Liberation of the USSR. Liberation by Soviet forces and its employees of European countries

In 1944, the Soviet Army launched an offensive in all sectors of the front - from the Barents Sea to the Black Sea. In January, the offensive of parts of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts began, supported by Baltic Fleet, which resulted in a complete liberation of Leningrad from enemy blockade, which lasted 900 days, and the expulsion of the Nazis from Novgorod. By the end of February, in cooperation with the troops of the Baltic Front, Leningrad, Novgorod and part of the Kalinin region were completely liberated.

At the end of January, the offensive of the troops of the Ukrainian fronts in the Right-Bank Ukraine began. Fierce battles flared up in February in the area of ​​the Korsun-Shevchenkovsky grouping, in March - near Chernivtsi. At the same time, enemy groups were defeated in the Nikolaev-Odessa region. Since April, offensive operations have been launched in the Crimea. On April 9, Simferopol was taken, and on May 9, Sevastopol.

In April, having crossed the river. Prut, our armies have transferred military operations to the territory of Romania. The state border of the USSR was restored for several hundred kilometers.

The successful offensive of the Soviet troops in the winter - spring of 1944 accelerated opening a second front in Europe. On June 6, 1944, Anglo-American troops landed in Normandy (France). However, the main front of the Second World War continued to be the Soviet-German, where the main forces were concentrated Nazi Germany.

In June - August 1944, the troops of the Leningrad, Karelian fronts and the Baltic Fleet, defeating the Finnish units on Karelian Isthmus, liberated Vyborg, Petrozavodsk and on August 9 reached the state border with Finland, whose government on September 4 ceased hostilities against the USSR, and after the defeat of the Nazis in the Baltic States (mainly in Estonia) declared war on Germany on October 1. At the same time, the armies of the Belorussian and Baltic fronts, having defeated the enemy troops in Belarus and Lithuania, liberated Minsk, Vilnius and reached the border of Poland and Germany.

In July - September, parts of the Ukrainian fronts liberated all of Western Ukraine. On August 31, the Germans were driven out of Bucharest (Romania). In early September, Soviet troops entered the territory of Bulgaria.

In the fall of 1944, fierce battles began for liberation of the Baltics- On September 22, Tallinn was liberated, on October 13 - Riga. At the end of October, the Soviet Army entered Norway. In parallel with the offensive in the Baltic states and in the North, in September-October, our armies liberated part of the territory of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia. The Czechoslovak Corps, formed on the territory of the USSR, took part in the battles for the liberation of Czechoslovakia. The troops of the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia, together with the armies of Marshal F. I. Tolbukhin, liberated Belgrade on October 20.

The result of the offensive of the Soviet Army in 1944 was complete release territory of the USSR from fascist invaders and bringing the war into enemy territory.

victory in the fight against Nazi Germany was obvious. It was achieved not only in battles, but as a result of heroic labor. Soviet people in the rear. Despite the enormous destruction caused national economy country, its industrial potential is constantly growing. In 1944, Soviet industry surpassed military production not only in Germany, but in England and the USA, producing about 30,000 tanks and self-propelled guns, more than 40,000 aircraft, and over 120,000 guns. The Soviet Army was provided with an abundance of light and heavy machine guns, machine guns and rifles. The Soviet economy, thanks to the selfless labor of the workers and peasants, defeated the entire European industry taken together, which was almost completely placed at the service of Nazi Germany. On the liberated lands, the restoration of the national economy immediately began.

It should be noted the work of Soviet scientists, engineers and technicians, who created first-class models of weapons and provided the front with them, which to a large extent determined the victory over the enemy.
Their names are well known - V. G. Grabin, P. M. Goryunov, V. A. Degtyarev, S. V. Ilyushin, S. A. Lavochkin, V. F. Tokarev, G. S. Shpagin, A. S. Yakovlev and others.

The works of remarkable Soviet writers, poets, composers (A. Korneichuk, L. Leonov, K. Simonov, A. Tvardovsky, M. Sholokhov, D. Shostakovich, etc.) ). The unity of the rear and the front was the key to victory.

In 1945, the Soviet Army had an absolute numerical superiority in manpower and equipment. The military potential of Germany was significantly weakened, since it actually found itself without allies and raw material bases. Considering that the Anglo-American troops did not show much activity with the development of offensive operations, the Germans still kept the main forces - 204 divisions - on the Soviet-German front. Moreover, at the end of December 1944, in the Ardennes region, the Germans, with less than 70 divisions, broke through the Anglo-American front and began to push allied forces over which there was a threat of encirclement and destruction. On January 6, 1945, British Prime Minister W. Churchill turned to Supreme Commander-in-Chief JV Stalin with a request to expedite offensive operations. Faithful to their allied duty, on January 12, 1945, the Soviet troops (instead of 20) launched an offensive, the front of which stretched from the shores of the Baltic to the Carpathian Mountains and was equal to 1200 km. A powerful offensive was carried out between the Vistula and the Oder - against Warsaw and Vienna. By the end of January was crossed the Oder, released Breslau. January 17 released Warsaw, then Poznan, April 9 - Koenigsberg(now Kaliningrad), April 4 - Bratislava, 13 - Vein. The result of the winter offensive of 1915 was the liberation of Poland, Hungary, East Prussia, Pomerania, Danni, parts of Austria and Silesia. Brandenburg was taken. Soviet troops went to the frontier Oder - Neisse - Spree. Preparations began for the storming of Berlin.

