Russian naval commander of the 18th century. Great Russian commanders, naval commanders, military leaders, military scientists and designers
Questions:
1. Great Russian commanders, naval commanders, military leaders.
2. Great Russian military scientists and designers.
Love for the Fatherland gave birth in Russia to a whole galaxy of outstanding commanders and naval commanders.
V people's memory the glorious names of the commanders of Ancient Russia, the organizers of the military defense of the Russian lands Svyatoslav, Yaroslav the Wise (978-1054), Prince Vladimir Monomakh (1053-1125) and others have been preserved.
The entire conscious life of Prince Svyatoslav I Igorevich (942 - 972) was spent in campaigns and battles. He is the first of Kiev princes abandoned tribal militias and relied on a small professional army. In terms of geographical scope, his campaigns were comparable to those of Hannibal and A. Macedon. He became famous for the defeat of the Khazar Khaganate.
The military talent of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (c. 1220 - 1263) flashed like a bright star. At the age of 20, he defeated the Swedish conquerors on the Neva River (1240), and at 22, the German “dog-knights” during the Battle of the Ice (1242). The memory of A. Nevsky is celebrated by the Russian Orthodox Church on the 23rd day of the month of November and on the 30th day of the month of August. In 1725 in Russia and in 1942 in COOP, an order named after a talented commander was established. In the modern award system, the Order of A. Nevsky occupies worthy place.
In the history of our country, a huge role was played by the victory won in 1380 on the Kulikovo field by the troops of the Moscow Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy (1350 - 1389). He made a great contribution to the unification of Russian lands. The defeat of the hordes of Khan Mamai appeared milestone liberation of Russia and other peoples of Eastern Europe from the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
The activity of Tsar Peter I (1672 - 1725) as an outstanding statesman and military figure, a reformer of Russia was fruitful and multifaceted. He was clearly aware that the economic and cultural development countries demanded to provide access to the Baltic and Black Seas.
The historical role of Peter I is to create a regular Russian army and navy. He raised a galaxy of talented military leaders. Among them, the largest are F.A. Golovin, B.P. Sheremetev, A.D. Menshikov and others.
The king himself went down in history as an outstanding commander. He showed high organizational skills and the talent of a commander during the Azov campaigns (1695 - 1696), in northern war(1700 - 1721), during Persian campaign(1722 - 1723). Under the direct leadership of Peter in the famous Battle of Poltava (1709), the troops of the Swedish king Charles XII were defeated and captured.
The second half of the 18th century was fruitful for Russian military art. In time, this coincided with the reign of Catherine II, with the period of numerous wars with Turkey, Sweden and a number of other states.
At this time, the military talent of Field Marshal P.A. manifested itself with particular force. Rumyantsev (1725 - 1796). The biggest victories were won by him during the first Russian- Turkish war(1768 - 1774), especially in the battles of the Pockmarked Grave, Larga and Cahul and many other battles. The Turkish army was defeated. Rumyantsev became the first holder of the Order of St. George, I degree and received the title of Transdanubian.
As a commander, P. Rumyantsev was courageous and wise, he knew how to concentrate the main forces on decisive directions, he carefully developed a plan of military operations. He was the initiator of the creation of deep battle formations.
Despite the defeat in the first war, Turkey did not give up its aggressive aggressive goals and in August 1787 began new war with Russia. In this war, under the leadership of the outstanding commander G.A. Potemkin (1739-1791), Russian troops won many major victories. The Turkish fortresses of Ochakov and Izmail were taken, Turkish troops were defeated at Rymnik and Focsani.
In a number of naval battles, the Turkish fleet was defeated and sunk. For military and political achievements, Field Marshal G.A. Potemkin received the title of "Highest Prince of Tauride".
The rise of Russian military art in the second half of the 18th century. associated with the outstanding military activities of A.V. Suvorov and F.F. Ushakov.
The great Russian commander Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov (1730 - 1800) for 55 years military activities passed all stages of army service - from private to generalissimo. In two wars against Ottoman Empire Suvorov was finally recognized as "the first sword of Russia." It was he who took the impregnable fortress of Izmail by storm, defeated the Turks at Rymnik, Focsany, Kinburn, etc. The Italian campaign of 1799 and the victory over the French, the immortal crossing of the Alps were the crowning achievement of his military leadership. A. Suvorov went down in the history of Russia as an innovative commander who made a huge contribution to the development of military art, developed and implemented completely new methods and forms of military operations. Suvorov's strategy and tactics were outlined by him in The Science of Victory. The essence of Suvorov's tactics is the three martial arts: eye, speed, on-
During his life, the legendary commander fought 63 battles, and all of them were victorious. His name has become synonymous with victory, military prowess, heroism and patriotism. The Suvorov heritage is still used in the training and education of troops.
Among the outstanding Russian naval commanders, Admiral Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov (1744 - 1817) occupies a worthy place. He laid the foundations for new naval tactics, founded the Black Sea Navy, talentedly led it, winning a number of remarkable victories in the Black and Mediterranean Seas: in the Kerch naval battle, in the battles of Tendra, Kaliakria, and others. Ushakov’s significant victory was the capture of the island of Corfu in February 1799 city, where the combined actions of ships and land landing forces were successfully used.
Admiral Ushakov conducted 40 naval battles. And they all ended with brilliant victories. The people called him the naval Suvorov.
V early XIX century, in the galaxy of talented Russian commanders and naval commanders, Field Marshal Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov (1745 - 1813) stood out noticeably. He began his military service at the age of 15 with the rank of corporal, and at the age of 17 he already commanded a company. He fought against the Turks, Tatars, Poles, French in various positions, including the position of commander in chief of armies and troops. He formed light cavalry and infantry that did not exist in the Russian army.
Kutuzov's leadership talent flourished with particular force in the Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon's aggression. The turning point of the war was the famous Battle of Borodino. The French army was so bled during the battle that this subsequently predetermined its defeat. If Napoleon sought to decide the outcome of the battle with a general battle, then M.I. Kutuzov countered this with a flexible form of struggle. Without avoiding a general battle, he made extensive use of the system of individual counterattacks, troop maneuvers, active defense and offensive. And the crown of these actions was a decisive counteroffensive and pursuit of the enemy.
During the war, under the leadership of Kutuzov, such gifted generals as M.B. Barclay de Tolly, P.I. Bagration, N.N. Raevsky, A.P. Ermolov, M.I. Platov and many others.
In the wars that Russia had to wage in the 19th century, the domestic fleet distinguished itself more than once. Naval commanders M.P. Lazarev, P.S. Nakhimov, V.A. Kornilov, V.I. Istomin and others. A brilliant victory was won over the Turkish fleet in the Navarino naval battle (October 1827). During the Crimean War (1853 - 1856), the talent of Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov (1802 - 1855) was fully manifested. Under his leadership during Sinop battle the Turkish fleet was completely destroyed. For many months, Nakhimov successfully led the defense of Sevastopol. He enjoyed great prestige and love of the defenders of the city, set an example of courage and endurance. During one of the detours of positions, he was mortally wounded by a bullet in the head on Malakhov Hill.
A remarkable naval commander was Vice Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov (1849 - 1904). He was the founder of the theory of unsinkability of the ship, one of the organizers of the creation of destroyers and torpedo boats. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1877 - 1878. carried out successful attacks on enemy ships with pole mines. He made two round-the-world trips and a number of Arctic voyages. He skillfully commanded the Pacific squadron during the defense of Port Arthur in Russo-Japanese War 1904 - 1905 S.O. Makarov is the author of more than 50 scientific works in various branches of naval affairs.
With particular force, military leadership talent was demonstrated by our compatriots during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. It was on the commanders and naval commanders that the whole burden of leading the armed struggle, the whole responsibility for its successes and failures, fell. And they justified the hopes of the people.
The most famous commander who made the greatest contribution to the defeat of the aggressor was Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (1896 - 1974).
