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What is the subject of scientific interest in social ecology. Social Ecology Study Subject

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MINISTRY OF BRANCHRUSSIA

Federal State Budgetary educational institution higher professional education

"RUSSIANSTATEHUMANITARIANUNIVERSITY "(RSUH)

INSTITUTE OF ECONOMY, GOVERNANCE AND LAW

MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT

Ecology Abstract

Social ecology

2nd year students

full-time education

Potkina Tatiana Nikolaevna

Moscow 2012

Introduction

1. Social ecology, its subject

1.1 Definitions social ecology

1.2 Subject of study

1.3 The problem of developing a common understanding of the approach to understanding the subject of social ecology

1.4 Principles of social ecology

2. Stages of development of social ecology

2.1 First stage

2.2 Second stage

2.3 Third stage

3. Environmental education

3.1 The essence of environmental education

3.2 Three components of environmental education

3.3 The main directions of environmental education

4. Technical process as a source of social and environmental problems

4.1 Conflict of technology and ecology

4.2 Socio-ecological problems of our time

4.3 Environmental content of scientific and technological revolution

Conclusion

List of source and literature

Introduction

In the 60s and 70s, it became obvious that the range of problems modern ecology has expanded unusually that it has long no longer fit into the framework of traditional biological science - ecology, which was first mentioned back in 1868 by the German biologist E. Haeckel in his book “ Natural history origin ". It does not fit, if only because environmental tension begins in the field of technology. Consequently, both technology and technical sciences are directly related to the environmental problem. But the socio-economic beginning is an even broader position that allows one to outline the true range of interests and problems of modern ecology on a large scale and comprehensively.

The priority name has become different - social ecology. This term, introduced into scientific circulation by Soviet philosophers, has become quite widespread, both in the USSR - Russia, and in the West. It is understood as an interdisciplinary complex of environmental management, the principles of organizing human activity, taking into account objective environmental laws.

The concept of social ecology is closely related to the essence of the teachings of V.I. Vernadsky and T. de Chardin about the noosphere - the sphere of reason - the highest stage of development of the biosphere, associated with the emergence and formation of civilized humanity in it. It is the inseparability of the latter from the biosphere that, according to Vernadsky, indicates main goal in the construction of the noosphere. The task is to preserve the type of biosphere in which man arose and can exist as a species.

So, the question of the term "social ecology" is more or less clear. However, there is still debate about its content and structure. It is clear that social ecology must incorporate the relevant parts of the natural, social and technical sciences. The scheme of G. A. Bachinsky, an ecologist from Lvov, is based on this principle.

The links between geography and ecology are traditional and diverse. In the 1920s and 1930s, American geographers called geography human ecology; in the 1930s, the famous German geographer K. Troll introduced the term "geoecology" and already in the 1960s and 1970s it became widespread in the West. Finally, in the 70s, Academician VB Sochava wrote about "human ecology as a key concept in geography." The term "geoecology" can be explained as follows: geographers deal with the structure and interaction of two main systems: ecological (uniting humans and the environment) and spatial (connecting one region to another through a complex volume of flows). The synthesis of these two approaches is the essence of geoecology. Any global problem cannot be solved without its preliminary "regionalization", without a detailed consideration of the country and regional situation, finding specific ways to solve it in a given place and in given conditions (natural, economic, social). It is no coincidence that the first global models (D. Meadows and others) were criticized precisely for the “total” globality, for the absence of “regionalization”. However, for maximum generalization, identification of general and most pressing environmental problems, another approach is also possible - a global one. The inextricable connection of such approaches is emphasized by the well-known slogan widely used in modern world- “think globally, act locally”.

1. Social ecology, its subject, principles and problems

1 .1 Definitionssocialecology

Social ecology (or socioecology) is a complex of scientific disciplines that considers relationships in the "society - natural environment" system and develops scientific foundations optimization of the human living environment. The terminology in this area is not well established. From the point of view of some scientists, social ecology should study the relationship of society with the geographical, social and cultural environment; according to the position of others, this is a section of human ecology that considers the relationship of social groups of society with nature, etc. Moreover, in some cases socioecology includes human ecology, in others, socioecology itself is a part of human ecology. However, social ecology is recognized worldwide scientific direction... It achieved a similar status in the system of sciences thanks to the elimination of biological determinism in defining its subject. This was facilitated by a change in the understanding that ecology is not only a natural, but also a humanitarian science.

Social ecology analyzes the attitude of a person in its inherent humanistic horizon from the point of view of its compliance with historical needs human development, from the perspective of cultural justification and perspective, through the theoretical comprehension of the world in its general definitions, which express the measure of the historical unity of man and nature. Any scientist thinks over the main concepts of the problem of interaction between society and nature through the prism of his science. The conceptual and categorical apparatus of socioecology is being formed, developed and improved. This process is diverse and covers all aspects of socioecology, not only objectively, but also subjectively, in a peculiar way reflecting scientific creativity and influencing the evolution of scientific interests and searches of both individual scientists and entire groups.

