect, which usually disorganizes a person’s activity, can be useful under certain conditions, for example, when he has to escape from a serious danger, relying solely on physical strength and endurance. This means that disruption of activity is not a direct, but a secondary manifestation of emotions, in other words, that there is as much truth in the statement about the disorganizing function of emotions as, for example, in the statement that a festive demonstration serves as a delay for vehicles.

At its core, a person is very curious. He is interested in seeing how another person expresses his emotions, how people decide conflict situations. Thus, emotions can rive our attention to an object or situation.

9) Stabilizing

This function and its deep connection with the processes of predicting the situation on the basis of memory traces are emphasized by the theoretical positions of P.K. Anokhin. He believed that emotional experiences were fixed in evolution as a mechanism that keeps life processes within optimal limits and prevents the destructive nature of a lack or excess of vital factors. Positive emotions appear when ideas about the future useful result, retrieved from memory, coincide with the result of a completed behavioral act. Mismatch leads to negative emotional states. Positive emotions that arise when a goal is achieved are remembered and, under the right circumstances, can be retrieved from memory to obtain the same useful result.

10) Compensatory (replacing)

Being an active state of a system of specialized brain structures, emotions affect other cerebral systems that regulate behavior, the processes of perceiving external signals and extracting engrams of these signals from memory, and the autonomic functions of the body. It is in the latter case that the compensatory significance of emotions is especially revealed.

The role of emotions is to urgently replace, compensate for the lack of knowledge at the moment. An example of a compensatory function is imitative behavior, which is so characteristic of an emotionally excited population. Since the expediency of adaptive reactions is always relative, an imitative reaction (mass panic) can turn into a real disaster. It manifests itself in the transition to responding to a wide range of supposedly significant signals. The compensatory value of negative emotions lies in their substitutive role. As for positive emotions, their compensatory function is realized through the influence on the need that initiates behavior. This function is manifested in the ability to serve as an additional means of communication between members of the community.

11) switching

From a physiological point of view, an emotion is an active state of a system of specialized brain structures that prompts a change in behavior in the direction of minimizing or maximizing this state. Since a positive emotion indicates the approach of satisfaction of a need, and a negative emotion indicates a distance from it, the subject seeks to maximize (strengthen, prolong, repeat) the first state and minimize (weaken, interrupt, prevent) the second. This function of emotions is found both in the sphere of innate forms of behavior and in the implementation of conditioned reflex activity. An assessment of the probability of satisfying a need can occur in a person not only on a conscious, but also on an unconscious level. A striking example of unconscious forecasting is intuition. This function is clearly revealed in the process of competition of motives, when the dominant need is singled out, which becomes a vector of purposeful behavior. The amygdala plays a crucial role in this function.

12) reinforcing

It is revealed not only at the individual level, but also at the population level, where this function is realized through the brain mechanism of "emotional resonance", i.e. empathy. The formation, existence, extinction and features of any conditioned reflex depend on the fact of reinforcement. Under reinforcement, "Pavlov meant the action of a biologically significant stimulus, which gives a signal value to another biologically insignificant stimulus combined with it." Sometimes the immediate reinforcer is not the satisfaction of some need, but the receipt of desirable (pleasant, emotionally positive) or the elimination of unwanted (unpleasant) stimuli. The totality of currently available data indicates that the hypothalamus is a key structure for the implementation of this function.

13) The function of "emergency" resolution of the situation

It occurs in an emergency, critical situation, when the level of adrenaline in the blood rises. For example, the feeling of fear.

14) The function of activation and mobilization of the body

Emotions, which ensure the successful completion of a task, bring the body into an excited state. Sometimes weak anxiety plays the role of a mobilizing factor, manifested by concern for the outcome of the case, it enhances the sense of responsibility.

The interaction of all functions is necessary, because the absence of any affects the development of personality. Together, they are interconnected and reflect emotions.

Emotions and components that form personality.

Emotions, no matter how different they may seem, are inseparable from personality. "What pleases a person, what interests him, plunges him into despondency, worries, what seems ridiculous to him, most of all characterizes his essence, his character, individuality" (F. Kruger).

Emotions and need.

Emotions reflect the state, process and result of satisfying a need. By emotions, one can definitely judge what a person is worried about at a given moment in time, i.e. about what needs and interests are relevant to him.

First of all, emotions serve this or that need in a peculiar way, prompting them to take the necessary actions to satisfy it. A need is a program of biological or spiritual, social life activity fixed in us, which, in case of difficulty in its implementation, is signaled by a certain emotional state - the experience of neediness.

The connection between emotions and needs is indisputable, however, it is hardly legitimate to consider emotion as a function of need alone. Unsatisfied need is necessary for positive emotions no less than for negative ones. Need is a specific force of living organisms, which ensures their connection with the external environment for self-preservation and self-development, the source of activity of living systems in the world around. Hence, emotion is a reflection by the human and animal brain of some actual need (its quality and magnitude) and the probability of its satisfaction at the moment. Emotions make it possible to find out what and to what extent seems to be the most important for the body, it requires priority satisfaction.

Motivation and emotions.

Motivation is a conscious or unconscious mental factor that encourages an individual to perform certain actions and determines their direction and goals.

Main biological significance emotional experience lies in the fact that, in essence, only emotional experience allows a person to quickly assess his internal state, his emerging need and quickly build an adequate form of response: whether it is a primitive attraction or conscious social activity. Along with this, emotions are also the main means of assessing the satisfaction of needs. As a rule, emotions accompanying any motivational excitation are referred to as negative emotions. They are subjectively unpleasant. The negative emotion that accompanies motivation has important biological significance. It mobilizes the efforts of a person to satisfy the need that has arisen. These unpleasant emotional experiences are intensified in all those cases when a person's behavior in the external environment does not lead to the satisfaction of the need that has arisen, i.e. to find appropriate reinforcements.