The first glory for G. Zhukov was brought by the Khalkhingol operation in the summer of 1939, when imperialist Japan carried out an armed invasion of the territory of Mongolia, which was friendly to the USSR. The Japanese were surrounded and utterly defeated. The idea of this operation and its leadership belonged to the commander of the 1st Army Group, commander G.K. Zhukov.
Throughout the Great Patriotic War, he was Deputy Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. As a representative of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, he was constantly in the main strategic directions, in the most tense sectors of the front. He led troops near Moscow, Leningrad, Stalingrad, on the Kursk Bulge, etc. And everywhere he achieved brilliant military victories.
Special merit of G.K. Zhukov as a talented commander lies in the fact that the development of plans for all major operations of the united fronts, large groupings of Soviet troops and their implementation took place under his leadership. These operations always ended victoriously. They were decisive for the outcome of the war.
For outstanding services to the Fatherland G.K. Zhukov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union four times. He was awarded two orders of "Victory", including the badge number 1. He became the first holder of the Order of Suvorov, I degree, was awarded numerous foreign orders. The people rightly call G.K. Zhukov Marshal of Victory.
Great merit in achieving victory over the Nazi invaders belongs to the Marshal of the Soviet Union Alexander Mikhailovich Vasilevsky (1895 - 1977). Almost throughout the war, he headed the General Staff of the Armed Forces, was a member of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command. He took an active part in the development of plans for the most important military operations and their implementation. His leadership talent was most clearly manifested in the post of commander of the 3rd Belorussian Front during the East Prussian operation, in which the largest Wehrmacht grouping was defeated.
After the victory over Germany, A. Vasilevsky was the Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet troops in the Far East. Under his leadership, the millionth Kwantung Army was defeated within 24 days. After that, Japan was forced to capitulate.
For outstanding military-strategic activity in the defense of the Fatherland A.M. Vasilevsky was awarded two Orders of Victory and two Gold Stars of the Hero of the Soviet Union.
Among the outstanding commanders of the Great Patriotic War, Marshals of the Soviet Union K.K. Rokossovsky, I.S. Konev, L.A. Govorov, K.A. Meretskov, S.K. Timoshenko, F.I. Tolbukhin, V.I. Chuikov, A.I. Eremenko, R.Ya. Malinovsky, Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N.G. Kuznetsov.
A significant contribution to achieving victory over the enemy was also made by army generals N.F. Vatutin, I.D. Chernyakhovsky, I.V. Tyulenev, A.I. Antonov, Air Chief Marshals A.A. Novikov, A.E. Golovanov, Chief Marshal of Artillery N.N. Voronov, Chief Marshal of the Armored Forces P.A. Rotmistrov, Admirals F.S. Oktyabrsky, V.F. Tributs, I.S. Yumashev and others. Their glory will outlive the ages.
The famous naval commander was Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov (1904-1974). In 1939, he put into effect a three-stage system of operational readiness of the forces of the Navy, which in June 1941 made it possible in a short time to prepare ships and fleet formations, controls - to repel a sudden attack by the enemy and deploy forces at sea for combat operations. On the night of June 22, 1941, N. Kuznetsov transferred the forces of the fleet to readiness No. 1. This contributed to the fact that German air raids on naval bases turned out to be almost fruitless. During the Great Patriotic War, he confidently led the military operations of the Navy. His naval talent was fully revealed in the implementation of the interaction of fleets with ground forces, during which the main efforts of the fleets were aimed at securing the coastal flanks of the Red Army, actively disrupting the enemy’s maritime transport and protecting their sea and ocean communications. He showed high organizational skills in the defense of a number of naval bases, as well as in developing plans and conducting a number of operations. For the skillful leadership of the combat operations of the fleets and the successes achieved as a result of these operations, N. Kuznetsov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
The Russian land is rich in great commanders, naval commanders and military leaders who have gained fame both in Russia and abroad, their glorious names and deeds will remain forever in the memory of the people.
For a long time in Russia, the main weapon remained a straight Russian sword, glorified by the storytellers of epics as a heroic weapon. Russian masters even managed to make changes to the traditional design of the sword that enhance its combat power. However, the struggle against the numerous opponents of Russia, who were trying to seize its lands, required the improvement of weapons. And already in the annals of the Pustynsky Holy Trinity Monastery of 1378, it is told about “fiery shooting and matchmaking”.
In Russia, firearms (both hand and artillery) were initially called the same - squeaker. A significant difference in design arose only with the advent of matchlocks at the end of the 15th century.
Until the 40s of the 19th century, the main type of small arms in Russia, as in most states, were smooth-bore flintlock guns loaded from the muzzle.
In 1856, in Russia, rifled weapons received an official name - a rifle. But more than a dozen years passed before the Russian army switched to a magazine five-shot three-line (7.62 mm) rifle of the 1891 model, developed by the Russian designer, staff captain S.I. Mosin (1849-1902). For the creation of this rifle, which has excellent technical characteristics, he was awarded the Big Mikhailovskaya Prize - the most prestigious award for an invention in the field of artillery and weapons. The rifle really turned out to be so successful that it was successfully used both in Russian and in Soviet army. Only in 1944, the production of the rifle was discontinued.
Because of the desire to further increase the rate of fire, design thought turns to the creation of new weapons - machine guns and machine guns.
The founder of the national school of automatic weapons is V.G. Fedorov (1874-1966). He designed in 1912 an automatic rifle of 7.62 mm caliber, and in 1916 - the world's first machine gun chambered for a 6.5 mm rifle cartridge. Fedorov's automatic weapons were used in World War I and the Civil War.
In the prewar years, the Red Army received a series of machine guns made by students of V.G. Fedorov: easel heavy machine gun V.A. Degtyarev and G.S. Shpagin - DShK, Degtyarev submachine gun - PPD, Shpagin submachine gun - PPSh.
The talented and original designer F.V. Tokarev (1871-1968). He created about 150 different types of weapons.
An interesting story is the creation of the TT pistol in the pre-war years. Design tests took place in 1931. Along with the domestic ones, 17 best foreign systems were tested. The Colts misfired, the barrels of the Mausers were torn, and the TT continued to shoot without fail. In all respects, he was recognized as the best. But the main achievement in Tokarev's creative life is his automatic rifle. The designer worked on its creation for 30 years. In 1938, she was adopted by the Red Army.
Widely known during the Great Patriotic War was the submachine gun A.I. Sudayev (1912-1946) (teaching staff). It is rightfully considered the best submachine gun of the Second World War period. Not a single sample could compare with it in terms of simplicity of the device, reliability, non-failure operation, and ease of use. The Sudaevsky weapons were very fond of paratroopers, tankers, scouts, and skiers.
During the war years, the talent of M.T. Kalashnikov (1919-2013), whose handiwork has become a symbol of modern design thought in the field of small arms.
A simple, unpretentious and powerful Kalashnikov assault rifle (AK), which is more than half a century old, even today overshadows the glory of foreign developments. Only officially, the AK-47 was put into service in 55 countries of the world, it is depicted in the national emblems of 6 states. In total, about 100 million AKs were produced.
But the design idea does not stand still. Since 1993, the development of the AN-94 assault rifle began.
The creator of this truly unique weapon G.N. Nikonov (1950-2003) managed to increase the efficiency of fire several times compared to the Kalashnikov.
Russian artillery has a remarkable history. In the workshops of the cannon yard, the remarkable cannon and bell maker Andrei Chokhov cast in 1586 the largest cannon in the world in terms of caliber. The Tsar Cannon is still located on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin.
A major contribution to the development of Russian artillery was made by P.I. Shuvalov (1710-1762). Under his leadership, Russian artillery officers M. Danilov, M. Zhukov, M. Martynov, I. Meller, M. Rozhnov in 1757 - 1759 developed several samples of smooth-bore howitzers for firing with flat and mounted fire. These tools, depicting a mythical beast with a horn in its forehead, were called "unicorns". Unicorns have been adopted near European countries and stayed in service with over 10O / ut.
In 1872 - 1877 artillery engineer B.C. Baranovsky created the first rapid-fire artillery gun and used cartridge loading on it. None of the foreign guns at that time could surpass the domestic cannon of the 1902 model, created according to the ideas of V. Baranovsky by the professor of the Mikhailovskaya Artillery Academy N.A. Zabludsky.