1 .2 Thingstudyingsocialecology

The subject of the study of social ecology is to identify the patterns of development of this system, value-worldview, socio-cultural, legal and other prerequisites and conditions for its sustainable development. That is, the subject of social ecology is a relation in the system “society-man-technology-natural environment”.

In this system, all elements and subsystems are homogeneous, and the connections between them determine its invariability and structure. The object of social ecology is the "society-nature" system.

1 .3 Problemworking outa singleapproachTounderstandingsubjectsocialecology

One of the most important challenges facing researchers at the present stage the formation of social ecology, is the development of a unified approach to understanding its subject. Despite the obvious progress achieved in the study of various aspects of the relationship between man, society and nature, as well as a significant number of publications on social and environmental issues that have appeared in the last two to three decades in our country and abroad, on the issue of what exactly is this industry studying scientific knowledge there are still different opinions.

In the school reference book "Ecology" A.P. Oshmarin and V.I. Oshmarina gives two options for defining social ecology: in the narrow sense, it is understood as the science "of the interaction of human society with the natural environment", and in the broad sense of the science "of the interaction of an individual and human society with natural, social and cultural environments." It is quite obvious that in each of the presented cases of interpretation we are talking about different sciences, claiming the right to be called "social ecology". No less indicative is the comparison between the definitions of social ecology and human ecology. According to the same source, the latter is defined as: “1) the science of the interaction of human society with nature; 2) the ecology of the human person; 3) the ecology of human populations, including the doctrine of ethnic groups. " The almost complete identity of the definition of social ecology, understood "in the narrow sense", and the first version of the interpretation of human ecology is clearly visible.

The desire for the actual identification of these two branches of scientific knowledge, indeed, is still characteristic of foreign science, but it is quite often subjected to well-reasoned criticism by domestic scientists. SN Solomina, in particular, pointing out the feasibility of breeding social ecology and human ecology, limits the subject to the latter consideration of the socio-hygienic and medico-genetic aspects of the relationship between man, society and nature. With a similar interpretation of the subject of human ecology, V.A. Bukhvalov, L.V. Bogdanova and some other researchers, but strongly disagree with N.A. Aghajanyan, V.P. Kaznacheev and N.F. Reimers, in their opinion, this discipline covers a much wider range of issues of interaction of the anthroposystem (considered at all levels of its organization from the individual to humanity as a whole) with the biosphere, as well as with the internal biosocial organization of human society. It is easy to see that such an interpretation of the subject of human ecology actually equates it with social ecology, understood in a broad sense. This situation is largely due to the fact that at present there has been a steady tendency for the two disciplines to converge, when there is an interpenetration of the subjects of the two sciences and their mutual enrichment due to the joint use of the empirical material accumulated in each of them, as well as methods and technologies of socio-ecological and anthropoecological research.

Today everyone more researchers are inclined towards an extended interpretation of the subject of social ecology. So, according to D.Zh. Markovich, the subject of study of modern social ecology, understood by him as a private sociology, is the specific connections between a person and his environment. Based on this, the main tasks of social ecology can be defined as follows: the study of the influence of the environment as a combination of natural and social factors on humans, as well as the influence of humans on the environment, perceived as the framework of human life.

A somewhat different, but not contradicting the previous, interpretation of the subject of social ecology is given by T.A. Akimov and V.V. Haskin. From their point of view, social ecology as a part of human ecology is a complex of scientific branches that study the relationship of social structures (starting with the family and other small social groups), as well as the relationship of a person with the natural and social environment of their habitat. This approach seems to us to be more correct, because it does not limit the subject of social ecology to the framework of sociology or any other separate humanitarian discipline, but especially emphasizes its interdisciplinary nature.

When defining the subject of social ecology, some researchers tend to emphasize the role that this young science is called upon to play in harmonizing the relationship of mankind with its environment. According to E.V. Girusov, social ecology should study, first of all, the laws of society and nature, by which he understands the laws of self-regulation of the biosphere, implemented by man in his life.

1 .4 Principlessocialecology

· Humanity, like any population, cannot grow indefinitely.

· Society in its development should take into account the measure of biospheric phenomena.

· Sustainable development of society depends on the timeliness of the transition to alternative resources and technologies.

Any transformative activity of society should be based on an environmental forecast

· The development of nature should not reduce the diversity of the biosphere and worsen the quality of life of people.

· Sustainable development of civilization depends on the moral qualities of people.

· Everyone is responsible for their actions to the future.

· We need to think globally, act locally.

· The unity of nature obliges humanity to cooperate.

2. Development stages of social ecology

2 .1 Firststage

Population explosion and scientific and technological revolution led to a colossal increase in the consumption of natural resources. So, today in the world 3.5 billion tons of oil and 4.5 billion tons of hard coal and brown coal are produced annually. At such a rate of consumption, it became obvious that many natural resources would be depleted in the near future. At the same time, the waste of giant industries began to increasingly pollute the environment, destroying the health of the population. In all industrialized countries, cancer, chronic pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases are widespread. Scientists were the first to sound the alarm.