As early as the beginning of 1945 (February 4-13), a conference of leaders of the USSR, the USA, and Great Britain met in Yalta ( Yalta conference), which addressed the issue of post-war order of the world. An agreement was reached on the cessation of hostilities only after unconditional surrender fascist command. The heads of government came to an agreement on the need to eliminate the military potential of Germany, the complete destruction of Nazism, military contingents and the center of militarism - the German General Staff. At the same time, it was decided to convict the war criminals and oblige Germany to pay reparations in the amount of 20 billion dollars for the damage caused during the war to the countries with which she fought. Has been previously confirmed decision on the establishment of an international body for the maintenance of peace and security - United Nations. The government of the USSR gave a promise to the allies to enter the war against Japanese imperialism three months after the surrender of Germany.

In the second half of April - early May, the Soviet Army delivered the last blows to Germany. On April 16, the operation to encircle Berlin began, ending by April 25. After a powerful bombardment and artillery shelling, stubborn street battles began. On April 30, between 2 and 3 pm, a red flag was hoisted over the Reichstag.

On May 9, the last enemy grouping was liquidated and Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia, was liberated. Hitler's army ceased to exist. May 8 in the Berlin suburb of Karlhorst was signed act of unconditional surrender of Germany.

The Great Patriotic War ended with the final defeat of Nazi Germany and its allies. The Soviet Army not only bore the brunt of the war on its shoulders, liberated Europe from fascism, but also saved the Anglo-American troops from defeat, giving them the opportunity to fight against the small German garrisons.

Victory Parade on Red Square - June 24, 1945

On July 17, 1945, a conference of the heads of government of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain met in Potsdam ( Potsdam conference), discussing the outcome of the war. The leaders of the three powers agreed to permanently eliminate German militarism, the Nazi Party (NSDAP) and prevent its revival. Issues related to the payment of reparations by Germany were resolved.

After the defeat of Nazi Germany, Japan continued to conduct military operations against the United States, Britain and other countries. The military actions of Japan also threatened the security of the USSR. Soviet Union, fulfilling its allied obligations, on August 8, 1945, after rejecting the offer of surrender, declared war on Japan. Japan occupied a significant territory of China, Korea, Manchuria, Indochina. On the border with the USSR, the Japanese government kept a million-strong Kwantung Army, threatening a constant attack, which diverted significant forces of the Soviet Army. Thus, Japan objectively helped the Nazis in an aggressive war. On August 9, our units went on the offensive on three fronts, began Soviet-Japanese War. The entry of the USSR into the war, which had been unsuccessfully waged for several years by the Anglo-American troops, dramatically changed the situation.

Within two weeks, the main power of Japan was completely defeated - Kwantung Army and supporting parts. In an effort to raise its "prestige", the United States, without any military necessity, dropped two atomic bombs on the peaceful Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Continuing the offensive, the Soviet Army liberated South Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, Manchuria, and a number of cities and ports in North Korea. Seeing that the continuation of the war is meaningless, September 2, 1945 Japan surrendered. Japan's defeat the second World War . The long-awaited peace has come.

1. Liberation of the USSR

At the beginning of 1944, 6.5 million opposed the 5 million invaders. Soviet soldiers. The advantage in technology was 1: 5 - 10 in various types.

On January 27, the blockade of Leningrad was lifted, which lasted 900 days. Spring 1944 liberated Crimea and Soviet troops reached the state border in the area of ​​the Carpathian mountains. By the summer of 1944, the state border of the USSR was completely restored. Military operations were transferred to the Baltic States and the countries of Eastern Europe. Finland, Romania and Bulgaria declared war on Germany, which meant the collapse of the Nazi military bloc. On June 6, 1944, Anglo-American troops landed in France, united with the French resistance and opened a second front in Europe.

2. Liberation of Europe

The European campaign of the Soviet troops displeased the United States and Great Britain. The development of these contradictions was devoted to the efforts of the intelligence agencies of the Wehrmacht. In September-October 1944, Churchill made a trip to the USA and the USSR in order to agree on the division of Europe into occupation zones. The United States did not support this initiative.

Successfully developing the offensive and using the support of the local population, the Soviet army liberated the countries of Eastern and Central Europe. In January 1945, the fighting was transferred to the territory of Germany.

From February 4 to February 11, 1945, Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill met in Yalta (Crimea). The conference discussed the plan for the defeat of Germany, the terms of its surrender and the post-war structure of Europe. At the conference, it was decided to create the United Nations (UN).

3. Fall of Berlin

In the first half of April, the operation to take Berlin began. The Nazis carefully fortified the city, mobilized 14-year-old children and the elderly into the army. On April 24, the city was surrounded, on April 25, Soviet troops joined forces with the Allied troops on the Elbe River. On April 29, the assault on the Reichstag began; on May 1, Hitler committed suicide; on the night of May 8-9, the new German government capitulated; on May 9, the German garrison in Prague surrendered. By May 11, all centers of resistance in Europe were destroyed.

4. Potsdam Conference

From July 17 to August 2, a conference was held in Potsdam (Germany) with the participation of Stalin, Truman and Churchill. The Conference decided

- transfer East Prussia (Kaliningrad region) to the USSR;

– to judge the leaders of the Nazis as war criminals.

During the conference, Truman (President of the United States) announced the possession nuclear weapons.

5. War with Japan

On August 9, the USSR declared the outbreak of war with Japan and began military operations in northern China. On August 6, the United States bombed the city of Hiroshima, and on August 9, Nagosaki. On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered. This marked the end of World War II.

6. Results of the war

During the war, the dictatorial regimes in Germany, Italy and Japan were destroyed. In many countries, the Communists came to power, began to take shape world system socialism. 27 million died during the war Soviet citizens, more than 50 million Europeans.

In 1945-46 in Nuremberg (Germany) trial over the leaders of the Nazi Party. 24 people appeared before the international tribunal, of which 11 were sentenced to death penalty, the rest to various terms of imprisonment. The Nuremberg Tribunal banned the action of the National Socialist Party, and it was decided to search for war criminals who had escaped justice and put them on trial without a statute of limitations.