76-mm cannon designed by V.G. Grabin (1900-1980), Hitler's artillery consultant Professor Wolf, considered "the best 76-mm gun of the Second World War" and one of the "most general designs in the history of cannon artillery." Under the leadership of V. Grabin, before the Great Patriotic War, a 57-mm anti-tank gun was created, which knew no equal, as well as a powerful 100-mm anti-tank gun.
During the war years, the 152-mm howitzer designed by F.F. Petrov.
During the war years, guards mortar units, armed with BM-13 rocket artillery combat vehicles ("Katyusha"), covered themselves with unfading glory. At the origins of the creation of this powerful weapon were N.I. Tikhomirov and V.A. Artemiev. In 1939, it was first used in the form of aircraft projectiles. On July 14, 1941, a rocket launcher mounted on the chassis of a ZIS-5 truck was baptized by fire near the city of Orsha.
After the Great Patriotic War, the evolution of salvo fire systems continued thanks to A.N. Ganichev (1918-1983). He proposed new approaches and original technical solutions in the design of uncontrolled jet engines and warheads.
In 1963, the Grad divisional rocket system with a firing range of more than 20 km, a caliber of 122 mm and 40 guides was adopted by our army. It gave impetus to the intensive development of multiple launch rocket systems not only in our country, but throughout the world. However, the creative thought of A. Ganichev was directed to the future. Even when the production of "Grad" was just beginning, the designer proposed a highly efficient 200-mm army system "Hurricane" with 16 guides.
He also had ideas about creating a 300-mm MLRS with a firing range of up to 70 km. However, the student of A. Ganichev, G. Denezhkin, had to complete work on the "Smerch".
Modern multiple launch rocket systems and artillery systems "Smerch", "Hurricane", "Grad", "Meta", "Hyacinth", "Acacia" are a formidable warning to our potential adversaries.
In 1915, the Russian designer A.A. Porohovshchikov presented for testing a prototype of the Vezdekhod combat vehicle, armed with two machine guns placed in a rotating turret. Since then, Russian tank builders have been successfully competing with foreign ones in the creation of armored vehicles.
On December 19, 1939, the legendary T-34 was adopted by our army. The creator of this miracle machine is a team of designers led by M.I. Koshkin (1989-1940). By the optimal combination of combat properties - firepower, armor protection and mobility, as well as by the simplicity of design and manufacturability - the thirty-four has become a role model for many years.
Together with the T-34, our heavy tanks KB and IS also successfully operated against the enemy. The creator of these wonderful machines is J.Ya. Kotin (1908-1979). V post-war years under the leadership of J. Kotin, a floating tank PT-76 was created, as well as a whole family of tracked chassis for transporting missiles. The development of a new generation tank was also begun, the completion of which was the creation of one of the best modern T-72 tanks.
A new Russian tank, developed by a design bureau team led by V.I. Potkin, - rocket-gun T-90. This machine has absorbed the engineering solutions embodied in the T-72 and T-80, at the same time, each of its nodes, the system has a new quality. However, the T-90 is already preparing a worthy replacement in the face of armored vehicles based on the Armata platform.
Russia's achievements in the field of aircraft manufacturing are widely known throughout the world. Back in 1876, the researcher and inventor of heavier-than-air aircraft A.F. Mozhaisky (1825-1890) publicly demonstrated the flights of his models. And in 1882, he built a life-size "aeronautical projectile", which was 10-15 years ahead of foreign competitors.
The talent of domestic aircraft designers was revealed with particular force during the Great Patriotic War. The role in achieving victory over the enemy of Soviet designers S.V. is great. Ilyushin, S.A. Lavochkina, A.I. Mikoyan, V.M. Myasishchev, V.M. Petlyakova, P.O. Sukhoi, A.N. Tupolev, A.S. Yakovlev and others. In many respects, the machines they created were superior to the aircraft in service with Nazi Germany.
In the post-war years, designers in the USSR actively worked on the creation of jet aircraft, their developments are continued and developed by aviation design bureaus in modern Russia.
Thus, the capabilities of the Su-35 multipurpose fighter are unique. The chief designer of this machine is N.F. Nikitin. Suffice it to say that not a single fighter in the world carries as many missiles as the Su-35 - fourteen, and its bomb load reaches 8 tons.
The Su-34 front-line bomber will form the basis of the strike power of the Russian front-line aviation. It is a worthy replacement for the all-weather round-the-clock front-line bomber Su-24M. The development and serial production of the Su-34 front-line bomber is one of the priority programs of the Sukhoi company.
There are many other developments in Russia aviation technology that we can be proud of. So, only our country has ekranoplanes. A unique technique created in the design bureau of R.E. Alekseev, has a displacement of more than 500 tons and a flight speed of 400-500 km / h.
The Ka-50 anti-tank helicopter, called the "Black Shark", has no analogues in the world. Created under the leadership of General Designer S.V. Mikheev, it is capable of detecting and destroying a tank-type target at a distance of up to 5000 meters at night. The Kamov company also created a number of other promising rotorcraft: the multi-purpose, all-weather double Ka-52 Alligator, the Ka-60 Kasatka.
The role of A.A. Raspletina (1908-1967) compared the creation of defensive air defense systems with the role that M. Kalashnikov played in the development of small arms. Under his leadership, the first domestic anti-aircraft missile system S-25 was created in a short time. In May 1955, she was put into service.
Then came the S-125, S-200, S-300 systems. The work of A. Raspletin was completed by his associates and students, primarily B.V. Bunkin. The S-300PMU-1 anti-aircraft missile system makes it possible to effectively deal with all means of enemy attack, including stealth aircraft and cruise missiles. The modern S-400 Triumph complex has even higher technical and combat characteristics. The general designer of NPO Almaz, A.A. Lemansky (1935-2007).
The power of the Strategic Missile Forces in different periods their stories were multiplied by the general designers S.P. Korolev and M.K. Yangel, V.N. Chelomey, V.F. Utkin, A.D. Nadiradze, Yu.S. Solomon.
A significant contribution to the development of domestic and world shipbuilding was made by prominent Russian shipbuilding scientists: Admiral A.A. Popov, Lieutenant General of the Corps of Ship Engineers E.E. Gulyaev, General of the Fleet A.N. Krylov, during the years of Soviet power - Rear Admiral V.I. Pershin, Academician Yu.A. Shimansky, a well-known specialist in the field of hydrodynamics I.A. Titov.
Domestic history is rich in great achievements and discoveries in the military-technical field. The inquisitive mind of Russian masters penetrated the most secret secrets of nature, absorbed all the best from world practice and created their own, domestic, unique. Thanks to the selfless work of Russian scientists, engineers and designers, our army has something to defend the freedom and independence of the Motherland.
Guidelines.
In the opening speech, one should emphasize the role of Russian and Soviet generals and naval commanders in the development of military art, show the significance of their theoretical views and practice for modern military science and military construction.
During the disclosure of the first question, it is advisable to concrete examples and facts to demonstrate the superiority of the national military school in different periods of time over the military science of other countries, point to the continuity of military leaders and commanders Russian army in the development of military theory and practice.
In the course of considering the second educational issue, it is necessary to show the place, role and significance of the activities of domestic scientists and designers of weapons and military equipment in strengthening the country's defense capability.
Recommended literature:
1. Shishov A., Satsuta A. Great Russian commanders, naval commanders and commanders // Landmark. - 2006. - No. 5.
2. Great Russian commanders and naval commanders. Stories about fidelity, about exploits, about glory ... - M .: Tsentrpoligraf, 2011.
3. Military encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 1983
Major Boris IVANOV
The Soviet navy became a worthy heir to the traditions of the Russian fleet, laid down by Peter the Great. Many Soviet naval commanders deserve the most highly appreciated. "Historian" offers to get acquainted with five, perhaps the most prominent admirals of the Soviet fleet.