At the same time, the satisfaction of needs, on the contrary, is always associated with positive emotional experiences. A positive emotion is fixed in the memory and subsequently arises as a kind of "image" of the future whenever an appropriate motivation arises. So, emotions not only occupied important key positions in evolution between the need and its satisfaction, but were directly included in the apparatus of the acceptor of the results of the action of the corresponding motivation. Motivation is a physiological mechanism for activating the traces of those external objects stored in memory that are able to satisfy the body's need, and those actions that can lead to its satisfaction.

Emotions and behavior.

Human behavior is largely dependent on his emotions, and different emotions affect behavior in different ways. There are so-called sthenic emotions that increase the activity of all processes in the body, and asthenic emotions that slow them down. Sthenic, as a rule, are positive emotions: satisfaction (pleasure), joy, happiness, and asthenic - negative: displeasure, grief, sadness. Consider each type of emotion and its impact on human behavior.

The mood creates a certain tone of the body, i.e. his general attitude to action. The productivity and quality of labor of a person in a good, optimistic mood is always higher than that of a person in a pessimistic mood. With a kindly smiling person, those around them enter into communication with a greater desire than with a person who has an unkind face.

Affects play a different role in people's lives. They are able to instantly mobilize the energy and resources of the body to solve a sudden problem or overcome an unexpected obstacle. This is the basic vital role of affects. In an appropriate emotional state, a person sometimes does things that he is usually not capable of. Affects often play a negative role, making a person's behavior uncontrollable and even dangerous for others.

The vital role of feelings is even more significant. They characterize a person as a person, are quite stable and have an independent motivating force. Feelings determine the attitude of a person to the world around him, they also become moral regulators of actions and relationships between people. Feelings of a person can be unchanged, for example, feelings of envy, hatred.

Passion and stress play a mostly negative role in life. A strong passion suppresses other feelings, needs and interests of a person, makes him one-sidedly limited in his aspirations, and stress in general has a destructive effect on psychology and behavior, on the state of health.

emotions and activities.

If everything that happens, inasmuch as it has this or that attitude on his part, can evoke certain emotions in him, then the effective connection between the emotions of a person and his own activity is especially close. An emotion with an inner necessity arises from a relationship - positive or negative. negative results action to the need, which is his motive, the initial impulse.

This is a mutual connection: on the one hand, the course and outcome human activity usually cause certain feelings in a person, on the other hand, the feelings of a person, his emotional states affect his activity. Emotions not only cause activity, but are themselves conditioned by it. The nature of emotions, their basic properties and the structure of emotional processes depend on it.

The influence of emotions on activity in its main features obeys the well-known Jerkes-Dodson rule, which postulates the optimal level of stress for each specific type of work. A decrease in emotional tone as a result of a small need or completeness of the subject's awareness leads to drowsiness, loss of vigilance, missing significant signals, and slow reactions. On the other hand, an excessively high level of emotional stress disorganizes activity, complicates it with a tendency to premature reactions, reactions to extraneous, insignificant signals (false alarms), to primitive actions such as blind search by trial and error.

Human emotions are manifested in all types of human activity and especially in artistic creativity. The artist's own emotional sphere is reflected in the choice of subjects, in the manner of writing, in the way of developing selected themes and subjects. All this taken together makes up the individual originality of the artist.

Emotions and lifestyle.

At the level of historical forms of human existence, when an individual acts as a personality and not as an organism, emotional processes are associated not only with organic, but also with spiritual needs, with tendencies and attitudes of the personality and diverse forms of activity. The objective relations that a person enters into in the process of satisfying his needs give rise to various feelings. The forms of cooperation that develop in the process of people's labor activity give rise to diverse social feelings. Human feelings express in the form of experience the real relationship of a person as a social being with the world, primarily with other people. Thus, human feelings, without, of course, breaking away from the organism and its psychophysical mechanisms, go far beyond the narrow framework of mere intraorganic states, spreading to the entire boundless expanse of the world that a person in his practical and theoretical activity knows and changes. Each new subject area that is created in social practice and reflected in human consciousness gives rise to new feelings, and in new feelings a new relation of man to the world is established. Attitude to nature, to the existence of objects is mediated social relations people. They also mediate human feelings. Participation in public life creates public sentiment. Objective obligations in relation to other people, turning into obligations in relation to oneself, form the moral feelings of a person. The existence of such feelings suggests a whole world of human relationships. A person's feelings are mediated and conditioned by real social relations in which a person is included, by the mores or customs of a given social environment and its ideology. Taking root in a person, ideology also affects his feelings. The process of forming a person's feelings is inseparable from the whole process of the formation of his personality.

The highest feelings of a person are processes determined by ideal - intellectual, ethical, aesthetic - motives. Man's feelings are the most vivid expression of "nature made man," and this is connected with that exciting charm that comes from any genuine feeling.

Emotions and experiences of the individual.

Emotions, feelings of a person are more or less complex formations. Unlike perceptions, which always give an image that reflects an object or phenomenon of the objective world, emotions, although fundamentally sensual, are not visual, they express not the properties of the object, but the state of the subject, modifications of the internal state and its relation to the environment. They usually emerge in consciousness in connection with some images, which, being as if saturated with them, act as their carriers. The degree of consciousness of emotional experience can be different, depending on the extent to which the very attitude that is experienced in emotion is realized. It is a well-known everyday fact that one can experience, experience - and very intensely - this or that feeling, completely inadequately realizing its true nature. This is explained by the fact that to realize one's feeling means not just to experience it as an experience, but also to correlate it with the object or person that causes it and to which it is directed. Each somewhat bright personality has its own more or less pronounced emotional structure and style, its main palette of feelings, in which it predominantly perceives the world.

The role of ethical feelings.

Feelings such as love for the Motherland, a sense of duty, responsibility for the assigned work or for the trust rendered, increase efficiency, energy, make a person able to overcome seemingly insurmountable difficulties under normal conditions. Complex moral feelings become the motive of many volitional actions. Emotional motives in human activity are associated with the formation of an evaluative attitude towards the goals and objectives of this activity, and its results, are associated with an assessment of their social significance. They develop along with the formation of the worldview and moral personality traits.

Will and emotions.