The starting point of modern social ecology can be called the book by R. Karson, published in 1961, "Silent Spring", devoted to the negative environmental consequences of the use of DDT. The background of the writing of this work is very revealing. The transition to the cultivation of monocultures required the use of pesticides to combat the so-called pests Agriculture... The order received by the chemists was fulfilled and a potent drug with the desired properties was synthesized. The author of the invention, the Swiss scientist Müller, received the Nobel Prize in 1947, but after a very short time it became clear that DDT affects not only harmful species, but, having the ability to accumulate in living tissues, has a detrimental effect on all living things, including the human body. Freely moving over large areas and with difficulty decomposing, the drug was found even in the liver of Antarctica penguins. R. Karson's book began the stage of accumulating data on the negative ecological consequences of scientific and technological revolution, which showed that an ecological crisis is taking place on our planet.

The first stage of social ecology can be called empirical, since the collection of empirical data obtained through observation predominated. This direction of environmental research subsequently led to global monitoring, i.e. observation and collection of data on the ecological situation on our planet.

Beginning in 1968, the Italian economist Aurelio Peccei began to annually gather in Rome major specialists from different countries to discuss questions about the future of civilization. These meetings were called the Club of Rome. In the first reports to the Club of Rome, simulation mathematical methods developed by MIT professor Jay Forrester were successfully applied to the study of trends in the development of socio-natural global processes. Forrester used research methods created and applied in natural and technical sciences, to study the processes of evolution, both in nature and in society, taking place on a global scale. On this basis, the concept of world dynamics was built. For the first time, the social forecast took into account the components that can be called ecological: the final character mineral resources and limited opportunities natural complexes absorb and neutralize waste from human production activities.

If the previous forecasts, which took into account only traditional trends (production growth, consumption growth and population growth), were optimistic, then taking into account environmental parameters immediately turned the global forecast into a pessimistic version, showing the inevitability of a downward line of society development by the end of the first third of the 21st century due to the possibility of depletion of mineral resources and excessive pollution of the natural environment. So, for the first time in science, the problem of a possible end of civilization was posed not in the distant future, which was repeatedly warned by various prophets, but for a very specific period of time and for very specific and even prosaic reasons. There was a need for such an area of knowledge that would thoroughly investigate the discovered problem and find out the way to prevent an impending catastrophe.

2 .2 SecondthisP

In 1972, the book "The Limits to Growth" was published, prepared by D. Medouz's group, who created the first so-called "models of the world", which marked the beginning of the second model stage of social ecology. A special success The book "The Limits of Growth" is defined as its futurological orientation and sensational conclusions, there and by the fact that for the first time the material concerning the most diverse aspects of human activity was collected in a formal model and studied with the help of a computer. In the “models of the world”, the five main trends of world development - rapid population growth, accelerated industrial growth, widespread undernutrition, depletion of irreplaceable resources and environmental pollution - were considered in conjunction with each other. The authors of The Limits to Growth proposed a cardinal solution to overcome the threat of an ecological catastrophe - to stabilize the population of the planet and at the same time the capital invested in production at a constant level. Such a state of "global equilibrium", according to the Meadows group, does not mean stagnation, because human activity that does not require a large expenditure of irreplaceable resources and does not lead to environmental degradation (science, art, education, sports) can progress indefinitely. Supporters of "global equilibrium" do not take into account, however, the fact that the increasing technical power of man, which increases his ability to withstand natural disasters (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, sharp climate change, etc.), which he is not yet able to cope with, stimulated precisely by production goals, at least for the time being.

The assumption that the government of all countries can be forced or persuaded to maintain the population at a constant level is clearly unrealistic, and from this, among other things, it already follows that it is impossible to accept the proposal to stabilize industrial and agricultural production. We can talk about the limits of growth in certain directions, but not about the absolute limits. The task is to foresee the dangers of growth in any directions and to choose ways of flexible reorientation of development for the fullest possible implementation of the set goals.

2 . 3 Thirdstage

After the 1992 international conference on the problems of planet Earth in Rio de Janeiro, in which the heads of 179 states took part and at which for the first time the world community developed an agreed development strategy, we can talk about the beginning of the third global political stage of social ecology.

3. Environmental education

3 .1 The essenceecologicaleducation

Environmental education is a purposeful influence on a person at all stages of her life with the help of an expanded system of means and methods, which is aimed at the formation of environmental consciousness, environmental culture, environmental behavior, environmental responsibility. The need to educate members of society in certain attitudes of behavior in relation to nature arose in humanity at the most ancient stages of its development.

One of the most important tasks of environmental education is the formation in nature users, each citizen and in society as a whole, persistent attitudes towards rational use of natural resources, the ability to see the solution of individual problems, the environmental consequences of interference in natural processes, a sense of responsibility before present and future generations for the influence of their own actions are distant. on the ability of nature to be the environment for human existence.