LEV GALLER
Born November 17, 1883 in Vyborg in the family of a military engineer and the daughter of a pastor. After graduating with honors from the Tiflis gymnasium in 1902, he was enrolled in a special class of the Naval Cadet Corps.
the first world war met in the position of the flagship gunner of the brigade of battleships of the Baltic Fleet. He received his baptism of fire in August 1915, while on the battleship Slava, in battle with the German battleships Posen and Nassau. In the Battle of Moonzund, he already participated as a senior officer of Glory, and after the death of the battleship Lev Galler, he was appointed to command the destroyer Turkmenets Stavropolsky.
Taking the side of the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution, Captain 1st Rank Lev Galler was guided not by political considerations, but by the ideas of serving the Motherland and the Navy. In 1918, he participated in the Ice Campaign of the Baltic Fleet - an operation to relocate ships from Reval and Helsingfors to Kronstadt in order to avoid their capture by German and Finnish troops.
In 1921, Lev Galler was appointed chief of staff of the naval forces of the Baltic Sea. At that time, he had to focus on trawling the waters of the Baltic (after the end of the First World War, many mines remained) and developing plans for operational and organizational and mobilization measures for the fleet in case of war. The contribution of Lev Haller to the development of the military shipbuilding program approved in 1926 turned out to be quite significant.
Since 1937, Lev Galler has been Deputy Chief of the Naval Forces of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense, since 1938 - Chief of the Main Naval Staff, since 1940 - Deputy Commissar of the Navy for Shipbuilding and Armament. During the Great Patriotic War, he led the development and construction of new ships. In 1945, with his direct participation, a post-war shipbuilding program was developed, which included the construction of aircraft carriers as a new main strike force.
The further fate of Lev Galler was tragic. In 1947, he became one of the defendants in the so-called case of the admirals, who were charged with transferring drawings of a high-altitude torpedo, as well as sea charts of two islands and the coast of Kamchatka, to the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition without the consent of the Soviet leadership. Although Lev Galler argued at the trial that by the time of the transfer the torpedo and maps were not at all secret, he was sentenced to four years in prison. On July 12, 1950, Lev Galler died in the Kazan prison.
By a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 13, 1953, he was fully rehabilitated and reinstated in the rank of admiral (posthumously).
IVAN ISAKOV
Born on August 22, 1894 in the Armenian village of Ajikent near Kars in the family of road engineer Stepan Isahakyan, who Russified his surname to Isakov. After graduating from a real school in Tiflis in the summer of 1913, he decided to enter the Naval Cadet Corps, but a foreigner of non-noble origin was not accepted into this caste educational institution. Isakov was forced to study at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology.
With the outbreak of the First World War, the fleet no longer had enough personnel produced by the Naval Corps, so it was necessary to organize Separate cadet classes, where Ivan Isakov entered. In March 1917, he was promoted to midshipman and assigned to the destroyer Izyaslav, on which he participated in the Battle of Moonsund.
In March 1920, Isakov was appointed commander of the destroyer Deyatelny. At the same time, he became the flagship specialist in trawling and barrage in the Caspian Sea. Under his leadership, a minefield was set up on the Astrakhan roadstead, on which the White Guard auxiliary cruiser Knyaz Pozharsky was blown up. Later, Ivan Isakov participated in the Enzeli operation.
After the end of the Civil War, Isakov commanded ships on the Baltic and Black Seas, held a number of staff positions and taught at the military academy. Since 1940 - candidate of naval sciences.
Ivan Isakov met the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in the post of First Deputy People's Commissar of the Navy. In July 1941, he was appointed deputy commander of the North-Western direction for the naval unit. While in this position, he took an active part in organizing transportation to the besieged Leningrad along Lake Ladoga, as well as in the creation of the Ladoga, Chudskaya, Onega and Ilmenskaya military flotillas. Near Shlisselburg, Ivan Isakov was shell-shocked, and he was permanently deaf in his left ear.
Soon the admiral was sent to the south to assist in the preparation of the Kerch-Feodosiya landing operation. Further, as deputy commander and member of the Military Council of the Transcaucasian Front, he coordinated the actions Black Sea Fleet, Azov and Caspian flotillas. On October 4, 1942, having fallen under the bombing, Isakov received a severe thigh wound. Because of the onset of gangrene, his leg had to be amputated. After undergoing a course of treatment, the admiral was instructed to lead the preparation for publication of collections summarizing the experience of waging war at sea. He himself wrote the book "The Navy in the Great Patriotic War."
From 1946 to 1950, Ivan Isakov was the chief of the Main Naval Staff, and then the Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy. Joseph Stalin greatly appreciated him and responded: "Clever, without a leg, but with a head." Admiral Ivan Isakov died in Moscow on October 11, 1967.
NIKOLAI KUZNETSOV
Born on July 11, 1904 in the village of Medvedki, Arkhangelsk province, into a peasant family. After graduating from three classes of a parochial school, in 1915, after the death of his father, he got a job as a messenger in the administration of the Arkhangelsk port. In 1919, Nikolai Kuznetsov was enrolled in the Severodvinsk military flotilla, and after it was disbanded, he was transferred to Petrograd to the Central Naval Crew, where he took part in the liquidation of the Kronstadt rebellion.
From 1923 to 1926 he studied at the Naval School named after M.V. Frunze, after which he was sent with honors to the cruiser Chervona Ukraine of the Black Sea Fleet. After graduating from the Naval Academy in 1932, he became senior assistant to the commander of the cruiser Krasny Kavkaz, and later - commander of the cruiser Chervona Ukraine.
During the Spanish Civil War, he was the chief naval adviser to the Republican government. After returning to Russia - Deputy Commander, and since 1938 - Commander of the Pacific Fleet.
On April 29, at the age of 34, Nikolai Kuznetsov was appointed to the post of People's Commissar of the USSR Navy. His intensive work began to strengthen the fleet and prepare it for war. On the night of June 22, 1941, he promptly gave the order to put the ships and naval aviation on alert, which allowed the fleet to avoid losses on the first day of the Great Patriotic War. Kuznetsov was a member of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command and directed the actions of the fleet in all theaters.
In January 1948, as part of the "case of admirals", Nikolai Kuznetsov was demoted to Rear Admiral and appointed to the post of Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Troops. Far East on naval forces. In 1951, he again headed the fleet, now in the position of the Minister of the Navy of the USSR, but the title of Admiral of the Fleet was returned to him only on May 13, 1953, after the death of Joseph Stalin.
However, a second disgrace soon followed, caused by his categorical rejection of the actions of Nikita Khrushchev, aimed at belittling the role of the fleet. Under the pretext of guilt in the explosion that destroyed the battleship Novorossiysk on October 29, 1955, Nikolai Kuznetsov was demoted to vice admiral and dismissed. The disgraced naval commander liked to repeat then: "I have been removed from service in the fleet, but it is impossible to remove me from service in the fleet." During this period, he wrote several books and many articles, and repeatedly spoke to the public on various issues relating to the fleet. He died on December 6, 1974. Only many years later, on July 26, 1988, Kuznetsov was posthumously reinstated in the rank of Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union. Currently, the only Russian heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser bears his name.
ARSENY GOLOVKO
Born June 10, 1906 in the village of Prokhladnaya Tersky Cossack army in the family of a Cossack-veterinary assistant and a peasant woman. He graduated from the parochial school, and in 1922 he entered the workers' faculty in Rostov-on-Don. In 1925 he moved to Moscow and began to study at the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, however, a few months later he was called up for the Komsomol recruitment to the fleet. The commanders drew attention to the capable sailor and sent him to study. After graduating in 1928 from the Naval School named after M.V. Frunze was assigned to the destroyer. The young commander quickly moved up the ranks and by May 1935 was the chief of staff of the torpedo boat brigade of the Pacific Fleet.
In August 1936, Arseny Golovko entered the Naval Academy, but soon volunteered for Spain, where he served as adviser to the commander of the naval base of Cartagena. Upon his return, he continued his studies at the academy, after which he became chief of staff of the Northern Fleet, and from June 1938 - commander of a destroyer division. Later he commanded the Caspian Flotilla and the Red Banner Amur Flotilla.