The will is very closely connected with emotions, and for its manifestation, a feeling is indispensable that "feeds" it. Without an appropriate emotion, a volitional act is quickly depleted, it ceases to have such a value for a person that would justify a volitional effort. Very often in a person's actions it is difficult to separate emotions from will, because they are generated by objects to which volitional effort is also directed.

Logic and emotions in our life.

Logic helps to think not only in work, in scientific and any other form of creativity. It is a powerful weapon in the fight against the internal states of a person, with his shortcomings, with the difficulties of life.

Emotions and thinking.

It's like two branches of a tree; emotions and thinking have the same origins and are closely intertwined with each other in their functioning on higher levels. Ancient emotions were a preform of thinking that performed its simplest and most vital functions. Emotions significantly influence thinking. The result of mental operations will depend on the sign of emotions

Shingarov pointed to the connection of emotions with self-regulation. Emotion is a form of reflection of reality, the essence of which lies in the self-regulation of body functions, according to the requirements and conditions of the outside world.

Leontiev associated emotion with relationships, significance and meaning. "Emotions are a special class of mental processes and states associated with instincts, needs and motives. Emotions perform the function of regulating the activity of the subject, by reflecting the significance of external and internal situations for the implementation of his life.

Waldman wrote about the connection of emotions with personal meaning that emotion is such a form of mental reflective function, where the attitude to the surrounding information comes to the fore, where information signals are transformed in a personal way.

According to Reikovsky, emotional processes are driven by factors that are significant to the individual.

Waldman, in co-authorship with Evartun and Kozlovskaya, pointed to a connection with what is beneficial or harmful to the body. Emotions as a form of reflecting the biological quality of reflecting its usefulness or harmfulness to the body, entering the functional system of behavioral growth, can largely modulate its direction and final result.

Thus, our research has shown that emotions play a significant role in the formation of personality. And a person as a person controls emotions to a greater or lesser extent.

Physiological meaning of emotions.

Human emotions are important in optimizing all the activities of the body. Negative emotions are a signal of violation of constancy internal environment organism and thereby contribute to the harmonious flow of life processes. Positive emotions are a kind of "reward" to the body for the work it expended in the process of achieving a useful result. Thus, positive emotions are the strongest means of fixing conditioned reflex reactions that are useful for the body (P.V. Simonov). Consequently, positive emotions are the strongest stimulus for evolution, a disturber of peace and stabilization, without which social progress itself would be impossible. Indeed, in a person, positive emotions are always caused by successes in his activities, for example, made scientific discovery, an excellent mark on the exam.

Emotions contribute to the concentration of all the body's reserves necessary for the fastest achievement of a beneficial effect. This concentration of all the forces of the body helps us to successfully cope with difficulties. This is especially important in stressful situations resulting from the action of superstrong stimuli on the body, such as life-threatening factors, or great physical and mental stress.

Conclusion.

What is the role of emotions? Emotions, Firstly, reflect in their quality the nature of the flow of various life processes. Secondly, they control these processes, activating or inhibiting them, depending on the need. Here life processes are understood as those that are connected with the satisfaction of human needs.

The emotional life of a person, his experiences have become the object of research by physiologists and doctors today. Not only because a person, by virtue of his natural curiosity, strives to penetrate into the most reserved corners of his being, not only because the modeling of emotions promises new stage in the development of cybernetic machines. But also because we classify a large number of diseases of modern man as neurogenic. These are hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, many gastrointestinal diseases, skin and other diseases. Negative emotions play a fatal role in the occurrence of these diseases.

Doctors have long noticed the connection between the individual predominance of certain emotions and a predisposition to certain diseases. M.I. Astvatsaturov said that the heart is affected by fear, the liver by anger, and the stomach by apathy.

The significance of emotions and feelings in the process of reflecting reality in a person's life is not limited to the simple fact that under the influence of one or another external social and natural factor, a person experiences one or another feeling. Knowledge of the essence of emotions and their role in human life is possible only when determining the place of this complex phenomenon in the structure of mental functions in a holistic reflection and change of reality.

The special importance of emotions and feelings for all mental activity is determined by the fact that they are, as it were, between cognitive and volitional activity and, linking them, as already emphasized, are most directly related to what is called the activity of human consciousness. K.D. Ushinsky wrote that nothing expresses the essence of a person and his attitude to the world as much as his "feelings". He said that the voice of not a separate thought, not a separate decision, but the entire content of the human soul and its structure is heard in them.

As we found out, the role of emotions is great. They, like the colors of the rainbow, color the world, only color it into emotional states. Without emotions, the world would be boring, monotonous. It seems to me that without emotions, life on earth would also end; would lead to the extinction of mankind. Emotions are part of a person's life. After all, what happiness is to love, to rejoice, to have fun. But even such emotions as sadness, hatred, grief and resentment are important for a person. They form in him feelings of compassion, perseverance, as well as the ability to achieve goals and the ability to experience.

Literature.

1. Simonov P.V. Theory of reflection and psychophysiology of emotions // M: Science, 1970

2. Pavlov P.I. Journal of VND// v.47, issue 2, M: Nauka, 1997

3. Psychology of emotions. Texts. // ed. VC. Vilyunas, Yu.B. Gippenreiter. M: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 1984

4. Granovskaya R.M. Elements of practical psychology//L, 1985

5. James W. Psychology//

6. Voronin L.G., Kolbanovsky V.N., Mash R.D. Physiology of GNI and Psychology// M: Enlightenment, 1977

7. Anokhin P.K. Memoirs of contemporaries, journalism.// M: Nauka, 1990

8. Dictionary of practical psychologist // Minsk: Harvest, 1998

9. Simonov P.V. human GNI. Motivational-emotional aspects // M: Science, 1975Galperin S.I. Physiology of man and animals // M, 1970