Environmental education is a continuous process of study, upbringing, self-education, accumulation of experience and personal development, aimed at the formation of value orientations, norms of behavior and special knowledge regarding the preservation of the environment and the use of natural resources, implemented in environmentally competent activities. Very important for understanding the specifics of environmental education is the thesis that it should not act only as a system of prohibitions on certain actions. In addition to the calls that nature should be loved and protected, it is necessary to learn competent and professionally integrated nature management.

3 .2 Threeconstituentsecologicaleducation

A closer look in the process of environmental education can be divided into three relatively independent, both by methods and by goals, which are: environmental educational, environmental education and environmental education itself. They represent certain stages in the process of continuous environmental education in a broad sense.

Environmental education is the first degree in environmental education. It is intended to form the first, elementary knowledge about the peculiarities of the relationship between society and nature, about the suitability of the environment for human habitation, about the influence of human production activities on the world around us.

Environmental education is a psychological and pedagogical process of influencing a person, the purpose of which is to form the theoretical level of environmental consciousness, which in a systematic form reflects the various aspects of the unity of the world, the laws of the dialectical unity of society and nature, certain knowledge and practical skills of rational environmental management.

The purpose environmental education is to equip a person with knowledge in the field of natural, technical and social sciences, about the peculiarities of interaction between society and nature, to develop in it the ability to understand and evaluate specific actions and situations.

The highest stage is ecological education - a psychological and pedagogical process, the purpose of which is to form in an individual not only scientific knowledge, but also certain beliefs, moral principles that determine his life position and behavior in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources, ecological culture individual citizens and society as a whole, In the process of environmental education, a certain system of environmental values is formed, which will determine the thrifty attitude of man to nature, will encourage it to solve the problem of the global environmental crisis. Firstly, it provides not only the transfer of knowledge, but also the formation of convictions, the readiness of the individual, for specific actions, and secondly, it includes knowledge and the ability to carry out, along with the protection of nature, rational use of natural resources.

The specificity of ecological education lies in the development of a worldview attitude to the complex, holistic system "society-nature", the attitude of the individual to which is impossible without effective, direct and mediated participation in its functioning. The complex nature of ecological education emerges from the specifics of the object of reflection of ecological consciousness at the level of both social and personal, its functioning.

The main principle of ecological education is the principle of the material unity of the world, which organically includes the problem of social and ecological education in the system of forming a scientific worldview. Among others, one can also highlight the principles of complexity, continuity, patriotism, a combination of personal and common interests.

3 .3 The maindirectionsecologicaleducation

In the system of environmental education, the following main directions can be distinguished:

1. Political. Its important methodological principle is the provision on the correspondence between the relations between people prevailing in society and the prevailing attitude towards nature in society, which emerges from the basic law of social ecology. This direction contributes to the formation of environmental consciousness and environmental culture and a scientific approach to assessing both specific environmental problems in different socio-political systems, and the nature of these systems themselves.

2. Naturally scientific. It is based on a scientific understanding of the indissoluble unity of society and nature. Society is inextricably linked with nature, both by its origin and existence. In social terms, society is connected with nature through production, without which it cannot exist. Nature creates potential conditions for man to meet his material and spiritual needs. These needs are realized only through purposeful activities. In the production process, a person creates his own flows of matter and energy, which disorganized the cycles of energy and metabolic substances existing in nature and polished over billions of years. Thus, there is a violation of the action of the mechanisms of self-reproduction of the main qualitative parameters of the biosphere, those objective conditions that ensure the existence of man as a biological being. These violations are generated by the limited knowledge available about the laws of the development of nature, the inability to take into account all the possible consequences of human activity.

3. Legal. Environmental knowledge, developing into conviction and action, should be closely combined with the active participation of the individual in the observance by himself and others of the norms of environmental legislation, in which public interests should be reflected. The state, as the main mechanism for regulating and harmonizing the common interests of the individual and society in their relationship with nature, has the exclusive right not only to create environmental legislation, but also to coercive actions regarding individuals or their groups, aimed at observing these laws.

This direction is closely related to the formation of environmental responsibility, and not only legal, but also moral.

4. Morally aesthetic. The modern ecological situation requires from humanity a new moral orientation in relations with nature, a revision of certain norms of human behavior in the natural environment. In societies that are at the industrial stage of development, morality orients nature users towards the predatory exploitation of natural resources, towards meeting the needs of members of society, regardless of environmental impact production activities. During the transition to the industrial stage of development, when there is a qualitative leap in productive forces, the formation of an ecological imperative, which should become the norm for the moral regulation of specific ways of mastering nature, is one of the most urgent requirements.

5. Worldview. Environmental education cannot be effective without properly forming the foundations of the worldview. In order for an individual to be able to take part in the elimination of the threat of an ecological crisis, in order for it to become his inner need, his ability to give scientifically substantiated answers to the question of the essence of the world, nature, man, about the goals and limits of human knowledge and the transformation of the surrounding natural the world, about the meaning of human existence.

The main goal of environmental education is the formation of an environmental culture, which should include an environmental imperative, a system of environmental values and environmental responsibility.