From July 1940 - commander of the Northern Fleet, at that time the youngest and weakest in terms of ship composition. Although it was precisely this fleet that happened to play perhaps the most important role in the Great Patriotic War, since it was the northern route that delivered the bulk of supplies, equipment, food and various strategic materials under Lend-Lease to the USSR. In addition to ensuring the escort of convoys under the leadership of Golovko, the fleet actively participated in the defense of the Soviet Arctic and Murmansk, and also acted on the communications of German troops in Northern Norway.
Since March 1950, Arseniy Golovko was the head of the Marine General Staff and First Deputy Secretary of the Navy. He died on May 17, 1962.
SERGEY GORSHKOV
Born February 13, 1910 in Kamenetz-Podolsk in a family of teachers. After graduating from high school, he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Leningrad University, but in 1927 he became a cadet of the M.V. Frunze, after which he went to serve in the Black Sea Fleet. A year later he was transferred to the Pacific Fleet.
In 1939, Gorshkov returned to the Black Sea Fleet as commander of a destroyer brigade, and a year later, commander of a cruiser brigade. During the Great Patriotic War, he commanded the Azov and Danube flotillas. Participated in the defense of Odessa. He led the landing of many troops.
Although real fame came to him after the war, when he became the "father" of the Soviet nuclear missile fleet. In January 1956 he was appointed commander of the Soviet Navy. Right at this time, the fleet began to actively replenish with new modern ships: nuclear submarines and missile cruisers. Gradually, the Soviet fleet reached a state close to parity with the American one, and the pace of construction of new Soviet ships exceeded those for the American ones.
Thanks to Gorshkov, the fleet was able to receive ships of fundamentally new classes - aircraft-carrying cruisers and heavy nuclear missile cruisers, which made it possible to fully compete in the ocean with NATO forces.
Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Sergei Gorshkov died on May 13, 1988. He left the country a rich legacy in the form of a large and modern fleet, and a number of ships built under him continue to serve to this day.
Great Russian commanders, naval commanders, military leaders, military scientists and designers (on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the birth of three times Hero of the Soviet Union, Air Marshal A.I. Pokryshkin)
Questions:
- Military scientists, commanders, naval commanders and military leaders who glorified the Fatherland.
- Outstanding Russian designers, creators of weapons and equipment for the army and navy.
History has always given the military leader a fundamental role. The heroism of the Russian army was reflected in the annals and folk epics about Prince Vladimir the Red Sun, Dobryn Nikitich, Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich, Nikita Kozhemyak.
The people's memory preserved the glorious names of the commanders of Ancient Russia, the organizers of the military defense of the Russian lands Yaroslav the Wise, Prince Vladimir Monomakh and Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich, who was the first of the Kiev princes to abandon tribal militias and relied on a small professional army.
Prince Alexander Nevsky, who won victories on the banks of the Neva, at the mouth of the Izhora River on July 15, 1240, over a Swedish detachment and in the Battle of Ice on April 5, 1242, and Moscow Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy, who defeated the Tatar temnik Mamai at the head of the united Russian forces on September 21, 1380 on the Kulikovo field.
The activity of Tsar Peter I was fruitful and multifaceted. The Tsar himself went down in history not only as an outstanding statesman and reformer of the country, but also as an outstanding commander who showed military leadership talent during the Azov campaigns (1695 - 1696), in the Northern War (1700 - 1721), Prut campaign 1711, during the Persian campaign (1722-1723).
He, as a true reformer of military affairs, developed a decisive offensive strategy aimed at defeating the enemy’s manpower, opposed the cordon system of warfare ( uniform distribution forces along the front) and sought to concentrate forces in a decisive direction. As the author and editor of military regulations, military-theoretical and historical works, Peter I developed one of the first domestic military concepts for preparing the state for war, organizing, training and educating Russian troops, and conducting military operations.
Peter I brought up a whole galaxy of talented military leaders, among them are counts, field marshals F.A. Golovin and B.P. Sheremetev, His Serene Highness Prince A.D. Menshikov and others.
The second half of the 18th century was fruitful in the development of Russian military art and science, when Russia waged numerous wars with Turkey, Sweden and a number of other states.
Many remarkable victories were won in the battles of the Ryaba Mogila, Larga, Cahul and Ochakovo, etc. The Russian army won under the command of Count, Field Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky and Field Marshal Grigory Potemkin-Tavricheskiy.
As a commander, Rumyantsev skillfully concentrated the main forces on decisive directions, carefully developed a plan of military operations. He became one of the initiators of the transition from linear tactics to the tactics of columns and loose formation. As a theoretician and practitioner of military art, Rumyantsev expounded his views on military affairs in a number of military-theoretical works.
An important place in the development of domestic military science is occupied by the original system of views on the methods of warfare and combat, education and training of troops, developed by Alexander Suvorov, an outstanding Russian commander, military theorist and educator (see "Landmark" for 2008 No. 11). During his life, the legendary commander fought 63 battles, and all of them were victorious, and his name became synonymous with victory, military prowess, heroism and patriotism.
A significant influence on the development of military science and, above all, on the improvement of naval art was exerted by the "naval Suvorov" - the outstanding Russian naval commander Admiral Fyodor Ushakov (see "Landmark" for 2006 No. 5). He was the founder of the maneuvering tactics of the sailing fleet, which was based on a skillful combination of fire and maneuver, founded the Black Sea Navy, talentedly led it, having won a number of remarkable victories in the Black and Mediterranean Seas.
At the beginning of the 19th century, in the galaxy of talented Russian commanders, His Serene Highness Prince Smolensky, Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov, whose military leadership flourished in the Patriotic War of 1812, stood out noticeably. The famous battle of Borodino he carried out was a turning point in the war (see "Landmark" for 2004 No. 3).
During the Patriotic War of 1812, such gifted generals as M.B. Barclay de Tolly, P.I. Bagration, N.N. Raevsky, A.P. Ermolov, M.I. Platov and many others.
In the galaxy of outstanding Russian military leaders of the second half of the 19th century, one can distinguish a supporter of bold and decisive actions of the troops, an opponent of the template, a military teacher, a brilliant theorist and practitioner, a hero of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. General of Infantry Mikhail Skobelev (see "Landmark" for 2012 No. 3).
In the wars that Russia had to wage in the 19th century, the domestic fleet distinguished itself more than once. Admiral Mikhail Lazarev, a Russian naval commander and navigator who circled the Earth three times, one of the discoverers of Antarctica, was well aware of the superiority of machine ships over sailing ships and was a supporter of the creation of a strong steam fleet. He brought up a galaxy of outstanding commanders and naval commanders - Admiral Pyotr Nakhimov, heroes of the defense of Sevastopol Vice Admiral Vladimir Kornilov and Rear Admiral Vladimir Istomin, naval theorist Admiral Grigory Butakov, count, Russian statesman Admiral Evfimy Putyatin.
A remarkable naval commander and oceanographer was Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov, the founder of armored fleet tactics and the theory of ship unsinkability, one of the organizers of the creation of destroyers and torpedo boats, the author of more than 50 scientific papers on various branches of naval affairs.
Progressive views in military science and military-theoretical thought in the 19th century were left by representatives of the Russian military school A.I. Astafiev, G.A. Leer, D.F. Maslovsky, A.Z. Mylashevsky, as well as the revolutionary democrat N.G. Chernyshevsky, liberal figures D.A. Milyutin and N.N. Obruchev and many other patriots of Russia. Their military-theoretical views covered the issues of building the armed forces, the methods and forms of their application. They put forward new concepts, created works that reflected many new phenomena in military affairs.
The First World War nominated General of the Cavalry Alexei Brusilov as one of the best commanders, under whose command the troops of the Southwestern Front in the summer of 1916 made a breakthrough of the Austro-German front, which went down in history as the Brusilov breakthrough.