Dodonov B.I. In the world of emotions // K: Publishing house of political literature of Ukraine, 1987
Dodonov B.I. Emotion as a value // M: Publishing house of political literature, 1978
Rubinshtein S.L. Basics general psychology// M: Pedagogy, 1989
Physiology of man and animals // ed. A.B. Kogan, M: graduate School, 1984, v.2
Simonov P.V. Emotional brain//M: Science, 1981
Shingarov G.Kh. Emotions and feelings as a form of reflection of reality // M: Science, 1971
Reikovsky Ya. experimental psychology emotions.// M, 1979
Ermolaev Yu.A. Age physiology // M: Higher school, 1985
Vasiliev I.A. Emotions and thinking // M, 1980
Popular Medical Encyclopedia / / ed. B.V. Petrovsky, M: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1987
Bloom F., Leizerson A., Hofstadter L. Brain, mind and behavior // M: Mir, 1988
Physiological features of positive and negative emotional states.// Academy of Sciences of the USSR, M: Nauka, 1972
Simonov P.V. Temperament. Character. Personality.// M: 198

1. Dictionary Russian language.

Advocate- A lawyer who is entrusted with the provision of legal assistance to citizens and organizations, including the protection of someone's interests in court, a defender.

2. Legal Encyclopedia /Tikhomirova L.A./, M.98.

Advocate- a lawyer providing professional legal assistance through consultations, defending the accused in court, etc.

3. Large legal dictionary / under. ed. AND I. Sukhareva/, M. 97

Advocate- a lawyer, a member of the Bar Association, designed to provide legal assistance to individuals and legal entities.

4. Encyclopedic legal. dictionary /edited by V.E.Krutskikh/, M.98.

Advocate- a member of the Bar Association, designed to provide legal assistance to individuals and legal entities. A lawyer, acting as a representative or defender, is authorized to: represent the rights and legitimate interests of persons who have applied for a legal help, in all state and public organizations, the competence of the cat's includes the resolution of the corresponding issues; request via legal advice certificates, characteristics and other documents required in connection with the provision of legal assistance from state and public organizations, cat. are obliged to issue these documents or their copies in accordance with the established procedure.

A lawyer can't. interrogated as a witness about the circumstances, cat. became known to him in connection with the performance of his obligations as a defender or representative. A lawyer is not entitled to simultaneously represent the interests of persons who contradict each other, or if he was a judge, prosecutor, expert, etc. in this case. A lawyer is not entitled to disclose information communicated to him by a client in connection with the provision of legal services. help.

5. Legal Dictionary / under. ed. AND I. Sukharev/, M.84.

Advocate- a member of the bar, whose task is to provide legal assistance to citizens and organizations: giving advice and explanations on legal issues, oral and written information on legislation; drawing up complaints, statements and other legal documents; representation in court, arbitration and other state bodies in civil and cases of administrative offenses; participation in the preliminary investigation and in the criminal court as a defense counsel, representative of the victim, civil plaintiff or civil defendant.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 48).

Everyone is guaranteed the right to receive qualified legal assistance. In cases stipulated by law, legal assistance is provided free of charge.

Legal advice - a team of lawyers created by the Presidium of the Bar Association to organize work to provide legal assistance to the population.

GBOU Gymnasium No. 000

"Moscow Pedagogical Gymnasium-Laboratory"

The emergence of emotions and the ability to control the emotional states of a person

Esipova Zosia

Supervisor:

1. Introduction. Purpose of the study, literature review,

Conceptual apparatus………………………………………………………………………..3

2. Chapter 1. Emotions in different cultures. congenital and

learned in the manifestation of emotions………………………………………………………..3

3. Chapter 2. When do we start to experience emotions?

Ways of emergence of emotions……………………………………………………………….5

4. Chapter 3

experiencing emotions…………………………………………………………………………..7

5. Chapter 4. Behavior under the influence of emotions……………………………………..8

6. Conclusion and conclusions.

7. List of references.

All people tend to know themselves and think.

Heraclitus

1. Introduction.

Literature review: In my research, I relied mainly on the book American psychologist, Professor of the University of California Paul Ekman "Psychology of emotions: I know how you feel." Professor Ekman collaborated with the American intelligence agencies as an expert in the psychology of lies and is known to the general public as the inspiration for the television series "Lie to Me" and the prototype of its main character. In addition, I used the bestseller of the American psychologist-practitioner Allan Pease "Body Language", the book of the Soviet psychophysiologist L. P. Grimak "Reserves of the human psyche" and the monograph of the Russian psychologist-consultant Yu. M. Orlov "Ascent to individuality".

Goal and tasks: The purpose of the work is to study the origin of human emotions, their manifestation in different cultures and conditions, and the possibility of controlling emotional reactions.

Conceptual apparatus: First, it is required to clarify the meaning of the main concepts and terms used in this work. These concepts are used by Paul Ekman and other scientists.

Auto-estimators – mechanisms of automatic brain assessment, the ability of the brain to continuously scan environment and identify factors that affect our well-being and survival. This process occurs so quickly that it is not realized by the person.

Core related topics - the term of R. Lazarus, denoting the main topics that cause emotional reactions.

Trigger emotions - "trigger" of an emotional reaction, a stimulus that generates an emotion.

Chapter 1. Emotions in different cultures. Innate and learned in the manifestation of emotions.

« Emotions (from fr.emotion, from lat.emoveo- shake, excite) - subjective reactions of humans and animals to the impact of internal and external stimuli, manifested in the form of pleasure, joy, fear, etc. Accompanying almost any manifestation of the body's vital activity, emotions reflect in the form of direct experience the significance (meaning) of phenomena and situations, states of the body external influences and serve as one of the main mechanisms of internal regulation of mental activity and behavior aimed at meeting urgent needs. 1 It's a process special type automatic evaluation, bearing the imprint of our evolutionary and individual past; in the course of this assessment, we feel that something important for our well-being is happening and a set of physiological changes and emotional reactions are interacting with the current situation2.

2 Psychology of emotions. I know what you feel. 2nd ed./Translated from English. St. Petersburg: Piter, 2013. P.33.

The life of a healthy person is impossible without the manifestation of emotions. Moreover, emotions determine the quality of his life. Without emotions, human life would be boring and unattractive.