Reasons for the victory of countries anti-Hitler coalition:

- qualitative superiority of allied forces;

- assistance to the allies of the conquered peoples;

– fast economic development allies.

Ticket 18. (1). Patriotic War of 1812. Foreign campaign of the Russian army. Memory of the people about the events of 1812

1. Russia's foreign policy before the start Patriotic War

In 1789, a revolution took place in France, as a result of which the royal power was overthrown and a republic was established. The monarchical states of Europe tried to create a coalition against republican France and destroy the republic through military intervention. However, these coalitions quickly disintegrated due to contradictions between its members. After Napoleon Bonaparte came to power, France itself turned to direct aggression against European states. After the Allies betrayed the Russian troops in Switzerland, Emperor Paul abruptly changed his foreign policy. He broke the old alliances and went to rapprochement with France. For foreign policy Emperor Alexander I was characterized by maneuvering between the interests of England (the largest trading partner of Russia) and France (the most powerful European state). Alexander I tried to pursue a policy of appeasement towards France. However, the continuation of the aggressive actions of France led to the creation of a new anti-French coalition of Russia and Austria with the support of England. After the defeat of the coalition forces at Austerlitz in November 1805, Alexander I was forced to negotiate peace with Napoleon. As a result of negotiations, on June 25, 1807, an agreement was signed in Tilsit, according to which: 1) the territory of Europe was divided into spheres of influence of Russia and France; 2) Russia joined the economic blockade of England. However, Russia soon withdrew from this unfavorable treaty, which made war with Napoleon inevitable.

1725 - the formation of sectoral governing bodies - boards, the abolition of orders. The activities of the colleges were determined by the General Regulations (1720). 1719 - the creation of 50 provinces, which became the main administrative-territorial unit 1720 - the second urban reform - the introduction of magistrates instead of town halls 1721 - the establishment of the Holy Synod. In the Spiritual Regulations, which determined the order ...

The area of ​​synonyms and synonymous phrases. The turn towards a bookish-rhetorical, Slavicized style, caused by the "second South Slavic influence" from the end of the 14th century, is extremely milestone in the history of the Russian literary language. Without a proper assessment, it becomes incomprehensible that a large number of Slavic elements, words and expressions, which still exists in Russian ...

people. To a large extent, it is a form of spiritual adaptation to the environment, a way of endowing habitual, everyday actions and deeds with meaning. The influence of the geographical environment is manifold. The main among the natural factors of the settlement zone Eastern Slavs, the ancestors of the Russians, who appeared in the VI century on the territory of modern Ukraine, was its continental character. The sea, with its...

Row - the ancestral community (primitive human herd), early primitive and late primitive (early and late tribal). primitive neighboring (proto-peasant) communities - and corresponds to the main stages of primitive history. However, the taxonomy of some stages remains controversial, which is why their number is not the same for different scientists. There are four of them, if we consider two averages as of the same order with ...

1. After the defeat of the main part of the German army in the Battle of Kursk, the expulsion of the Nazi invaders from the territory of the USSR began.

Practically deprived of an army, Germany could no longer attack and went on the defensive.

By order of Hitler, in the fall of 1943, the construction of the "Eastern Wall" began - a system of powerful echeloned defensive fortifications along the line of the Baltic Sea - Belarus - the Dnieper. According to Hitler's plan, the "Eastern Wall" was supposed to fence off Germany from the advancing Soviet troops, to give time to gather strength.

The most powerful defensive structures were erected in Ukraine along the Kyiv-Dnepropetrovsk-Melitopol line. On the one hand, it was a system of pillboxes, other powerful reinforced concrete structures, minefields, artillery along the entire right bank of the Dnieper, on the other hand, there was also a powerful natural barrier - the Dnieper. Due to these circumstances, the German command considered the Dnieper line of the "Eastern Wall" impassable. Hitler gave the order to hold the East Wall at all costs and endure the winter. During this time, by the summer of 1944, it was planned to restore the German army and launch a new offensive to the east.

In order to prevent Germany from recovering from defeat, Soviet command decides to storm the "Eastern shaft".

- lasted 4 months - from August to December 1943;

- was carried out in very difficult conditions for the Soviet army - from the "low" (flat) left bank, it was necessary to cross the Dnieper on rafts and storm the "high" (mountainous) right bank, stuffed with German defensive structures;

— Soviet army suffered colossal casualties, since the German troops, having fortified on the heights of the right bank of the Dnieper, intensively shelled the Soviet army on the low left bank, drowned rafts with soldiers and equipment crossing the Dnieper, destroyed pontoon bridges;

- the crossing of the Dnieper took place in conditions of very bad weather in October - November, icy water, rain and snow;

- each bridgehead on the western bank of the Dnieper, each kilometer recaptured was paid for by hundreds and thousands of dead. In spite of this. The Soviet army crossed the Dnieper in stubborn battles. In October 1943, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhye and Melitopol were liberated, and on November 6, 1943 - Kyiv.

By December 1943, the Eastern Wall was broken through - the way to the Right-Bank Ukraine, Moldova and further to Europe was opened.

3. November 28 - December 1, 1943 in Tehran, the capital of Iran, the first meeting of the "Big Three" took place during the war - I. Stalin, W. Churchill, F. Roosevelt - the leaders of the main allied states (USSR, Great Britain and the USA ). During this meeting:

— the main principles were developed post-war settlement;

- a fundamental decision was made to open a second front in May - June 1944 - the landing of Anglo-American troops in Normandy (France) and their attack on Germany from the west.