The October Revolution, and then the Civil War, gave a powerful impetus to the formation and development of Soviet military art and military-theoretical thought. A major contribution to this was made by such well-known military leaders as Mikhail Frunze, Marshals of the Soviet Union Alexander Yegorov, Mikhail Tukhachevsky, who did a lot to develop the theoretical foundations of the Soviet military doctrine, common ground military art, strategy and tactics, development of the Armed Forces, military training and education.
Military theorist V.K. Triandafillov in his work "The nature of the operations of modern armies" made a deep scientific analysis of the state and prospects for the development of the armies of that time, revealed the patterns of their technical equipment and organization, noted the increased role of tanks as one of the most powerful offensive means of a future war.
A great contribution to the development of military art was made by V.K. Blucher, I.I. Vatsetis, A.S. Bubnov, S.S. Kamenev, P.P. Lebedev, A.I. Sedyakin, I.P. Uborevich, R.P. Eideman, I.F. Fedko, I.E. Yakir and other military leaders.
The Soviet military figure and theorist Marshal of the Soviet Union Boris Shaposhnikov worked hard and successfully on the development of Soviet military science. In his fundamental work "The Brain of the Army", he formulated the main provisions on the nature of the future war, deeply revealed the features of the leadership of modern warfare and gave a detailed idea of the role, functions and structure of the General Staff as the body of the Supreme High Command for the management of the Armed Forces.
With particular force, military leadership talent was demonstrated during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. It was on the commanders and naval commanders that the whole burden of leading the armed struggle, the whole responsibility for its successes and failures, fell. The famous commanders who made the greatest contribution to the defeat of the aggressor were the Marshals of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov and Alexander Vasilevsky (see "Landmark" for 2010 No. 6).
Among the outstanding commanders and commanders of the Great Patriotic War, Marshals of the Soviet Union K.K. Rokossovsky, I.Kh. Bagramyan, I.S. Konev, L.A. Govorov, K.A. Meretskov, K.S. Moskalenko, S.K. Timoshenko, I.F. Tolbukhin, V.I. Chuikov, A.M. Eremenko, R.Ya. Malinovsky, Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N.G. Kuznetsov. A significant contribution to achieving victory over the enemy was also made by army generals A.I. Antonov, P.I. Batov, N.F. Vatutin, I.E. Petrov, I.D. Chernyakhovsky, I.V. Tyulenev, Air Chief Marshals A.A. Novikov, A.E. Golovanov, Chief Marshal of Artillery N.N. Voronov, Chief Marshal of the Armored Forces P.A. Rotmistrov, Admirals F.S. Oktyabrsky, V.F. Tributs, I.S. Yumashev and others.
The pride of our aviation (more than 650 sorties and 59 personally shot down aircraft) of the three times Hero of the Soviet Union Air Marshal Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin (1913-1985) can be attributed to the galaxy of outstanding military leaders.
The battle path of the great ace began in Moldova, where on June 26 he shot down his first German Me-109 aircraft. But it was in the air battles in the Kuban that fighter pilot A.I. Pokryshkin showed himself as a master of air combat. As the commander of the first squadron of the 16th guards regiment, already on April 12, 1943, he was in front of the commander of the Air Force of the Front, Lieutenant General K.A. Vershinin shot down four Messerschmitts. For this success, the pilot was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
The legendary battle on April 29, 1943 is widely known, in which the eight "air cobras" led by Pokryshkin scattered and turned back three echelons of Yu-87 (81 aircraft) and ten Me-109s covering them. Here he personally shot down four Junkers, and the fifth bomber - when returning to his airfield.
In the following days, A.I. Pokryshkin increased his account in the skies of the Kuban by several more Me-109s. And on May 24, 1943 A.I. Pokryshkin was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Three months later, on August 24, 1942, for 455 sorties, 30 personally shot down enemy aircraft, and for his skill and courage, he was again awarded the Gold Star medal.
Alexander Ivanovich, in addition to brilliant personal victories, became the author of not only the main tactics and formations of his regiment, but also the author of the most advanced air combat techniques - the “Kuban whatnot”, “falcon strike”. In addition, he is the author of the famous formula: "Height - speed - maneuver - fire!", A new method of patrolling at high speeds on the principle of the movement of the clock pendulum and other tactical innovations. This tactic, noticed and appreciated after the impressive successes of the regiment, from 1943 became the basis of the actions of the Soviet fighter aviation, ensuring its superiority over the enemy. “A feat requires thought, skill and risk” - such was the credo of the legendary Field Marshal Grigory Potemkin-Tavrichesky pilot, whom the Hero of the Soviet Union, the famous pilot and writer M.L. Gallay aptly called "the thinker in our business."
In July 1944 A.I. Pokryshkin was promoted to the rank of colonel and was appointed commander of the 9th Guards Fighter Aviation Division.
On July 14, 1944, Alexander Pokryshkin led a strike eight of fighters, attacked a group of German Yu-87 and Xe-129, numbering about 50 aircraft, and scored three personal victories.
On August 19, 1944, for 550 sorties and 53 downed aircraft, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for the third time.
In the last year of the war, A. Pokryshkin showed himself to be an outstanding division commander. Despite the prohibitions, he continued, although less frequently, to lead groups of his fighters into battle. Commander of the 1st Ukrainian front Marshal of the Soviet Union I.S. Konev wrote about Pokryshkin that “Alexander Ivanovich mastered not only the highest personal art of air combat, not only superbly led these battles in the air, each time choosing the most advantageous battle formations and destroying maximum amount enemy aircraft, but still on the ground knew how to best prepare the flight crew for operations in the air, quickly and accurately relocate everyone, and organize the airfield service best of all. By the way, it was he who first began to fly from the German highways, using them as airfields. Pokryshkin is the pride of our aviation ... ".
A.I. Pokryshkin created his own aces training system. He attached particular importance to military friendship and flying in squadrons.
Three times Hero of the Soviet Union I.N. Kozhedub, later an air marshal, one of the country's outstanding military leaders, said that he considers himself a student of Pokryshkin, from whom he learned to fight and live, to be a man.
After the war, A.I. Pokryshkin held a number of command positions in the country's air defense forces, and since January 1972, as chairman of the DOSAAF Central Committee, he made a lot of efforts for military-patriotic education, technical training and physical training of youth.
Marshals of the Soviet Union V.G. Kulikov, V.I. Petrov, S.L. Sokolov, D.T. Yazov, Marshal of the Russian Federation I.D. Sergeev and others. New Russian military leaders, theoretical scientists, generals, admirals and officers of the General Staff, the Main Staffs of the branches of the Armed Forces and the headquarters of the armed forces, military educational institutions, military scientific bodies, headquarters of formations and units of the army continue to make their contribution, aviation and navy.
Domestic history is rich in great achievements and discoveries in the military-technical field. Starting with matchlock guns and flintlock self-propelled guns, the creators of Russian weapons eventually reached such heights in their field that they overshadowed the best specialists in the world.
At first, in Russia, firearms (both hand and artillery) were called the same - squeaker. However, in 1856 in Russia, rifled weapons received the official name - a rifle. In 1868, a small-caliber rifle was adopted, which was developed by Russian military engineers A.P. Gorlov and K.I. Gunius with the assistance of American Colonel X. Berdan. The patriarchs of the domestic shooting business were S.I. Mosin - the author of the famous 7.62-mm magazine five-shot "three-line" rifle of the 1891-1930 model, which stood in service for about 60 years, N.M. Filatov, V.G. Fedorov is the designer of the world's first automatic machine.
One of the students and associates of Fedorov was V.A. Degtyarev - designer of machine guns for infantry, tanks and aviation (DP, DT, DS, RPD). Degtyarev worked closely with another talented designer - G.S. Shpagin, creating a 12.7-mm easel machine gun of the 1938 model DShK (Degtyarev - Shpagin, large-caliber), which was successfully used in various branches of the military. G.S. Shpagin was the creator of the famous PPSh-41 submachine gun.
Another remarkable gunsmith was P.M. Goryunov, who created in 1943 a 7.62 mm heavy machine gun (SG-43), which was superior to the machine gun of the Degtyarev system.