4. The technical process as a source of social and environmental problems

4 .1 Conflicttechnologiesandecology

If our ancestors limited their activities only to adaptation to nature and the appropriation of its finished products, they would never have left the animal state in which they were originally. Only in opposition to nature, in constant struggle with it and transformation in accordance with their needs and goals could a creature be formed, which had passed the way from animal to man. Man was not born of nature alone, as is often claimed. The beginning of a person could only be given by such a not entirely natural form of activity as labor, main feature which is the production of certain objects (products) by the subject of labor with the help of other objects (tools). It was labor that became the basis of human evolution.

Labor activity, having given a person colossal advantages in the struggle for survival over other animals, at the same time put him in danger of becoming, over time, a force capable of destroying the natural environment of his own life.

It would be wrong to think that environmental crises provoked by human activity became possible only with the emergence of sophisticated technology and strong demographic growth. One of the most severe ecological crises took place already at the beginning of the Neolithic. Having learned well enough to hunt animals, especially large ones, people by their actions led to the extinction of many of them, including mammoths. As a result, the food resources of many human communities have been sharply reduced, and this, in turn, has led to mass extinctions. According to various estimates, the population then decreased by 8-10 times. It was a colossal ecological crisis that grew into a socio-ecological catastrophe. A way out of it was found on the path of transition to agriculture, and then to cattle breeding, to a sedentary lifestyle. Thus, the ecological niche of the existence and development of mankind has expanded significantly, which was decisively promoted by the agrarian and handicraft revolution, which led to the emergence of qualitatively new tools of labor, which made it possible to multiply the impact of man on the natural environment. The era of man's “animal life” was over, he began to “actively and purposefully interfere with natural processes, rebuild natural biogeochemical cycles”.

Pollution of nature acquired significant dimensions and intensity only during the period of industrialization and urbanization, which led to significant civilizational changes and to a mismatch between economic and environmental development. This disagreement has taken on dramatic proportions since the 50s. our century, when the rapid and still unthinkable development of the productive forces caused such changes in nature, which lead to the destruction of the biological prerequisites for human life and society. Man created technologies that deny life forms in nature. The use of these technologies leads to an increase in entropy, denial of life. The conflict between technology and ecology has its source in man himself, who is both a natural being and a bearer of technological development.

4 .2 Socio-ecologicalProblemsmodernity

Environmental problems of our time in terms of their scale can be conditionally divided into local, regional and global and require different means and different in nature for their solution. scientific developments... An example of a local environmental problem is a plant that dumps its industrial waste, harmful to human health, into the river without cleaning. This is a violation of the law. Nature protection authorities or the public must through a court fine such a plant and, under threat of closure, force it to build a treatment plant. In this case, special science is not required.

An example of regional environmental problems is the Kuzbass - an almost closed basin in the mountains filled with gases from coke ovens and the smoke of a metallurgical giant, or the drying up Aral Sea with a sharp deterioration of the ecological situation on its entire periphery, or high radioactivity of soils in the regions adjacent to Chernobyl.

To solve such problems, we already need Scientific research... In the first case - development rational methods absorption of smoke and gas aerosols, in the second - precise hydrological studies to develop recommendations for increasing runoff into the Aral Sea, in the third - to clarify the impact on public health of prolonged exposure to low doses of radiation and the development of methods for soil decontamination.

However, the anthropogenic impact on nature has reached such proportions that problems of a global nature have arisen, which no one could even suspect a few decades ago. Air pollution is occurring at a rapid rate. While the main means of obtaining energy remains the combustion of combustible fuel, therefore, oxygen consumption increases every year, and carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide enter its place, as well as great amount soot, dust and harmful aerosols.

The sharp climate warming that began in the second half of the twentieth century is a reliable fact. The average temperature of the surface air layer, in comparison with 1956-1957, when the First International Geophysical Year was held, increased by 0.7 ° C. There is no warming at the equator, but the closer to the poles, the more noticeable it is. Beyond the Arctic Circle, it reaches 2 ° C. At the North Pole, the ice water warmed by 1 ° C and the ice cover began to melt from below4. Some scientists believe that warming is the result of burning a huge mass of fossil fuel and releasing it into the atmosphere. large quantities carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse, i.e. makes it difficult to transfer heat from the surface of the Earth. Others, referring to climate change in historical time, consider the anthropogenic factor of climate warming to be negligible and associate this phenomenon with increased solar activity.

The environmental problem of the ozone layer is no less difficult. The depletion of the ozone layer is a much more dangerous reality for all life on Earth than the fall of some super-large meteorite. Ozone prevents dangerous cosmic radiation from reaching the Earth's surface. If not for ozone, these rays would destroy all living things. Research into the causes of the depletion of the planet's ozone layer has not yet provided definitive answers to all questions. The rapid growth of industry, accompanied by global pollution of the natural environment, has posed an unprecedentedly acute problem of raw materials. Of all types of resources, fresh water is in the first place in terms of the growth in demand for it and in the increase in deficit. 71% of the entire surface of the planet is occupied by water, but fresh water makes up only 2% of the total, and almost 80% fresh water are in the ice cover of the Earth. In most industrial areas, water is already perceptibly lacking, and its shortage is growing every year. In the future, the situation is alarming with another natural resource that was previously considered inexhaustible - atmospheric oxygen. When burning the products of photosynthesis of past eras - fossil fuels, free oxygen is bound into compounds.