4. In the spring - summer of 1944, the final stage of the liberation of the USSR took place - the Soviet army launched three powerful offensives:

- in the north, during which the remnants of Army Group North were defeated, the blockade of Leningrad was lifted and most of the Baltic states were liberated;

- in Belarus (Operation Bagration), during which the backbone of Army Group Center was destroyed and Belarus was liberated;

- on South ( Iasi-Kishinev operation), during which Army Group South was surrounded and defeated, Moldova, most of the Right-Bank Ukraine, and Northern Romania were liberated.

As a result of these operations, by the autumn of 1944, the remnants of the three main German armies that invaded the USSR in 1941 were defeated; most of the territory of the USSR was liberated. The final stage of the war began - the liberation of Europe.

1. After the defeat of the main part of the German army in the Battle of Kursk, the expulsion of the Nazi invaders from the territory of the USSR began.

Practically deprived of an army, Germany could no longer attack and went on the defensive.
By order of Hitler, in the fall of 1943, the construction of the "Eastern Wall" began - a system of powerful echeloned defensive fortifications along the line of the Baltic Sea - Belarus - the Dnieper. According to Hitler's plan, the "Eastern Wall" was supposed to fence off Germany from the advancing Soviet troops, to give time to gather forces.
The most powerful defensive structures were erected in Ukraine along the Kyiv-Dnepropetrovsk-Melitopol line. On the one hand, it was a system of pillboxes, other powerful reinforced concrete structures, minefields, artillery along the entire right bank of the Dnieper, on the other hand, there was also a powerful natural barrier - the Dnieper. Due to these circumstances, the German command considered the Dnieper line of the "Eastern Wall" impassable. Hitler gave the order to hold the East Wall at all costs and endure the winter. During this time, by the summer of 1944, it was planned to restore the German army and launch a new offensive to the east.
In order to prevent Germany from recovering from defeat, the Soviet command decides to storm the East Wall.

1. In August 1943, the battle for the Dnieper began, which:

• lasted 4 months - from August to December 1943;
• it was carried out in very difficult conditions for the Soviet army - from the "low" (flat) left bank, it was necessary to cross the Dnieper on rafts and storm the "high" (mountainous) right bank, stuffed with German defensive structures;
• The Soviet army suffered colossal casualties, since the German troops, having fortified on the heights of the right bank of the Dnieper, intensively fired at the Soviet army on the low left bank, drowned rafts with soldiers and equipment crossing the Dnieper, destroyed pontoon bridges;
• the crossing of the Dnieper took place in conditions of very bad weather in October - November, ice water, rain and snow;
• each bridgehead on the western bank of the Dnieper, each kilometer recaptured, was paid for by hundreds and thousands of dead. Despite this, the Soviet army crossed the Dnieper in stubborn battles. In October 1943, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhye and Melitopol were liberated, and on November 6, 1943 - Kyiv.

By December 1943, the Eastern Wall was broken through - the way to the Right-Bank Ukraine, Moldova and further to Europe was opened.

1. November 28 - December 1, 1943 in Tehran, the capital of Iran, the first meeting of the "big three" - I. Stalin, W. Churchill, F. Roosevelt - the leaders of the main allied states (USSR, Great Britain and the USA) took place during the war. During this meeting:

• the basic principles of a post-war settlement were worked out;
• a decision was made in principle to open a second front in May - June 1944 - the landing of Anglo-American troops in Normandy (France) and their attack on Germany from the west.

1. In the spring - summer of 1944, the final stage of the liberation of the USSR took place - the Soviet army launched three powerful offensives:

• in the north, during which the remnants of Army Group North were defeated, the blockade of Leningrad was lifted and most of the Baltic was liberated;
• in Belarus (Operation Bagration), during which the backbone of Army Group Center was destroyed and Belarus was liberated;
• in the south (Iasi-Chisinau operation), during which the Army Group "South" was surrounded and defeated, Moldova, most of the Right-Bank Ukraine, Northern Romania were liberated.

As a result of these operations, by the autumn of 1944, the remnants of the three main German armies that invaded the USSR in 1941 were defeated; most of the territory of the USSR was liberated. The final stage of the war began - the liberation of Europe.

More on the topic Question 73. The liberation of the territory of the USSR in 1943 - 1944:

1. Question 72. A radical change in the course of the war. Battle of Kursk 1943
2. Chapter 7 ISSUES OF CONCERNED REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE ANTI-FASCIST COALITION (1943-1945)
3. Question 61
4. No. 179 OPERATIONAL REPORT BY THE CHIEF OF THE FIELD DEPARTMENT OF THE 5TH ARMY ON THE BATTLE OPERATIONS FOR THE LIBERATION OF THE TERRITORY OF THE KUSTANAY DISTRICT Chelyabinsk # October 18, 1919
5. Landscape-geochemical zoning of the territory of the USSR for the purposes of predicting the impact of technogenesis
6. No. 183 NOTE BY THE CHIEF OF STAFF OF THE 5TH ARMY TO CHIEFS 35 AND 54, NACHARM V ON THE ORGANIZATION OF FORTIFIED AREAS IN THE LIBERATED TERRITORY OF NORTH-EAST KAZAKHSTAN Chelyabinsk October 24, 1919

THIS DAY WE APPROVED AS WE COULD...