A talented and original designer was F.V. Tokarev. He created about 150 different models of small arms, among which the 7.62 mm pistol (TT) and the 7.62 mm self-loading rifle of the 1938 model (SVT-38) were most famous.
A.I. made a significant contribution to the improvement of domestic small arms. Sudayev is the designer of the best submachine gun of the period of World War II (7.62 mm submachine gun (PPS).
An outstanding design of small arms automatic weapons is Dr. technical sciences, Lieutenant General Mikhail Kalashnikov. He developed the world-famous 7.62 mm Kalashnikov assault rifle, which went through numerous upgrades and modifications. Thanks to him, for the first time in world practice, a series of unified models of small arms appeared, identical in principle of operation and a single automation scheme.
A significant contribution to the development of domestic small arms was made by the designers K.A. Baryshev, N.F. Makarov, N.V. Rukavishnikov, S.G. Simonov, Ya.U. Roshchepey and others.
Russian artillery also has a remarkable history, the appearance of which is associated with the name of Andrei Chekhov, the author of the largest Tsar Cannon in the world in terms of caliber.
A major contribution to the development of Russian artillery was made by P.I. Shuvalov. Under his leadership, Russian artillery officers M. Danilov, M. Zhukov, M. Martynov, I. Meller, M. Rozhkov in 1757-1759. developed several samples of smooth-bore howitzers for firing flat and mounted fire, called "unicorns".
The name of the outstanding inventor of artillery weapons, Vladimir Baranovsky, is associated with the appearance of the first domestic systems of rapid-fire artillery with cartridge loading. In 1872 -1875. he created rapid-fire guns of caliber 1.5, 2 and 2.5 inches. Similar guns in other countries appeared only in late XIX century.
An outstanding Soviet designer was Colonel General of the Technical Troops, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Vasily Grabin, designer of the famous 76-mm ZIS-Z divisional gun. During the war years, the 152-mm howitzer designed by F.F. Petrov.
From the second half of the 17th century, rockets began to be used in Russia.
Subsequently, domestic reactive systems found their continuation in the famous Katyushas (BM-13) and other multiple launch rocket systems. The developers of new design ideas were domestic scientists N.I. Tikhomirov and V.A. Artemiev.
Academicians S.P. Korolev, V.P. Glushko, V.N. Chelomey, N.A. Pilyugin, V.P. Makeev, M.F. Reshetnev, V.P. Barmin, A.M. Isaev, M.K. Yangel and others. Thanks to their talent and dedication in their work, by 1965 intercontinental missiles (R-16, R-7, R-9) and medium-range missiles (R-12, R-14) were created and put on combat duty. A new stage in the technical equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces is associated with the creation and putting on combat duty of the PC-16, PC-18, RS-20 missile systems. In these missile systems, our designers applied fundamentally new technical solutions that made it possible to increase the efficiency combat use missiles, to strengthen their protection from enemy strikes.
The history of the creation and improvement of tanks is very interesting and dynamic, the beginning of which was laid by the tracked vehicle designed by A.A. Porohovshchikov, armed with two machine guns placed in a rotating turret.
Domestic tank building is indebted to the work and talent of the brilliant designers M.I. Koshkina, N.A. Kucherenko and A.A. Morozov, who created the legendary medium tank T-34. Since December 1943, an 85-mm cannon was installed on the T-34, and its armor-piercing projectile pierced 100 mm thick armor from a distance of 1000 meters, and the sub-caliber projectile pierced 138-mm armor from a distance of 500 meters, which made it possible to successfully deal with the German "tigers" and "panthers".
Together with the T-34, our heavy tanks KV and IS, created under the leadership of Zh.Ya., also successfully operated against the enemy. Kotin and N.L. Dukhov. The German command, in instructions to its tank crews, did not recommend entering into direct fire contacts with heavy IS-2 tanks and obliged them to fire at them only from ambushes and shelters.
There are not so many famous minds in any area of Russian design thought as in the aircraft industry. The designer A.F. became a true innovator. Mozhaisky, 9-15 years ahead of foreign competitors.
One of the first Russian aviation designers who glorified domestic science and technology was Ya.M. Gakkel. Between 1908 and 1912, he designed 15 aircraft of various types and purposes. At the same time, he continuously improved the quality of machines, their flight performance.
An outstanding contribution to the development of domestic aviation was made by the designers A.S. Yakovlev, S.A. Lavochkin, A.I. Mikoyan, V.M. Petlyakov, S.V. Ilyushin and G.M. Beriev. In the design bureaus they led, new fighters, bombers, attack aircraft were designed, tested and put into serial production in a very short time, flying boats and shipborne aircraft were created.
Prominent aircraft designers were O.K. Antonov, A.A. Arkhangelsky, R.L. Bartini, R.A. Belyakov, V.F. Bolkhovitinov, M.I. Gurevich, N.I. Kamov, M.L. Mil, V.M. Myasishchev, I.I. Sikorsky, P.S. Sukhoi and others. They created models of aircraft and helicopters, which have been in serial production for many years, and many of the technical solutions they found are still used in the design of modern aviation technology.
The greatest scientist who had the ability to combine deep theoretical research with their practical implementation in the design of new aircraft was Andrey Tupolev. He developed the basics of the aerodynamic calculation of the aircraft, the theory of strength calculation and others. Under his leadership, more than 100 types of military and civil aircraft were created. Tupolev aircraft set 78 world records, performed 28 unique flights, incl. V.P. Chkalov and M.M. Gromov on ANT-25 across the North Pole to the USA.
The achievements of domestic scientists and designers in the field of shipbuilding are widely known. History has left us the names of the most famous shipbuilders who were ahead of their time. Particularly interesting is the fate of Pyotr Titov, who became the chief engineer of the largest shipbuilding company and did not even have a certificate of graduation from a rural school. The famous Soviet shipbuilder Academician A.N. Krylov considered himself a student of Titov.
In 1904, according to the project of I.G. Bubnov - the famous builder of battleships - the construction of submarines began. The boats "Shark" and "Bars" created by our craftsmen turned out to be more advanced than the submarines of the countries that fought in the First World War.
The Russian fleet was far ahead of foreign fleets in the development of mine weapons. Effective mines were developed by our compatriots I.I. Fitztum, P.L. Schilling, B.S. Yakobson, N.N. Azarov. The anti-submarine depth bomb was created by our scientist B.Yu. Averkiev.
In 1913, the Russian designer D.P. Grigorovich built the world's first seaplane.
Boris Kupensky is a prominent representative of domestic shipbuilders. He was the chief designer of the Gornostai-class patrol ships, the first in the Soviet navy anti-submarine ships with anti-aircraft missile systems and a gas turbine all-mode power plant, the first combat surface ship in the USSR Navy with a nuclear power plant and the lead in the Kirov series of nuclear missile cruisers with powerful strike and anti-aircraft weapons, a practically unlimited cruising range.
An important role in improving the domestic submarine fleet was played by the Soviet shipbuilder and inventor Doctor of Technical Sciences, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences Sergei Kovalev. Since 1955, he worked as the chief designer of the Leningrad Central Design Bureau Rubin. Kovalev is the author of over 100 scientific papers and many inventions. Under his leadership, nuclear missile submarines were created, known abroad under the code "Yankee", "Delta" and "Typhoon".
Our scientists I.V. Kurchatov, M.V. Keldysh, A.D. Sakharov, Yu.B. Khariton - the creators of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons.
At present, many remarkable scientists and designers are also working on the creation of new types of weapons that meet modern challenges and threats.
Guidelines
In the course of the lesson, it is necessary to use a variety of forms and methods of bringing information to the audience, for example, using the capabilities of multimedia.
In the opening speech, one should emphasize the role of Russian and Soviet generals and naval commanders in the development of military art, show the significance of their theoretical views and practice for modern military science and military construction.
In the course of the disclosure of the first question, it is advisable to demonstrate the superiority of the national military leadership school in different periods of time over the military leadership science of countries, point to the continuity of military leaders and commanders of the Russian army in the development of military theory and practice, using specific examples and facts.