There are different ways of expressing emotions: with the help of physiological reactions, facial expressions, voice, action. But if the verbal reaction to an emotion and the gestures accompanying it can be corrected through analysis and learning, then physiological reactions (changes in heartbeat, skin temperature, blood flow to the large muscles of the legs, etc.) and changes in facial expression occur instantly and are not monitored by a person.

Scientists are interested in a whole block of issues related to the emotional life of a person: the process of the emergence of emotions, the mechanism of its transmission through facial expressions, sounds and gestures, as well as the possibility of controlling and regulating the manifestation of emotions.

Charles Darwin also showed interest in this topic. In 1872 his book The Expression of the Emotions in Men and Animals was published. In it, he hypothesized that facial expression when showing emotions is innate and universal for all mankind ; it is acquired in the course of evolution and does not change from culture to culture. P. Ekman initially held the opposite point of view, but in the course of his research in various countries of the world he was forced to agree with Darwin. The same conclusion was reached independently by other scientists - S. Tomkins and K. Izard.4

This means that each emotion corresponds to a certain facial expression, and it is impossible to change it. Moreover, there are some facial muscles, the name of which is tightly associated with a certain grimace. So, the lower part of the circular muscle of the eye is called the "muscle of friendliness." And the expression "omega melancholic" describes raised and shifted eyebrows, a pattern resembling a Greek letter Ω and testify to the feeling of grief5.

Ekman enriched this theory with the idea of display rules . These rules are learned through social learning and can change from culture to culture. They determine how to control facial expressions and in what situations you should show (or hide) your emotions. In other words, in private, a person shows innate expressions of emotions, and in society - controlled ones.

This theory has been tested in the course of research both in civilized countries and tribes in New Guinea and Indonesia, living in isolation and not familiar with representatives of other cultures or mass media. Work with young children also confirmed these findings; moreover, even people who were born blind showed the same universal facial expressions. This allowed P. Ekman and W. Friesen in 1978 to compile FACS ( facial action Coding System ) – “Face Movement Coding System”, a technique for measuring facial movements with an application in the form of an atlas of the human face. The use of this technique made it possible, in particular, to isolate microexpressions - very fast facial movements, lasting no more than 1/5 second and providing information about those emotions that a person is trying to hide. The practical application of this work is not _________________________________________________________________________________________________

4 Psychology of emotions. I know what you feel. St. Petersburg: Piter, 2013. P.21.

5 Reserves of the human psyche: An introduction to the psychology of activity. M.: Politizdat, 1989. P.89.

made us wait a long time: its results are in high demand by judges, lawyers, as well as by the special services of various countries.

Chapter 2. When do we begin to experience emotions? Pathways of emotions.

Usually, emotions accompany a person through life, fairly accurately reflecting the events of his life. But sometimes emotional reactions become inappropriate to the situation . This happens in three ways:

1) We show “the right emotion, but with the wrong intensity” (for example, justified anxiety should not develop into unaccountable fear);

2) We experience “the right emotion, but we show it in the wrong way” (for example, you can be offended by a remark, but you should not get into a fight);

3) We “generally experience the wrong emotion that we should have experienced”6 (for example, there is no reason for our panic at all).

Not all people react emotionally to the same trigger. Suppose some are afraid of heights or mice, while others are not. But there are certain triggers that trigger the same emotions for everyone. Any person who narrowly escaped a car accident will experience a short-term horror.

It means that there are common, universal triggers , like common expressions for every emotion, but there is also and triggers specific to a given culture or to a given individual .

Why do we need emotions and their manifestation? P. Ekman believes that “emotions arise in order to prepare us for quick action in the face of events that have great importance for our lives." [Then, in my opinion, there is an explanation for the phenomenon of the universality of facial expressions that accompany each emotion. This can be explained by analogy with the warning coloration of some animals: it allows a predator to interpret the black and yellow stripes on a harmless fly as dangerous and thus protects it from attack. Or, for example, the emotion “rage” is unambiguously read in cats by the arched back, rising along the scruff of the coat and characteristic sounds, and is perceived by other cats as a readiness for aggression. Man is also a product of the animal world; in the process of evolution, he should have developed characteristic features by which the society could determine the degree of danger emanating from him, and his possible intentions.]

Emotions do not arise from everything and do not continue indefinitely. They arise in milliseconds without any of our control, when we are not yet aware of what is happening. P. Ekman suggests the presence in the body of some (not yet studied) mechanisms of automatic assessment (or auto-assessors ) that continuously scan the environment and determine the factors that matter to our well-being8. Emotions are able to initiate our actions automatically, without our conscious consideration of their expediency. So, for example, a feeling of fear from the sight of an approaching car prompts a person to flee long before the brain analyzes the distance to a dangerous object, its speed and trajectory. This emotion can work both for the benefit of a person (in this case, saving a life), and for harm.

_______________________________________________________________________________

6 Decree. op. S. 37.

7 Decree. op. S. 40.

8 Decree. op. S. 42.

Thus, emotions have two important properties:

1) emotions are a response to factors that are clearly very important for our well-being and survival,

2) emotions arise so quickly that we are not aware of the mental processes stimulating them.

There are triggers that have been formed in the process of evolution and therefore have the same effect on a representative of any culture (for example, the loss of a person to whom we are attached causes sadness for anyone). But in the course of life, each person experiences specific events, which he learns to interpret in such a way that they evoke certain reciprocal emotions. These events are gradually added to the universal events from our common evolutionary past and expand the list of what autoappraisers work on. They vary based on personal experience.

This provision gives rise to the use of the term " core related topics ". Let's say there is a common trigger for the emotion "fear" in a situation where a chair suddenly breaks under you. Any person will react to it unconsciously. But this theme can have many variations, which will take a little longer for auto-assessors to evaluate. The farther the variation is from the core theme, the more time it takes for the emotion to arise; a conscious analysis of the situation may have time to connect to the process. For example, information about an upcoming test does not cause instant fear, accompanied by a certain facial expression, heart palpitations and perspiration; but when analyzing their own knowledge and the time left to prepare, some may experience the same emotion of “fear”. The ability to generate emotion in the process of thinking and analyzing what is happening is called " reflective evaluation ».