Great Patriotic War in dates and memoirs of veterans

Yuzhnoportovy district

1943 August 13 Donbass began offensive Southwestern and Southern fronts, continued until September 22. August 17th. The troops of the Steppe Front began fighting on the northern outskirts of Kharkov. August 23. The Belgorod-Kharkov operation ended. The troops of the Voronezh and Steppe Fronts advanced 140 km to the south and south-west and liberated Kharkov. August 25 - December 22. Battle for the Dnieper troops of the Central, Voronezh, Steppe, South-Western and Southern fronts. It included the Chernigov-Pripyat, Gomel-Rechitsa, Donbass, Dnieper airborne, Kiev offensive and defensive, Melitopol and Zaporozhye operations. 25-th of August. The Chernigov-Pripyat offensive operation began. August 31. The troops of the Central Front entered the borders of northern Ukraine. September 18th. More than 700 settlements. September 19th. Parts of the Central Front crossed the Desna. More than 1,200 settlements have been liberated in the Kiev, Zaporozhye, Melitopol, Poltava, and Bryansk directions. September 21st. Chernihiv is liberated. September 22nd. Parts of the 13th Army crossed the Dnieper. 23 September. The troops of the Steppe Front crossed the Vorskla River and liberated Poltava. September 24th. The Dnieper airborne operation began (about 10 thousand people). Until October 5, the paratroopers fought behind enemy lines in separate groups. September 25th. The troops of the Steppe and Southwestern Fronts crossed the Dnieper. September 26th. The troops of the Bryansk Front began the liberation of Belarus. The troops of the Voronezh Front crossed the Dnieper. The Melitopol offensive operation began. The left bank of the Dnieper near Kyiv has been completely cleared. September 30th. The Chernigov-Pripyat operation ended, the troops advanced up to 300 km, seized bridgeheads in the Chernobyl area. 2 October. ended Smolensk operation, the troops advanced to the west by 200-250 km, defeating 7 enemy divisions, the liberation of Belarus began. October 3rd. The Bryansk operation ended, the Bryansk industrial region and part of Belarus were liberated. October 6th. The Nevelsk offensive operation of the troops of the Kalinin Front began. October 7th. Nevel was liberated, units of the Kalinin Front reached the approaches to Vitebsk. 10 October. The Nevelsk operation ended: the enemy defenses in the Nevel, Velikie Luki region were broken through and the Dno-Vitebsk railway, linking the North and Center army groups, was cut. The Zaporizhzhya offensive began. The Zaporozhye operation was completed, Zaporozhye was liberated. October 23. Melitopol was liberated, the Germans began to retreat to the Dnieper. the 25th of October. Dnepropetrovsk and Dneprodzerzhinsk were liberated. November 3 - 23. Kyiv offensive operation. November 5. Withdrawal has begun German troops from Kyiv. The Melitopol operation was completed, the Crimean enemy grouping was blocked from land. November 6th. Kyiv is liberated. November 7th. The railroad connecting the Kiev and Krivoy Rog enemy groups was cut. 10th of November. The Gomel-Rechitsa offensive operation of the troops of the Belorussian Front began. 13 - 22 December. Kievskaya defensive operation troops of the 1st Ukrainian front . November 26th. Gomel is liberated. November 30th. The Gomel-Rechitsa operation was completed, a threat was created to the southern flank of Army Group Center. Fierce fighting troops of the Ukrainian fronts. December 13th. The city of Cherkasy was liberated. 20th of December. The operation to create a strategic foothold on the right bank of the Dnieper has been completed. Dec 22. The Kyiv defensive operation was completed, the front was stabilized on the line east of Chernyakhiv - Radomyshl. The battle for the Dnieper was over: a heavy defeat was inflicted on the army groups "South" and "Center", more than 38 thousand settlements were liberated, including 160 cities. December 24, 1943 - April 17, 1944 The offensive of troops in the Right-Bank Ukraine. Included: Zhytomyr-Berdichev, Kirovohrad, Korsun-Shevchenkovsky, Rivne-Lutsk, Nikolsko-Krivorozhskaya, Proskurov-Chernivtsi, Uman-Botoshanskaya, Bereznegovato-Snigirevskaya, Odessa and Polessye operations. The Zhytomyr-Berdychiv offensive operation began. The Gorodok operation was completed, the front line was pushed back 60 km. Zhitomir is liberated. January 14, 1944 The Zhytomyr-Berdichev operation was completed, the Kyiv and Zhytomyr regions, a number of districts of the Vinnitsa and Rivne regions were almost completely liberated, 6 enemy divisions were defeated. January 24 - February 17. Korsun-Shevchenko offensive operation. January 27 - February 11. Rovno-Lutsk offensive operation. February 2. Lutsk and Rivne were liberated. 11 February. The Rovno-Lutsk operation ended, the troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front advanced 80 km west. February 17. The Korsun-Shevchenko operation was completed, 15 enemy divisions were defeated, including 8 tank divisions. 10th of March. Tank formations cut the Lvov-Odessa railway (the main communication of the southern wing of the enemy troops). March 13. Kherson is liberated. March 15 - April 4. Polissya offensive operation. March 17. The offensive of the Soviet troops on the Right-Bank Ukraine was completed. The liberation of Moldova began. 20th of March. Vinnitsa is liberated. March 26 - April 14. Odessa offensive operation. March 28th. Troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front liberated Nikolaev and crossed the Southern Bug. March 29. Chernivtsi liberated. April, 4. The enemy broke through to the city of Kovel and unblocked it. The Soviet troops, having inflicted a defeat on 12 enemy divisions, stopped the Polessky operation, taking up an enveloping position in relation to Kovel. April 7th. A grouping of German troops (23 divisions, including 10 tank divisions) broke through the encirclement and joined forces that launched a counterattack in the Lvov area. April 10th. Odessa is liberated. 14th of April. Tarnopol (Ternopol), Mykolaiv and Odessa regions were liberated. May 9. Sevastopol is liberated. June 23 - August 29. Began: Belarusian strategic offensive operation (code name "Bagration"). Included: at the first stage (until July 4) - Vitebsk-Orsha, Mogilev, Bobruisk, Minsk and Polotsk; at the second stage (July 5 - August 29) - the Vilnius, Bialystok, Siauliai, Lublin-Brest and Kaunas operations; Vitebsk-Orsha and Mogilev offensive operations (until June 28); 24 - 29 June. Bobruisk offensive operation. June 26th. Vitebsk and Zhlobin were liberated. June 28th. Mogilev is liberated. June 29. The Bobruisk operation ended, Bobruisk was liberated. June 29 - July 4. Polotsk and Minsk offensive operations. 3 July. Minsk is liberated. July 9th The troops of the Belorussian Front reached the line of the Neman and Molchad rivers. July 15. Troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front crossed the Neman. July 16. The Zaneman part of Grodno was liberated. July 17th. The city of Sebezh was liberated. Troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front entered the territory of Poland. 57,600 German prisoners of war soldiers, officers and generals under escort passed through the squares and streets of Moscow. July 18 - August 2. Lublin-Brest offensive operation. July 27th. The enemy grouping in the Brest area is surrounded. July 28th. Brest was liberated, the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front reached the Vistula and continued to move towards Warsaw. July. By mid-summer, the occupied regions of the RSFSR were liberated. During the war, Germany captured vast Soviet territories, where almost half of the country's total population lived - 80 million people. Almost 5 million were taken to Germany for forced labor, about half of them died.