In the course of considering the second educational issue, it is necessary to show the place, role and significance of the activities of domestic scientists and designers of weapons and military equipment in strengthening the country's defense capability.
At the end of the lesson, it is necessary to draw brief conclusions, answer the questions of the audience, recommend the necessary literature.
- Samosvat O. Great Russian commanders, naval commanders and military leaders // Landmark. - 2009. - No. 8.
- Great Russian commanders and naval commanders. Stories about fidelity, about exploits, about glory ... - M .: Tsentrpoligraf, 2011.
- Daynes V. The pride of our aviation // Landmark. - 2008. - No. 2.
Lieutenant colonel
Dmitry SAMOSVAT
Fought at the front of the Great Patriotic War from March 1942 to May 1945. During the time he was wounded 2 times near the city of Rzhev, Kalinin region.
He met the victory near Koenigsberg with the rank of senior sergeant as commander of the 7th branch of the Motorized Reconnaissance Company (participated in 21 reconnaissance operations).
Awarded:
-Order "Glory of the 3rd degree" for courage and courage shown in the fight against the German invaders;
- medal "For the victory over Germany in the Second World War 1941-1945;
- badge "Excellent scout".
The Navy is in his blood. This is how one can characterize the brightest Russian naval commander and admiral. Could his fate have turned out differently, without the navy? Of course not. His family has connected their lives with this difficult craft since the founding of the fleet in Russia. Grandfather served as a boatswain under Peter I and rose to the rank of rear admiral, and his brother made an equally brilliant career, achieving impressive results in the battle on Lake Ezel against the Swedes. His father, with the rank of vice-admiral, also served as military governor of Kronstadt. In the naval corps, Senyavin got at the age of 10, when his father, during a beer feast, decided to send his son to study. Later, a well-known biographer, Bronevsky, will write about the childhood period of training of the future general: “Dmitry Nikolaevich, by nature, was a simple and modest person who knew how to win over everyone around him and use their love for the good of the common cause. In the circle of friends, he was known as a loving and caring father, in the circle of colleagues - as a fair, but demanding boss.
Service start
He began his naval service at the age of 14, and after 3 years he passed the exam for the rank of midshipman.
Admiral. Born in the family of a nobleman A.A. Spiridov, who honestly served Tsar Peter I as a commandant in Vyborg. The son chose a career as a naval officer and from the age of 15 sailed as a volunteer on a ship. By
after five years of volunteer service, he successfully passed the navigation knowledge exams, was promoted to midshipman and entered the military service.
Spiridov began his maritime career on the Caspian Sea, in Astrakhan. His immediate supervisor was Lieutenant A.I. Nagaev, who made a description of the Caspian Sea. In the future, Nagaev will become an admiral and a famous hydrograph. The young midshipman Spiridov will learn a lot from his mentor. An executive, intelligent and diligent junior officer will soon be transferred to Kronstadt, where he will gain naval experience by making regular voyages in the Baltic Sea.
As a reward for diligent service, the rank of midshipman and the transfer to the Don Flotilla as an adjutant of the commander of Vice Admiral P.P. Bredal became. This appointment allowed him to gain combat experience during the Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1741, participating in the battles for Azov.
Vladimir Alekseevich Kornilov was born in 1806 in the Tver region, into an officer's family. In 1823 he graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps. Since 1827, Kornilov served on the battleship Azov.
Kornilov was one of the participants in the famous battle of Navarino. In 1838 he became chief of staff of Lazarev's squadron, commanded a landing force on the Caucasian coast.
In 1849, Vladimir Alekseevich became the chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet. He understood the need to modernize the fleet, believed that he had to keep up with the times. He lobbied for the replacement of sailing ships with steam ones, was one of the developers of the new Naval Charter, and participated in the creation of the Sevastopol Military Library.
Stepan Osipovich Makarov - wonderful, born in 1848. There were many military men in the Makarov family, both grandfathers, father. Who will be Stepan, it was a foregone conclusion.
The boy's father served in the Siberian military flotilla, while the family lived in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. In this city, at the age of 10, Stepan Makarov enters maritime school. Here he stands out for his extraordinary mind and desire for knowledge.
The young man graduated from the naval school with the rank of midshipman. In 1867, already having some experience of sailing the seas, Makarov was assigned to the crew of the Baltic Fleet. During the service, he began to write scientific articles. In 1869 he received the rank of midshipman.
A year later, he came to the command with a proposal for his project to repair holes in the hull of ships. After the meetings, Stepan Osipovich's proposal was approved, and new technology began to be used on Russian warships. Soon he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant.
Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev is a remarkable Russian traveler and naval commander. The future naval commander was born in Vladimir in November 1788 in the family of the ruler of the Vladimir governorate.
In 1800, Mikhail was admitted to the Naval Cadet Corps. The study was difficult, and these difficulties were combined with the difficulties of campaigns in the Gulf of Finland. The young man was quickly noticed, he stood out from his peers with his talents and attitude to work.
After graduating from the cadet corps, Lazarev was sent as a volunteer to England for sea practice. For several years he sailed the seas and oceans, engaged in self-education. Michael loved history and ethnography.
In 1808, officer Mikhail Lazarev returned to Russia, received the rank of midshipman. Participated in the war with Sweden, in 1811 he was promoted to lieutenant. He was also a member, and smashed Napoleon on the seas.
Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak was born in 1874. His father was a hero of the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War. At the age of 18, the young man entered the Naval Cadet Corps, where he studied for six years.
Kolchak got into the Cadet Corps from an ordinary St. Petersburg gymnasium. He was fond of the exact sciences, he loved to make something. At the end of the cadet corps in 1894, he was promoted to midshipman.
In the period from 1895 to 1899, he traveled around the world three times, in which he was engaged in scientific work, studied oceanography, maps of the currents and coasts of Korea, hydrology, tried to teach Chinese and preparing for a south polar expedition.
In 1900 he took part in the expedition of Baron E. Toll. In 1902, he went in search of the baron's expedition that remained to winter in the north. Having examined the proposed route of the expedition on the wooden whaler "Zarya", he managed to find the last parking lot of the baron and determine that the expedition was lost. For participation in the search expedition, Kolchak received the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree.
Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov is a remarkable Russian naval commander. Born in the family of an officer on June 23, 1802 in the Vyazemsky district of the Smolensk province. He received his primary education at home, after which he entered the Cadet Corps. After graduating from college, Nakhimov on the frigate "Phoenix" sailed to the shores of Sweden and Denmark. It was in 1817.
Returning from sailing in the Baltic, Pavel Nakhimov was promoted to non-commissioned officer. A year later, he successfully passed the exams, became a midshipman, and was assigned to the 2nd naval crew. In 1822 he circumnavigated the world under command. During the journey, which lasted about three years, he was promoted to lieutenant.
After a short vacation, Pavel Stepanovich was sent to the 74-gun ship Azov. The first baptism of fire was the "Battle of Navarino", which took place during one of the Russian-Turkish wars. For this battle, he was awarded the Order of St. George 4th degree, the British Order of the Bath, and the French Order of the Savior.
Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov was born on February 24, 1745, into a noble family. The family did not live richly. At the age of 16, Fedor Ushakov entered the Naval Corps in St. Petersburg. At this time, Catherine II sat on the Russian throne. Russia was preparing for a war with Turkey, so the country needed to create a powerful fleet in the Azov and Black Seas.
The construction of the fleet was entrusted to Vice Admiral Senyavin, who in the early spring of 1769 began to create a naval base in Taganrog. Ushakov arrived at Senyavin's location among seconded officers.
In the spring of 1773, the Russian fleet began to dominate the Sea of Azov. After final defeat Turks in the Sea of Azov fighting moved to Black. The fleet dealt sensitive blows to the Turks, and the position of the Russian army in the war with them improved significantly.
After four years of the war, Ushakov began to command the messenger bot "Courier". Subsequently, he became the commander of a large 16-gun ship. In the final part of the Russo-Turkish war, he participated in the defense of the Russian military base on the Crimean coast - Balakva.