Core themes for our emotions are the product of evolution and are set initially ; a person is born already sensitive to events that mattered for the survival of our distant ancestors. It cannot be learned, it cannot be forgotten. During a lifetime, a person can only learn variations and clarification of these topics. The list of such variations can be endlessly replenished. For example, a city dweller from birth is wary of snakes and spiders, despite the fact that he rarely encounters them in real life, and only over time learns to beware of cars.

1) As we said, the most common way is to include auto-assessors ; this path is not under our control, and avoiding such an emotion is incredibly difficult.

2) Due to reflective evaluation . Here, ambiguous situations are analyzed for which autoestimators have not yet been configured. This is where your brain works, and it takes time. However, since consciousness is included in the process of emergence, it becomes possible to influence the manifestation of emerging emotions.

3) Emotions can arise when memories about the emotional moments of life experienced. Here it becomes possible not only to control the manifestation of emotion, but also to experience it at your own choice. However, sometimes a memory arises involuntarily. We can also color events that happened long ago with a completely different emotion, because over time our assessments of the past change.

4) The next way is imagination . Using this path, we can rehearse different ways of interpreting events and fine-tune them to respond to them in the way we want.

5) You can also evoke emotions in conversations about past emotional experiences. This path is actively used by psychotherapists. It makes you re-experience past feelings.

6) Manifestation empathy , i.e., the ability to experience the emotions experienced by other people is also inherent in man. This may apply not only to close people, but also to complete strangers, whom they learned about from the media. This includes the phenomenon of shedding tears over soap operas. But this does not always happen: for example, watching a colleague show pride or glee about his success, a person may experience irritation or envy.

7) The knowledge of what to fear and what to rejoice also comes in the process education person. In this process, the child learns variations in the emotions of the people who have influenced him the most. So, for example, for a person who grew up in an atheistic environment, the threat of "heavenly punishment" does not cause any emotions, while in a religious family this is an important argument.

8) Emotions can also arise when violation of social norms (by us or others). Here reactions can be varied, from anger to fun. It all depends on the essence of this norm and the personality of the violator.

9) P. Ekman talks about another, unexpected way for emotions to arise: “When I [in the process of research] gave the face a concrete expression I was overwhelmed with strong emotional feelings. Ekman supports this version with the work of two more scientists. I tried too, I didn’t succeed, so I consider this hypothesis controversial.

Chapter 3

experiencing emotions

The assessment by our brain of the processes taking place with us can not always outweigh the work of auto-appraisers that generate emotional reactions. Even if we know we shouldn't act so emotionally, our emotions may persist. The closer the trigger is to an evolutionary theme, the less we can do to interrupt the emotional response. P. Ekman and other researchers consider this topic to be irremovable. This situation is illustrated, for example, by an experiment with a laboratory rat that first saw a cat: despite the fact that she did not have a negative experience of communicating with her, the rat still feels fear.

On the other hand, when we are overwhelmed by emotion, we interpret what is happening in accordance with it and ignore or underestimate our knowledge. At this moment we become immune and we do not absorb information that does not correspond to the emotion we experience. If this state of unresponsiveness does not last long (a few seconds), it is rather useful in helping to focus attention on the current problem. However, if we "get stuck" in this period, then this leads to a distorted assessment of ourselves and the world around us.

Biologically, we are not designed to interrupt our emotional responses at will. But sometimes it can be useful to learn how to reduce the triggers of emotions and thus regulate their manifestation. In science, there are six factors that influence how successfully we can shorten the period of immunity and weaken the trigger.

____________________________________________________________

9 Decree. op. S. 59.

1) How much the trigger is close to the worked outin the process of theme evolution. As we said above, this is the most important and most difficult to eliminate factor.

2) How close are the events reminiscent of the original The in which the trigger was learned. If, for example, a person in childhood suffered from the humiliation of an overbearing father, then in adulthood he will be extremely vulnerable to the attacks of a strict boss.

3) At what stage of life the trigger has been learned. The earlier it has been mastered, the more difficult it will be to weaken it. This is due to the child's low ability to analyze emotions and control their reactions. Psychoanalysts are well aware of this dependence: they are sometimes forced to “unwind” infantile mental trauma in order to solve actual problems. psychological problems adult patients.

4) What was initial emotional charge. The more strongly a person experienced an emotion during the initial assimilation of a trigger, the more difficult it is to weaken its influence.

5) The strength of the trigger is also affected density experience, i.e., the repetition of episodes with high emotional intensity for a short time.

6) The sixth factor P. Ekman calls "affective style". This means that a person who has faster and stronger emotional reactions (due to temperament or infantilism, for example) finds it more difficult to influence their manifestation9 (Ekman, 72).

In addition, the strength and duration of the emotions that arise are influenced by our mood . A person experiences both emotions and moods. The mood resembles a light but continuous emotional state. Both of these states belong to the realm of feelings, but between them there are a number of essential differences. First, moods last longer than emotions: the former can last a whole day or longer, while the latter can change within minutes or seconds. Secondly, the mood is not associated with the indispensable supply of a special signal through facial expression or voice. Thirdly, usually an emotion is caused by a specific event that we can indicate, while we are not aware of the reasons for the occurrence of a certain mood; they may not exist at all.

Mood is an activator of specific emotions. So, in an irritated mood, a person involuntarily looks for opportunities to become angry, such is his interpretation of the events taking place; an anxious mood can provoke fear, a dismissive mood can provoke disgust and contempt, a sad mood can provoke deep sadness. Moods slow down our reactions to changing circumstances, distorting our interpretation of what is happening and our emotional response. All this makes it difficult to control our behavior.

Chapter 4. Behavior under the influence of emotions and its correction.

As we have already found out above, it does not depend on us what physiological processes accompany our reaction to emotions, and how we look at the same time. It is also difficult to control the sounds, words and gestures we make at the moment when our emotional background “rolls over” or when we are going through a period of immunity. But we can learn to curb the kind of emotional behavior that we will later regret: restrain our actions or soften our expressions. After all, if we do not set ourselves the task of restraining emotions, then potentially each of us can harm ourselves and others, up to and including murder.