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Kolya Yasnopolsky had not been spoiled by life before, but the boy was stubborn and managed to achieve a lot. Originally from a village, he became an orphan at the age of 10. The boy was taken to his brother - the founder of the legendary Magnitogorsk. When the war began, Nikolai was sent to serve in the anti-aircraft artillery school, which was evacuated to Ufa. The course of study at the school was short in a military way. By the end of 1942, Nikolai had already graduated from college with honors and received the rank of lieutenant. He could remain at the school as a platoon commander of cadets, but he turned to the command with a request to send him to the front. Nikolai fought on the 2nd Ukrainian, on the 2nd Belorussian fronts. At first he was the commander of a fire platoon of the 2nd battery of the 1716th Separate Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment. Then he took command of the battery - after the death of the battalion commander Dmitry Zvezdin. The battery, commanded by D. Zvezdin, and then by Nikolai, shot down 13 enemy aircraft. “Enemy vultures have swooped in. They tried to bomb the battle formations of our troops when there was a battle for Ensk. The anti-aircraft gunners of Lieutenant Yasnopolsky opened fire. The guns of senior sergeant Kochiev also fired on German aircraft. Sergeant Soroka diligently filed shells. Enemy planes began to come in to bomb the anti-aircraft gunners. At this time, shells from Kochiev's cannon hit a German aircraft. The enemy vehicle on fire fell to the ground ”(from an article in an army newspaper, 1944). The fighting on the right bank of the Dnieper was especially heavy. In flying weather, attacks by enemy dive bombers had to be repulsed every hour, every minute. The infantry could hide in trenches and dugouts, but they, the anti-aircraft gunners, had no right to hide - even in the most brutal raids. Terrible notches remained in my memory: wells clogged with the corpses of our soldiers, stars carved on the backs of Soviet officers, the great grief of the inhabitants of Ukrainian cities and villages ... At the front, fate brought him together with writers for the first time. She brought it together in an amazing way: tanks built at the expense of A. Tolstoy, A. Korneichuk came to their corps ... Alexander Mitrofanovich Bondarev continues to recall: “From April to September 1943, our 167th division fought defensive battles near the city of Sumy. My platoon was defending not far from the village of Bititsa, in front of a small river. The battalion commander called me and ordered me to take the "tongue". I picked up the best soldiers, and we began to conduct surveillance in the company's defense zone. We clarified where the German machine-gun crew is located, convenient for capturing the “tongue”. They did everything according to a given program: they had breakfast, lunch, dinner at a strictly defined time, fired from machine guns, artillery and mortars, illuminated the area with rockets. At night, during the rain, we moved in a chain along the stream. A sapper walked ahead, showing us the passages in the minefield. At the appointed place they crossed the stream and began to move in dashes to the machine-gun crew of the Germans. About 50 meters away, three crawled to the trench, and two prepared to divert the fire on themselves. Without much fuss, one German was killed, the second was gagged and his hands were tied. When dragging the "tongue", the Germans lit flares several times. Not far from the river, the Nazis discovered us and opened heavy fire from six-barreled mortars. Our artillery returned fire after a red rocket fired in our direction. One of our scouts was killed, another wounded in the leg. We had to drag the dead man and the "tongue". The task was completed, the command received important information from the captured fascist. During the attack for the settlement of Nedrigailov (Sumy region) on September 5, I was wounded in the right leg by an explosive bullet. The 167th division was preparing to cross the Dnieper. The enemy clung to the water line, did everything to keep Kyiv. The 520th regiment was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Akulov. Having been discharged from the hospital, I arrived at my regiment. Not to know was our combat unit. The soldiers became builders: they carried timber, boards, barrels. Rafts were made from all available improvised means so that soldiers, weapons and ammunition could be transported. The crossing was very difficult. On October 18, 1943, my assault group, under the cover of fog, quietly crossed the old channel of the Dnieper to the island of the Black Death. Together with us, Petropavlov's company, machine-gun and 50mm mortar platoons also crossed to the island. They began to dig in, but cold October water appeared at a depth of half a meter. The Nazis discovered us and opened fire with all kinds of weapons. Many of our soldiers were killed and wounded. Our artillery and "Katyushas" did not soon succeed in suppressing the enemy's firing points. The desire of soldiers and officers to quickly liberate Kyiv increased our strength tenfold. Fights went on for every quarter, grenades were used and hand-to-hand fighting. By the morning of November 6, on the eve of the 26th anniversary of October, Kyiv was cleared of fascist evil spirits. The Korsun-Shevchenko group of the enemy was surrounded and destroyed. After the liberation of the city of Vasilkovo, the 167th division moved to join units of the 2nd Ukrainian Front. The 520th regiment met with units of this front in the Zvenigorodka area. In January 1944, our regiment marched in a marching column to the settlement of Votylevka. The Germans, having missed us, struck from the rear and beat our positions well. I had to leave Votylevka. In the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe settlement of Tikhonovka, they took up defense. They dug trenches and part of trenches to the height of a man in order to repel enemy attacks and prevent a breakthrough of fascist formations moving to help the encircled group. In the battles to destroy the Korsun-Shevchenko grouping, the division knocked out and destroyed 78 German tanks and self-propelled guns, captured more than 1000 people. Our 520th regiment destroyed 20 tanks, captured more than 300 people. Valentina Ivanovna Vorobieva, born in 1924, nurse in the surgical department of hospital 4916 on the 2nd Ukrainian front. The