4 .3 Ecologicalcontentscientific and technicalrevolution

The basis for the interaction of the natural environment and human society in the production of material goods is the growth of mediation in the production relationship of man to nature. Step by step, a person places between himself and nature, first the substance (instruments of labor) transformed with the help of his energy, then energy transformed with the help of instruments of labor and accumulated knowledge (steam engines, electrical installations, etc.), and finally, more recently, between the third major link of mediation arises by man and nature - information transformed with the help of electronic computers. Thus, the development of civilization is ensured by the continuous expansion of the sphere of material production, which encompasses first the tools of labor, then energy and, finally, in Lately, information.

The first link of mediation (making tools) is associated with the leap from the animal world to social world, with the second (the use of power plants) - a jump in higher form class antagonistic society, with the third (the creation and use of information devices) is connected with the conditionality of the transition to a society of a qualitatively new state in interhuman relations, since for the first time there is a possibility of a sharp increase in people's free time for their full and harmonious development. In addition, the scientific and technological revolution necessitates a qualitatively new attitude to nature, since those contradictions between society and nature that previously existed in an implicit form are exacerbated to an extreme degree.

At the same time, the restriction on the part of energy sources of labor, which remained natural, began to affect more strongly. A contradiction arose between the new (artificial) means of processing matter and the old (natural) energy sources. The search for ways to resolve the arisen contradiction led to the discovery and use of artificial energy sources. But the very solution of the energy problem gave rise to a new contradiction between artificial methods of processing matter and obtaining energy, on the one hand, and the natural (with the help of the nervous system) method of processing information, on the other. The search for ways to remove this limitation was intensified, and the problem was solved with the invention of calculating machines. Now, finally, all three natural factors (matter, energy, information) have been captured by artificial means of their use by man. Thus, all natural restrictions on the development of production, inherent in this process, were removed.

Conclusion

Social ecology studies the structure, characteristics and tendencies of functioning of objects of a special kind, objects of the so-called "second nature", i.e. objects of an artificially created by man subject environment, interacting with the natural environment. It is the existence of a "second nature" in the overwhelming majority of cases that gives rise to environmental problems arising at the junction of environmental and social systems... These, socioecological problems in their essence, act as the object of socioecological research.

Social ecology as a science has its own specific tasks and functions. Its main tasks are: the study of the relationship between human communities and the surrounding geographic-spatial, social and cultural environment, the direct and side effects of industrial activities on the composition and properties of the environment. Social ecology considers the Earth's biosphere as an ecological niche of mankind, linking the environment and human activities into a single “nature-society” system, reveals the human impact on the balance of natural ecosystems, studies the management and rationalization of the relationship between man and nature. The task of social ecology as a science is also to propose such effective ways environmental impacts that would not only prevent disastrous consequences, but also made it possible to significantly improve the biological and social conditions for the development of man and all life on Earth.

Studying the causes of the degradation of the human environment and measures for its protection and improvement, social ecology should contribute to expanding the sphere of human freedom by creating more humane relations both to nature and to other people.

List of sources and literature

1. Bganba, V.R. Social ecology: textbook / V.R. Bganba - M .: graduate School, 2004 .-- 310 p.

2. Gorelov Anatoly Alekseevich. Social ecology / A. A. Gorelov. - M .: Mosk. Lyceum, 2005 .-- 406 p.

3. Malofeev, V.I. Social ecology: Textbook for universities / V. I. Malofeev - M .: "Dashkov and K", 2004. - 260 p.

4. Markov, Yu.G. Social ecology. Interaction between society and nature: Textbook / Yu.G. Markov - Novosibirsk: Siberian University Publishing House, 2004. - 544 p.

5. Sitarov, V.A. Social ecology: a textbook for students. higher. ped. study. institutions // V.A.Sitarov, V.V. Pustovoitov. - M .: Academy, 2000 .-- 280 p.

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Social Ecology Study Subject

In this system, all elements and subsystems are homogeneous, and the connections between them determine its invariability and structure. The object of social ecology is the "society-nature" system.

The problem of developing a unified approach to understanding the subject of social ecology

One of the most important problems facing researchers at the present stage of the formation of social ecology is the development of a unified approach to understanding its subject. Despite the obvious progress achieved in the study of various aspects of the relationship between man, society and nature, as well as a significant number of publications on social and environmental issues that have appeared in the last two to three decades in our country and abroad, on the issue of what exactly is studying this branch of scientific knowledge, there are still different opinions.