How do people understand what emotions we experience? Surrounding people see our facial expression, impulses to certain actions, hear a voice - all this is signal system for other people. The shortest emotional signal is, as we said, facial expression. The seven basic emotions have their own characteristic facial expression, inevitably manifested and universal for all cultures: sadness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust, contempt and joy. These basic emotions can vary in strength (anger - from irritation to rage) and in type (anger sullen, cold, indignant, etc.).

Voice is also an important signaling system. It has a number of features. First, he is not continuous system and at the request of a person can be "turned off". Secondly, it is more difficult to simulate the sounds of emotions that we do not experience with the voice (it is easier to give a face an insincere expression). Thirdly, the voice attracts attention even when we do not see the person, while we are forced to constantly look at the person in order to "read" the expression on his face.

When emotional arousal occurs, there may be physiological changes, such as: with anger and fear, the heart rate rises, a person may sweat; feeling relieved, a person takes a deep breath, and when embarrassed, he blushes. But these changes are deeply individual and can correspond to different emotions. For example, someone may blush both from fear and from praise, but for someone such a reaction is not typical at all.

The next signal system is impulses to physical action that can be recognized. They are as universal as voice and facial expression. So, fear is accompanied by numbness, and with a clear manifestation of the source of harm - an attempt to escape; disgusted, the person tries to turn away or feels an attack of nausea. Such impulses are involuntary and predetermined, but it may be much easier to suppress them.

[It should be borne in mind that emotional signals do not indicate their source. Your interlocutor sees your anger, but how whether this state is caused - whether by his actions or your memories of something that has nothing to do with him - he does not know. The manifestation of a certain emotion is always the same, but the reasons may be different. There is, for example, the term "Othello's mistake". Othello kills Desdemona, being sure of her betrayal. He saw that she was experiencing torment and fear, and interpreted them in the only way: he was sure that the cause of grief was the news of the death of her beloved Cassio, and the cause of fear was the threat of exposing her infidelity. But in fact, her emotions were the reaction of a faithful wife to the murder of an innocent man by an overly jealous husband and the fact that she had no way to prove her own innocence. Similarly, the manifestations of the fear of a criminal who is afraid of being caught are similar to the manifestations of an innocent person's fear of being unable to prove his alibi (Ekman, p. 83). Thus, we must remember that the emotion we observe may have other causes than the one that seems obvious to us.]

Everything else we do when we experience an emotion digestible, and is not set initially, and is specific to a particular culture and each person. It's certain words and actions and they are the product of our experience and learning. With numerous repetitions throughout life, certain behaviors are formed that turn into habits and work automatically. The totality of changes, expressions and actions forms emotional response programs that determine our behavior.

Is it possible to correct these programs? Biologically, we do not have the ability to instantly and completely turn off the reactions. Firstly, the original signals embedded in the program are preserved for some time. For facial expressions and impulses to action, this time is about a second (if a person tries to disguise this facial expression with another, then this cannot be done faster). For voice - from a few seconds. Changes in breathing, cardiac activity last even longer, about 10-15 seconds.

Secondly, there is a certain period of insensitivity (see C.7) when we are not even aware of what is happening to us, and thus do not set ourselves the task of changing our emotional behavior.

Thirdly, emotions rarely occur alone or in pure form; usually a rapid succession or a combination of emotions is experienced. This complicates our task: we need not only to realize, but also to concretize (share) the emotions experienced, and only then try to correct their undesirable manifestations.

In addition, the task is complicated by additional factors: innate temperament, bad mood established in the morning, poor health or even bad sleep, or hostility to the interlocutor.

And yet, some change in our individual program of emotional reactions is possible. It is obvious that any response that includes body movements and speech is easier to unlearn than a response that includes voice sounds and facial movement. Here we must remember that the patterns of behavior acquired in the early stages of life or learned as a result of dense emotional experience will be more difficult to forget or modify.

If a person wants to slow down his emotional behavior, then he needs to develop a different type of emotional consciousness. He must learn to do step back to analyze his condition and understand whether he wants to continue doing what makes him to make an emotion, or not. This is a kind of observer position. He must return to the moment when he starts experience emotion. Ideally, awareness of what is happening should occur immediately after automatic evaluation, but before the onset of emotion-driven behavior, that is, being aware of impulses to actions and words when they first arise. A person needs to be very careful and enter this attentiveness into a habit.

One way to help develop this quality is to use knowledge about the causes of each emotion. We talked about this above. You need to study your own triggers and the situations that reinforce them.

Another way to improve mindfulness can be to study the sensations of your own body. If, for example, you feel your lips tightening, your lower jaw tense and forward, your eyebrows moving, and your hands clenching into fists, then in all likelihood you are experiencing a fit of anger. You can try in advance (through training) to prepare a suitable reaction in order to weaken the external manifestation of such an attack.

Our mindfulness is also trained by closely observing the emotions and feelings of other people with whom we communicate. Unfortunately, we are not very good at detecting the feelings of others, unless their manifestations are too violent. But in communication we are often so focused on what the interlocutor says that we lose sight of the signals of his face or involuntary movements of the hands, betraying his true feelings at the very beginning of the conversation. If we used such information, it would be very helpful in communicating with friends or relatives. We would learn to anticipate what might happen, knowing the vulnerabilities of a loved one, and adjust our behavior so as not to hurt him.

Mindful analysis can be learned through practice, and over time, this work will become easier. But even when mindfulness becomes a habit, it doesn't always work. We may be facing a new situation for us, or the mood supports the emotion we are experiencing, or something hurts, or we are fixated on some challenging task, and then we make a mistake. Well, you can learn from these mistakes in order to reduce the likelihood of their repetition.

There are several methods that allow us to soften our emotional reactions after we have learned to be attentive.

1) You can try to re-evaluate what is happening. If this succeeds, then there are three options: emotional behavior quickly stops; another, more appropriate reaction occurs; our initial reaction is confirmed. The period of immunity, when our body resists and does not allow us to doubt the correctness of the emotion, complicates such a reassessment.