front-line hospital had its own medical train, which followed the front. They did not have time to stay in one place - they had to move to a new one. Only there work is being established, again - emergency work, redeployment. On the shoulders of the sisters was all the work of receiving, treating the wounded, and then there was the move. Urgently pack your things, but do not forget anything. It was not easy for a 17-year-old girl to start carrying weights - some of the wounded weighed 90 and 100 kilograms. Some soldiers felt sorry for the weak thin girls, others were afraid that they might drop them, asked them to leave them alone, especially not to carry them up the stairs ... The worst place in the war turned out to be in Ukraine, near Kirovograd. A German group broke through there and surrounded the hospital. And what kind of protection does he have - recovering soldiers and weapons are only personal to officers. We lived in fear for almost a day, until our tanks came and defeated the insolent Germans. And even a little bit, they would have blown up the hospital ... It was even worse when an inexperienced young surgeon “crippled” the young body of a warrior - he amputated a limb that could well have been left and cured. There was no time for the doctor to think, but it was very disappointing for the guys: who would take him into the house? Blood, pus, bandages, so many things that it’s scary to remember ... Maria Ivanovna Svistun recalls that in the summer of 1943 the 89th division reached the village of Kartoyak Kursk region and held back the left flank of the front. 600 people were collected from the battlefields. The blood is alive and clotted, lacerated wounds, severed limbs, shell-shocked unconscious people. The Battle of Kursk ended, the division was replenished with new personnel, updated with materiel - personal weapons and tools - machine guns, cannons, mortars, went further to the west. “I remember how they crossed the Dnieper River. They crossed to the west coast in small boats of four people each. We were covered by a wave from a shell that exploded nearby. The boat was flooded, all its passengers were in the water. I can't swim, I started to drown. They barely saved me - they dragged me onto a raft with a machine-gun crew that turned out to be nearby. Once she moved from one dugout to another, neighboring one. As soon as I got out, PO-2 descended before my eyes - a downed plane and crashed into the dugout from which I came out. I see that it is difficult for the pilot to get out of the cockpit. I help him out, drag him into a neighboring dugout, and as soon as they closed the door behind them, there was an explosion - it was the plane on fire. How the pilot swore at me from shock! When our troops took Kharkov, I was awarded the medal "For Courage" - they handed it to me there. After Battle of Kursk received the Order of the Red Star, then the medal "For the Victory over Germany", the medal "For Military Merit", and other commemorative medals. Ivan Mikhailovich Manokhin, born in 1925, started the war at the Malinoko station near Zhitomir, as part of the 1416th self-propelled artillery regiment. He was in charge of the combat food warehouse, at the same time he acted as assistant platoon commander. The regiment took part in the liberation of Moldova, they took the cities of Balti, Yampol, the Vapnyarka station. I remember the terrible day when the Germans bombed this junction station for an hour and a half. From the bombings of the rails railway stood on end, torn like threads. And the 2nd Ukrainian Front desperately needed ammunition that was stored in the Manokhin warehouse. He feared most of all for his household, prayed to God that he would save ammunition. And, as they say, a miracle happened. After the bombing, they hastily began to repair the tracks, anti-aircraft gunners came to the rescue, and began to repel enemy raids. The tracks were restored, and the first train was loaded with ammunition and sent to the front line. Ivan Mikhailovich received gratitude from the command. He has awards: the Order of the Patriotic War of the 2nd degree, the medal "For the Victory over Germany", commemorative medals. Alexander Ivanovich Atamanov met the war in the city of Yelets. In 1943 he was drafted into the Red Army and sent to the Moscow Mortar School. Upon completion, he was enrolled in a mortar company that fought near Orel. There he was wounded in the right leg and in the chin. The shard is still sitting there. For a month he was treated in a hospital in the city of Klintsy, Bryansk region, and was seconded to the Reserve Regiment. From there - to the front as part of the 140th Siberian Rifle Division, mortar. He served there until March 24, 1945. On that day, in a heavy battle near the city of Moravska-Ostrava, he was wounded: a bullet hit under the nose, under the right eye and went straight through. With this wound, he lay in the hospital and was demobilized in the second echelon in December 1945. The most terrible and difficult battles were near Lvov. The 140th division was sent to the front reserve, in one village they fought at night, slept during the day, and then went on the attack again. Atamanov's mortar fire destroyed enemy positions so swiftly and mercilessly that the enemy was forced to retreat. The capture of Lvov was marked by the command of awarding Alexander Ivanovich with the Order of Glory 3rd degree. Iosif Grigoryevich Kheifets was born in Yelets in 1918. military service in the Red Army took place in Baku in the regimental school of junior commanders in the air defense forces. I was about to be demobilized when the Great Patriotic War began. So I stayed in the south. Member of the defense of the Caucasus. His anti-aircraft gun, and then the battery, division defended the sky over the Kuban. Hitler really wanted to seize the Black Sea ports and hoist a flag with a fascist swastika on Mount Elbrus. On July 26, 1942, having transported tanks and artillery across the Don, German troops launched an offensive to the south. The troops of the Southern Front could not hold back the onslaught and retreated behind the Manych Canal. On July 28, the enemy managed to force this canal in the area of ​​the Vesely farm. Order No. 227 was read to the troops, which emphasized the seriousness of the situation at the front. “The fighting is going on in the Voronezh region, on the Don, in the south, near the North Caucasus,” the Supreme Commander-in-Chief addressed the