Today, an increasing number of researchers are inclined towards an expanded interpretation of the subject of social ecology. So, according to D.Zh. Markovich, the subject of study of modern social ecology, understood by him as a private sociology, is the specific connections between a person and his environment. Based on this, the main tasks of social ecology can be defined as follows: the study of the influence of the environment as a combination of natural and social factors on humans, as well as the influence of humans on the environment, perceived as the framework of human life.

Principles of social ecology

· Humanity, like any population, cannot grow indefinitely.
· Society in its development should take into account the measure of biospheric phenomena.
· Sustainable development of society depends on the timeliness of the transition to alternative resources and technologies.
Any transformative activity of society should be based on an environmental forecast
· The development of nature should not reduce the diversity of the biosphere and worsen the quality of life of people.
· Sustainable development of civilization depends on the moral qualities of people.
· Everyone is responsible for their actions to the future.
· We need to think globally, act locally.
· The unity of nature obliges humanity to cooperate.

Social ecology - a scientific discipline that considers relationships in the "society-nature" system, studying the interaction and relationship of human society with the natural environment (Nikolai Reimers).

But such a definition does not reflect the specifics of this science. Social ecology is currently being formed as a private independent science with a specific subject of research, namely:

The composition and characteristics of the interests of social strata and groups that exploit natural resources;

Perception by different social strata and groups of environmental problems and measures to regulate natural resource use;

Consideration and use in the practice of environmental protection measures of the characteristics and interests of social strata and groups

Thus, social ecology is the science of the interests of social groups in the field of environmental management.

Types of social ecology.

Social ecology is divided into the following types:

Economic

Demographic

Urban

Futurological

Legal

Main tasks and problems

The main task social ecology is the study of the mechanisms of human impact on the environment and those transformations in it that are the result of human activity.

Problems social ecology is mainly reduced to three main groups:

planetary scale - a global forecast for population and resources in conditions of intensive industrial development ( global ecology) and defining paths further development civilization;

regional scale - study of the state of individual ecosystems at the level of regions and districts (regional ecology);

microscale - the study of the main characteristics and parameters of urban living conditions (city ecology or city sociology).

Wednesday, surrounding a person, its specificity and condition.

Under the habitat usually understand natural bodies and phenomena with which the organism (organisms) are in direct or indirect relationship. Individual elements of the environment to which organisms react with adaptive reactions (adaptations) are called factors.

Along with the term "habitat", the concepts of "ecological environment", "habitat", "environment", "natural environment", "natural environment", etc. are also used. There are no clear differences between these terms, but some of them follow stay. In particular, under the recently popular term "environment" is meant, as a rule, an environment in one way or another (in most cases to a large extent) changed by man. Close to it in terms of the meaning of "man-made environment", "built environment", "industrial environment".

The natural environment, the surrounding nature, is an environment that has not been changed by man or changed to a small extent. The term "habitat" is usually associated with that environment of life of an organism or species, in which the entire cycle of its development is carried out. General Ecology usually refers to the natural environment, the surrounding nature, habitats; in Applied and Social Ecology - about the environment. This term is often considered an unfortunate translation from English environment, since there is no indication of the object that surrounds the environment.

The influence of the environment on organisms is usually assessed through individual factors (lat. Doing, producing). Environmental factors are understood as any element or condition of the environment to which organisms respond with adaptive responses, or adaptations. Beyond the limits of adaptive reactions are the lethal (fatal for organisms) values of the factors.

The specificity of the action of anthropogenic factors on organisms.

Several specific features of the action of anthropogenic factors can be distinguished. The most important of them are as follows:

1) irregularity of action and, therefore, unpredictability for organisms, as well as a high intensity of changes, incommensurate with the adaptive capabilities of organisms;

2) practically unlimited possibilities of action on organisms, up to complete destruction, which is characteristic of natural factors and processes only in rare cases(natural disasters, cataclysms). Human impacts can be both purposeful, such as competing against organisms called pests and weeds, and unintentional fishing, pollution, destruction of habitats, etc .;

3) as a result of the activity of living organisms (humans), anthropogenic factors act not as biotic (regulating), but as specific (modifying). This specificity is manifested either through a change in the natural environment in a direction unfavorable for organisms (temperature, moisture, light, climate, etc.), or through the introduction into the environment of agents alien to organisms, united by the term "xenobiotics";

4) no species commits any actions to the detriment of itself. This feature is inherent only in a person endowed with reason. It is the person who has to fully receive negative results from the polluted and destructible environment. Biological species simultaneously change and condition the environment; a person, as a rule, changes the environment in a direction that is unfavorable for himself and other creatures;

5) a person has created a group of social factors that are the environment for the person himself. The effect of these factors on humans is, as a rule, no less significant than natural ones. An integral manifestation of the action of anthropogenic factors is a specific environment created by the influence of these factors.

Man, and to a large extent other creatures, currently live in an environment that is the result of anthropogenic factors. It differs from the classical environment that was considered in general ecology in the range of action of natural abiotic and biotic factors. Man's noticeable change in the environment began when he moved from gathering to more active activities such as hunting, and then the domestication of animals and the cultivation of plants. Since that time, the principle of "ecological boomerang" began to work: any impact on nature, which the latter could not assimilate, returned to man as a negative factor. Man more and more separated himself from nature and enclosed it in a shell of the environment he himself created. Human contact with the natural environment was increasingly diminished.