2) We can interrupt our actions and stop our speech and thus not let our feelings overwhelm us completely. This is much easier to do than to remove traces of emotion from a face or voice.

If, nevertheless, a conflict occurred, and the reason for its intensity was precisely the intemperance of emotions, then one must learn to analyze what happened at the end of this episode. The analysis should be carried out at a time when we no longer need to justify ourselves for what we have done, because the feeling of guilt or annoyance reduces the objectivity of its results. Such an analysis will help draw conclusions for the future.

Conclusions.

All people experience emotions, but each person experiences them differently. However, there are some common, universal signs for all, by which specific emotions are determined. They include physiological responses, facial expressions, voice sounds, and muscle impulses. The responses manifested in words and actions are individual for each person and are determined by social learning and life experience.

With all their diversity, emotions have common characteristics:

1) We experience a feeling, a set of sensations that we often know about.

2) Emotions can possess us for only a few seconds or be longer. If the emotional state lasts for hours, then we are talking already about the mood, not about the emotions.

3) Emotions always have a reason, and it is of great importance for a person. Causes that evoke emotions different people different.

4) Emotions arise within us spontaneously, we cannot choose them.

5) The process of assessing the significance of events, evoking emotions, and their sorting is carried out in us constantly and automatically. We are not aware of this process, unless it lasts for quite a long time.

6) At the beginning of experiencing an emotion, there is a period of immunity, when any information that refutes the validity of this emotion is blocked in the brain. This period can last from a few seconds or longer, depending on individual characteristics and the presence of reinforcing factors (appropriate mood, dense emotional experience, early assimilation of the trigger, and others).

7) We learn about our emotional state immediately when an emotion occurs, that is, after the completion of the initial automatic evaluation. Once we know this, we can begin to reassess the situation in order to change our own emotional behavior.

8) There are universal, developed in the course of evolution, the themes of emotions and their variations, learned during our lives and individual for each person.

9) There is a system of signals - clear, fast and universal - informing others about the emotions we experience.

10) A person can, at his own discretion, change his emotional behavior in terms of actions and verbal manifestations, while automatic physiological reactions, sounds, impulses and facial expressions at the time of the appearance of an emotion are almost impossible to correct.

It seems to me that the researchers cited by me in this work, in particular P. Ekman, did not indicate another way to correct emotional behavior. I mean education. There is, for example, such an expression: "The queen never cries, is not surprised at anything and does not ask for anything." Why is such a seemingly harmless emotion mentioned as surprise? Because even incorrectly demonstrated surprise can offend the interlocutor. For example, at an official reception, a representative of an African state appears in national clothes made of feathers and with accessories that are exotic from a European point of view. If the head of the host state shows his appearance of bewilderment, then the ambassador will consider himself offended, since this will be a manifestation of insufficient respect; this may affect the relationship between the two countries. Consequently, the skill of strict control over the manifestation of any emotion is instilled in a person of royal blood from childhood. Moreover, the child sees confirmation of the need for such control in the relations of the people around him. If it is not customary in the family to raise one's voice at each other, then the child, by a conscious age, gets used to not showing his emotions in this way, and this will become a habit. The sooner a person comes to the conclusion about the need for such control, the greater the chances of success.

Bibliography

Reserves of the human psyche: An introduction to the psychology of activity. Moscow: Politizdat, 1989.

M. Ascent to individuality: Book. For the teacher. M.: Education, 1991.

Psychology of emotions. I know what you feel. 2nd ed./Translated from English. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2013.

Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1983. Ch. edition: yov, yov, .

) occurs not always and not automatically, but due to following factors and circumstances:

on the characteristics of the specific situation that gives rise to the experience.

Emotions, as a rule, arise in the situation that triggers them. A feeling of resentment - in an offensive situation, fear - in a terrible one, a feeling of disgust - when confronted with a disgusting one, a feeling of pain - when critical impacts are caused to the body. See Emotions and the Situations That Generate Them

For most people, resentment and resentment are natural synonyms, but they are not. To be precise, resentment is an everyday situation (unfair violation of rights, damage to honor or status), and resentment is the experience of this event.

Initially, resentment was understood not as a feeling, but as a life event. Among the people, resentment is any nuisance ("That's what an insult happened!"). Later, resentment began to be understood as actions that lower the status of a person. "He did not invite to the feast - he offended." In the XII-XIII centuries. the main meaning of the word insult is "violation of princely law, injustice." It's not a matter of feelings, it's a matter of harm, just like stealing.

Legally, resentment is a deliberate and illegal expression of disrespect for another person by deliberately insulting him by treating him. If this is done, it is recognized as an offensive situation, regardless of whether the person experienced a feeling of resentment or not.

on the type of personality and person.

If a person walks around already irritated, he will be irritated at everything simply because he is already irritated. If a person is cheerful and joyful, most of the situations that arise will cause positive emotions in him. See emotions and mood

from one view or another of the situation.

A specific emotion is triggered by a specific vision. The child ran, fell: how will he see it? Is it interesting or scary? If the child perceives the fall as an insult, he will burst into tears from resentment. If he sees danger in this, he will be scared. If he perceives it as an adventure, he will laugh with joy. See Emotion and Vision

from some internal benefit.

The child broke an expensive service, he is threatened with parental punishment, if he is terribly upset, his mother will no longer scold him, but will regret it.

I'm confused - they tell me. Conveniently!

When a girl needs to put pressure on her boyfriend, it is usually enough for her to be offended by him. It does not help to "take offense", you can "cry": the manipulation is old, but almost flawless.

When someone rereads the mother-in-law, her heart immediately begins to ache, and this ends the unnecessary bickering.

When the boss does not want to pay wages on time, he walks around angry, and employees do not pester him with inappropriate questions...

The mechanism of the emergence of emotions was a theory. Emotions, their functions and types

The work contains 1 file

Recommend other articles

Ernesto Shut Up - biography, photos, songs, personal life, albums, height, weight

Erekle II (King of Georgia)