troops. “The German invaders are rushing to Stalingrad, to the Volga and want to seize the Kuban, the North Caucasus with oil and other riches at any cost ... To retreat further means to ruin ourselves and at the same time our Motherland.” fighting The North Caucasian Front in late July and early August proceeded in an extremely difficult situation. The enemy, who still possessed a quantitative superiority in tanks and aircraft, broke through the defenses of our troops; developing the offensive in the Stavropol direction, by the end of July 30, he had advanced to a depth of 120 km. On August 31, the Nazis captured Anapa. Our troops continued to hold their positions for a whole year until September 1943. At the same time, the advance of German troops in the area of ​​the Tersky Range towards Grozny and Ordzhonikidze was stopped. Our troops repulsed all enemy attacks in the Tuapse region, and then launched a counterattack and defeated the enemy grouping that had penetrated to the south. And here the Germans were forced to abandon the further offensive and go on the defensive. By the end of September - beginning of October in the North Caucasus, the front had stabilized everywhere. Hitler at one of the meetings said that the Crimea should be held as long as possible. The Goebbels department clarified: "If the Russians defended Sevastopol for 250 days, then we will defend it for 15 years." The army of E. Eneke was in the Crimea, it consisted of more than 195 thousand people, 3600 guns and mortars, 5400 machine guns, over 215 assault guns and tanks, 148 aircraft. On April 8, 1944, after a powerful artillery preparation that lasted three hours, the troops of the 4th Ukrainian Front went on the offensive and very soon broke through the front at Perekop and Sivash. On the night of April 11, from the side of the Kerch Strait, from a small bridgehead captured by our troops back in November last year (I.G. Kheifets was there with his division), the offensive of the Separate Primorsky Army began. On April 15, the troops of the 4th Ukrainian Front from Bakhchisaray approached the outer defensive bypass of Sevastopol. And on April 16-17, units of the Separate Primorsky Army were already approaching the city from Yalta. Our fleet approached the city from the sea. Now Sevastopol was surrounded on all sides. On the morning of May 7, artillery preparation began already in the Sapun Mountain area. Attack pilots unleashed a sea of ​​​​fire on enemy positions. The barrage of fire was powerful, but short, and now our troops launched a swift attack on the southeastern outskirts of the city. A furious trench battle broke out. It lasted 9 hours. On May 9, Sevastopol was completely liberated, the 17th army of Eneke ceased to exist, its losses on land amounted to 100 thousand people, including about 62 thousand prisoners. Iosif Kheyfets considers the medal "For the Defense of the Caucasus" his most expensive award, and he has more than twenty of them after the Order of the Red Star. Semyon Pavlovich Kutsenko, a teacher in a rural school, fought from the first to last day war, commanded a radio communications platoon of the regiment, was demobilized as a captain after 6 years of service. He received his first award for the liberation of Sevastopol. It was one of the most difficult battles. After him, the howitzer regiment received the title of Sevastopol. Became the 1232nd Sevastopol Artillery Regiment of the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky. Then, near Sevastopol, Semyon was shell-shocked. There was a stunning artillery noise, many could not stand it. The soldiers' eardrums burst. And in the enemy dugouts, when we appeared, the Germans sat in them, as if intoxicated. Some were bleeding from their ears, others from their mouths. They took Sapun Mountain by storm, and all those who survived received awards for participating in this battle. The second award - the Order of Glory of the 3rd degree, he received for crossing the Basi River in Belarus. There were no bridges there, the sappers tried to set up crossings in different places, but the Germans destroyed them with aimed fire. I had to wait until dark. At night they set up their rafts, pontoons. It was not yet dawn when the gunners moved their howitzers to the right bank, and after a while our troops launched an offensive, liberated more than 40 settlements. The medal "For Courage" was received for participation in the battles for the liberation of Novorossiysk. Peninsula Malaya Zemlya was filled with German pillboxes, guns, even tank towers dug into the ground. The defense seemed impregnable. Attacks were replaced by artillery preparation, bombing. Along with the explosions of shells and bombs, coastal stones flew in all directions, they were also ammunition - they hit a living body so hard, they knocked weapons out of their hands. For participation in the defense of the Caucasus and in the battles for its liberation, Semyon Pavlovich was awarded the medal "For the Defense of the Caucasus." Nikolai Nikolaevich Kalinchenko comes from a simple peasant family from the village of Yudovka, in the Kursk province. Kolya left the military school as a volunteer for Finnish war, then fought on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. Having started as a company political commissar, Nikolai Kalinchenko by the end of the war was already a battalion commissar, then a regiment party organizer. I had a chance to fight in Transcaucasia, in the North Caucasus. The Order of the Red Star, the Order of the Patriotic War of the II degree, the medals "For Military Merit", "For the Defense of the Caucasus" - this is how the Motherland highly appreciated the military merits of N. Kalinchenko. His native land was occupied by the Nazis, a policeman from his fellow villagers reported that Kalinchenko's father's children were fighting. Mother and father were taken to the forest to be shot, but at that time the partisans arrived and managed to beat them off. Further military service Nicholas also took place in the southern regions: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Turkmenistan, the North Caucasus, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don. The family fully experienced what the nomadic life of a military man is like. During the service, Nikolai Nikolaevich studied a lot. He retired with the rank of colonel, having served 36 years and was awarded the medals "For Impeccable Service in the Armed Forces" and "Veteran of the Armed Forces".