When Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich was born. Death of Stalin
Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (real name: Dzhugashvili) - an active revolutionary, leader of the Soviet state from 1920 to 1953, Marshal and Generalissimo of the USSR.The period of his reign, called the "era of Stalinism", was marked by the victory in World War II, the amazing successes of the USSR in the economy, in eradicating the illiteracy of the population, in creating the world image of the country as a superpower. At the same time, his name is associated with the horrific facts of the mass destruction of millions Soviet people through the organization of artificial famine, forced deportations, repressions directed against opponents of the regime, intra-party “purges”.
Regardless of the crimes committed, he remains popular among Russians: a 2017 Levada Center poll showed that most citizens consider him an outstanding head of state. In addition, he unexpectedly took a leading position according to the results of the audience voting during the 2008 TV project for the choice greatest hero national history"Name of Russia".
Childhood and youth
The future "father of nations" was born on December 18, 1878 (according to another version - December 21, 1879) in the east of Georgia. His ancestors belonged to the lower strata of the population. Father Vissarion Ivanovich was a shoemaker, earned little, drank a lot and often beat his wife. Little Soso got it from him, as his mother Ekaterina Georgievna Geladze called her son.The two oldest children in their family died shortly after birth. And the surviving Soso had physical disabilities: two fingers fused on his leg, damage to the skin of his face, an arm that did not fully unbend due to an injury received at the age of 6 when he was hit by a car.
Joseph's mother worked hard. She wanted her beloved son to achieve “the best” in life, namely, to become a priest. He is in early age he spent a lot of time among street brawlers, but in 1889 he was admitted to a local Orthodox school, where he demonstrated extraordinary talent: he wrote poetry, received high marks in theology, mathematics, Russian and Greek.
In 1890, the head of the family died from a knife wound in a drunken brawl. True, some historians argue that the boy’s father was in fact not the official husband of his mother, but her distant relative, Prince Maminoshvili, a confidant and friend of Nikolai Przhevalsky. Others even attribute paternity to this famous traveler, outwardly very similar to Stalin. Confirmation of these assumptions is the fact that the boy was accepted into a very solid spiritual educational institution, where the path was ordered for people from poor families, as well as the periodic transfer of funds by Prince Maminoshvili to Soso's mother for raising her son.
After graduating from college at the age of 15, the young man continued his education at the theological seminary of Tiflis (now Tbilisi), where he made friends among the Marxists. In parallel with his main studies, he began to engage in self-education, studying underground literature. In 1898, he became a member of the first social democratic organization in Georgia, showed himself as a brilliant orator and began to propagate the ideas of Marxism among the workers.
Participation in the revolutionary movement
In the last year of study, Joseph was expelled from the seminary with the issuance of a document on the right to work as a teacher in institutions that provided primary education.Since 1899, he began to professionally engage in revolutionary work, in particular, he became a member of the party committees of Tiflis and Batumi, participated in attacks on banking institutions to obtain funds for the needs of the RSDLP.
In the period 1902-1913. he was arrested eight times and sent into exile seven times as a criminal punishment. But between arrests, while at large, he continued to be active. For example, in 1904, he organized a grandiose Baku strike, which ended with the conclusion of an agreement between workers and oil owners.
Out of necessity, the young revolutionary then had many party pseudonyms - Nizheradze, Soselo, Chizhikov, Ivanovich, Koba. Their total number exceeded 30 names.
In 1905, at the first party conference in Finland, he first met Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin. Then he was a delegate at the IV and V congresses of the party in Sweden and in the UK. In 1912, at a party plenum in Baku, he was included in absentia into the Central Committee. In the same year, he decided to finally change his surname to the party nickname "Stalin", consonant with the established pseudonym of the leader of the world proletariat.
In 1913, the “fiery Colchian,” as Lenin sometimes called him, Once again got into the link. Released in 1917, together with Lev Kamenev (real surname Rosenfeld), he headed the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda, worked to prepare an armed uprising.
How did Stalin come to power?
After the October Revolution, Stalin became a member of the Council of People's Commissars, the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Party. During the Civil War, he also held a number of responsible posts and gained tremendous experience in political and military leadership. In 1922, he took the post of general secretary, but general secretary In those years, he was not yet the head of the party. 
When Lenin died in 1924, Stalin led the country, defeating the opposition, and embarked on industrialization, collectivization, and a cultural revolution. The success of Stalin's policy consisted in a competent personnel policy. “Cadres decide everything,” is a quote from Joseph Vissarionovich in a speech to graduates of the military academy in 1935. During the first years in power, he appointed more than 4 thousand party functionaries to responsible posts, thereby forming the backbone of the Soviet nomenklatura.