What color is the grass or sky on a clear summer day? What color is orange or lemon? Probably, any person from early childhood will answer these questions without thinking twice. And here is the question: "What is this color -" withered rose "or" Marengo "? - will make many people think before answering. Although it is one of the common favorite colors in clothing design. A good secondary level is also required, and even better - artistic special training to distinguish the color of "Pompey" from the color of "Syracuse" or the color of "Kuindzhi" from "Van Dyck". Well, and to the question: "What color is the" thigh of a frightened nymph "or" song of the lark "?" - only the authors of these names will definitely answer. But the names of these colors and similar ones have already sounded more than once from the Parisian high fashion catwalks and, probably, many non-Parisians would like to know out of curiosity, and maybe even sew something for themselves in the color of a “nymph”. Unfortunately, neither the color printing of magazines nor the broadcast on television will be able to convey the true color. And then they come to the rescue basic color characteristics, by which you can pick up any color. True, ordinary seamstresses do not really use them, but professional fashion designers, textile workers, designers, as well as military and criminologists, manufacturers of paints and precision measuring devices cannot do without them.

Hue, lightness, and saturation- subjective basic characteristics of color. They are called subjective because they are used to describe visual sensations, in contrast to the objective ones, determined with the help of instruments.

Color tone - the main characteristic of chromatic colors, is determined by the similarity of a given color with one of the colors of the spectrum. The color tone denotes a person's own color sensations - red, yellow, yellow-red, and each of these sensations is generated by radiation of a certain wavelength (A.). So, for example, the red color tone corresponds to the wavelength - 760 nm, and blue-green - 493 nm. When we look at a red rose and a yellow dandelion, we see that they differ in color tone - red and yellow.

Achromatic colors have no color tone. "Color tone" in color science and "tone" in painting - different concepts... Artists change the tone of color or tonality using white paint, which reduces the intensity of the color, increasing its lightness. Or by overlaying layers of paint on top of one another. The concept of "tone" is also used in drawing. V fine arts terms such as semitone, subtone, shade ... A semitone is a darker or lighter tone. For example, blue and light blue. A subtone is an admixture of another color in the main color tone, which creates a hue. For example, magenta is a shade of red, namely red with a blue tint.

Lightness. When we look at two green leaves on the same branch of a tree, we see that they can be the same in color tone, but one can be lighter (illuminated by the sun), and the other darker (in the shade). In these cases, the colors are said to differ in lightness.

Lightness is a characteristic of colors that determines the closeness of chromatic and achromatic colors to white. Estimated by the reflection coefficient (p), measured as a percentage or nits (nt). On the scale, the luminosity is the lightest - White color... The darkest is black, between them there are gradations of pure gray. Among the spectral colors, the lightest is yellow, the darkest is violet.

Lightness is characterized by the degree of brightness of direct or reflected radiation, but at the same time, the sensation of lightness is not proportional brightness ... We can say that brightness is the physical basis for lightness. Very often these concepts are confused in the floristic literature.

Brightness (radiation power) is an objective concept, since it depends on the amount of light that enters the observer's eye from an object that emits, transmits or reflects light. In everyday life, the difference between brightness and lightness is usually not noticed, and both concepts are considered almost equivalent. However, you can notice some difference in the use of these terms, which reflects the difference in both characteristics. As a rule, the word "brightness" is used to characterize especially light surfaces, strongly illuminated and reflective a large number of Sveta. So, for example, sunlit snow is a bright surface, and white wall the rooms are bright. The term "luminance" is primarily used to evaluate light sources. Finally, this term is often used to characterize color, meaning such qualities of the latter as saturation or clarity.

Saturation. If we compare two transparent glasses, in one of which is poured orange juice, and in the other - water slightly tinted with orange dye, then we will notice a difference in orange color in saturation. (And the taste of these drinks is also very different).

Saturation is a characteristic of colors, which is determined by the content of pure chromatic color in a mixed color (P), expressed in fractions of a unit. Pure chromatic colors are spectral colors... Their purity is taken as one. The lower the saturation of the chromatic color, the closer it is to achromatic colors, and the easier it is to find the achromatic color corresponding to it in terms of lightness. Therefore, sometimes in the color science literature there is a definition of saturation as “the degree of difference of a given chromatic color from a gray color similar to it in lightness”. The combination of hue and saturation is called chromaticity .

Thus, all chromatic colors are estimated by parameters, the numerical determination of which makes it possible to characterize all possible combinations of color emissions.

That is, anywhere in the world it is possible to determine with almost one hundred percent accuracy what is the color loved by Parisian designers - “the color of the thigh of a frightened nymph”. (If they, of course, kindly tell the world the color parameters are the main characteristics of this color.)

What is the subject of scientific interest in social ecology. Social Ecology Study Subject

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