Joseph Stalin. How to become a leader
But above all, he eliminated competitors in the political struggle, not forgetting to take advantage of their developments. Nikolai Bukharin became the author of the concept of the national question, which the General Secretary took as the basis of his course. Grigory Lev Kamenev owned the slogan "Stalin is Lenin today", and Stalin actively promoted the idea that he was the successor of Vladimir Ilyich and literally planted the cult of Lenin's personality, strengthened the leader's moods in society. Well, Leon Trotsky, with the support of economists close to him ideologically, developed a plan for forced industrialization.
It was the latter who became the main opponent of Stalin. Disagreements between them began long before that - back in 1918, Joseph was indignant that Trotsky, a newcomer to the party, was trying to teach him the right course. Immediately after the death of Lenin, Lev Davidovich fell into disgrace. In 1925, the plenum of the Central Committee summed up the "harm" that Trotsky's speeches had inflicted on the party. The figure was removed from the post of head of the Revolutionary Military Council, Mikhail Frunze was appointed in his place. Trotsky was expelled from the USSR, a struggle began in the country against manifestations of "Trotskyism". The fugitive settled in Mexico, but was killed in 1940 by an NKVD agent.
After Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev fell under Stalin's sights, and were finally eliminated in the course of the apparatus war.
Stalinist repressions
Stalin's methods of achieving impressive success in turning an agrarian country into a superpower - violence, terror, repression with the use of torture - cost millions of human lives. 
The victims of dispossession (eviction, confiscation of property, executions), along with the kulaks, became the innocent rural population of average income, which led to the actual destruction of the village. When the situation reached critical proportions, the Father of Nations issued a statement about "excesses on the ground."
Forced collectivization (unification of peasants into collective farms), the concept of which was adopted in November 1929, destroyed traditional agriculture and led to terrible consequences. In 1932, mass famine struck Ukraine, Belarus, Kuban, the Volga region, the Southern Urals, Kazakhstan, and Western Siberia.
Researchers agree that the state was also harmed by the political repressions of the dictator-“the architect of communism” against the command staff of the Red Army, the persecution of scientists, cultural figures, doctors, engineers, the mass closing of churches, the deportation of many peoples, including the Crimean Tatars, Germans, Chechens, Balkars, Ingrian Finns.
In 1941, after Hitler's attack on the USSR, the Supreme Commander made many erroneous decisions in the art of warfare. In particular, his refusal to promptly withdraw military formations from Kiev led to the unjustified death of a significant mass of the armed forces - five armies. But later, when organizing various military operations, he already showed himself to be a very competent strategist.
The significant contribution of the USSR to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 contributed to the formation of the world socialist system, as well as to the growth of the authority of the country and its leader. The "Great Pilot" contributed to the creation of a powerful domestic military-industrial complex, the transformation of the Soviet Union into a nuclear superpower, one of the founders of the UN and a permanent member of its Security Council with veto power.
Personal life of Joseph Stalin
"Uncle Joe", as Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill called Stalin among themselves, was married twice. His first chosen one was Ekaterina Svanidze, the sister of his friend who studied at the Tiflis Theological Seminary. Their wedding took place in the church of St. David in July 1906. 
A year later, Kato gave her husband the firstborn Jacob. When the boy was only 8 months old, she died (according to some sources from tuberculosis, others from typhoid fever). She was 22 years old. As the English historian Simon Montefiore noted, during the funeral, 28-year-old Stalin did not want to say goodbye to his beloved wife and jumped into her grave, from where he was taken out with great difficulty.
After the death of his mother, Jacob met his father only at the age of 14. After school, without his permission, he got married, then because of a conflict with his father, he tried to commit suicide. During WWII, he died in German captivity. According to one of the legends, the Nazis offered to exchange Jacob for Friedrich Paulus, but Stalin did not take the opportunity to save his son, saying that he would not change the field marshal for a soldier.
The second time the "Locomotive of the Revolution" tied the bonds of Hymen at the age of 39, in 1918. His affair with 16-year-old Nadezhda, the daughter of one of the revolutionary workers Sergei Alliluyev, began a year earlier. Then he returned from Siberian exile and lived in their apartment. In 1920, the couple had a son, Vasily, the future lieutenant general of aviation, in 1926, a daughter, Svetlana, who emigrated to the United States in 1966. She married an American and took the surname Peters.
The family of Iosif Vissarionovich also brought up Artem, the son of Stalin's friend Fyodor Sergeev, who died in a railway accident.
In 1932, the "Father of Nations" was again widowed - after their next quarrel, his wife committed suicide, leaving him, according to her daughter, a "terrible" letter full of accusations. He was shocked and angry at her act, did not go to the funeral.
The leader's main hobby was reading. He loved Maupassant, Dostoyevsky, Wilde, Gogol, Chekhov, Zola, Goethe, without hesitation he quoted the Bible and Bismarck.
Death of Stalin
At the end of his life, the Soviet dictator was praised as a professional in all fields of knowledge. One of his words could decide the fate of anyone scientific discipline. A struggle was waged against "servile worship of the West", against "cosmopolitanism", and the exposure of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee.Stalin's last speech (Speech at the 19th Congress of the CPSU, 1952)
In his personal life, he was lonely, rarely talked with children - he did not approve of his daughter's endless novels and his son's spree. At the dacha in Kuntsevo, he remained alone at night with the guards, who usually could enter him only after a call.
Svetlana, who came on December 21 to congratulate her father on his 73rd birthday, later noted that he did not look well and, apparently, did not feel well, as he suddenly quit smoking.
On the evening of Sunday, March 1, 1953, the assistant commandant entered the leader with mail received at 22 o'clock, and saw him lying on the floor. Transferring him, along with the guards who came running to help, to the sofa, he informed the top leadership of the party about what had happened. At 9 am on March 2, a group of doctors diagnosed the patient with paralysis on the right side of the body. The time for his possible rescue was lost, and on March 5 he died of a cerebral hemorrhage.
After the autopsy, it was discovered that Stalin had previously suffered several ischemic strokes on his legs, which provoked disruptions in the functioning of the cardiovascular system and mental disorders.
Death of Joseph Stalin. End of an Era
The news of the death of the Soviet leader shocked the country. The coffin with his body was placed in the Mausoleum next to Lenin. During the farewell to the deceased, a stampede arose in the crowd, which cost the lives of many. In 1961, he was reburied near the Kremlin wall (after the CPSU congresses condemned the revealed violations of the “Leninist precepts”).
On March 1, 1953, the leader had a stroke, he was not given help in time, as a result of which Joseph Vissarionovich died on March 5. Stalin's funeral became a national drama. Thousands of people died in the stampede. But only now, after a while, it becomes clear that his death could be the result of a conspiracy by the Soviet elite. The very one at Stalin's coffin made mourning speeches.
Stalin's official cause of death
Near dacha - the official residence of Stalin Stalin died in his official residence, the Near Dacha, where he permanently lived in post-war period. On March 1, 1953, one of the guards found him lying on the floor of a small dining room. On the morning of March 2, doctors arrived at the Near Dacha and diagnosed paralysis on the right side of the body. On March 5, at 21:50, Stalin died. According to the medical report, death was the result of a cerebral hemorrhage.
The assassination of the leader. Stalin was poisoned
Documents were found in the former Kremlin archives, indicating that Stalin was poisoned. Who did it and how?
The first news of poisoning
The first data confirming that Joseph Stalin was killed by one of his close associates appeared back in the 50s.
At first, Nikita Khrushchev let it slip in the presence of several Western journalists. In the foreign media, Khrushchev's words were replicated as a real sensation, but for " iron curtain"The news did not reach immediately, and only those who caught foreign "voices" on the radio heard about it. The second to speak about the violent death of Stalin was the former Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR Dmitry Shepilov, and also in the presence of foreign correspondents. These two, as it were, "accidentally escaped" testimonies gave rise to the American historian Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov to start large-scale research. And in 1976, the book "The Mystery of Stalin's Death (Beria's Conspiracy)" was born. Avtorkhanov did a great job: he found dozens of witnesses in the Soviet Union, interviewed them - at that time it was an extremely difficult job. As a result, no one in the West doubted the version of the poisoning for a long time - only the identity of the organizer of the murder caused controversy. Minister of the Interior Lavrenty Beria was considered such. As it turned out, it was wrong. Beria, of course, could have been involved in the murder, but it was not he who organized it, but Lazar Kaganovich, who was also part of Stalin's inner circle. Kaganovich lived almost until the collapse of the USSR, but for all these years he did not utter a word about his involvement in the death of the leader.
Documents of the commission of Mikhail Poltoranin on the declassification of KGB archives related to last days Generalissimo, unequivocally testified that Lavrenty Beria might not have known about the impending murder. A member of the Presidium of the Central Committee, Kaganovich, asked him to remove him away from the leader of his two closest associates - the head of the special sector of the Central Committee Alexander Poskrebyshev and the head of the personal guard, Lieutenant General Nikolai Vlasik, who allegedly had a bad influence on Stalin, which Beria successfully did. But Beria might not have known why it was necessary to eliminate Vlasik and Poskrebyshev.
How exactly did Kaganovich plan the murder and who did he involve in the operation to eliminate Stalin? It is known that Kaganovich was helped by his relative Ella. It was she who negotiated with the performers. It was she who consulted with experts, choosing poison. In the 1990s, all records in the KGB archive concerning this woman were taken to Israel on the personal order of Boris Yeltsin. Why was it Kaganovich who planned the assassination of Stalin?
Who poisoned Stalin?
Apparently, the background of the crime lay in everyday life, one might even say, family history. The son of Lavrenty Beria Sergo in his book “My father is Lavrenty Beria” mentioned that his sister (according to other sources - nieces. - Author's note) Kaganovich Rosa had a son from Stalin: “Their proximity was the direct cause of the suicide of Nadezhda Alliluyeva , the wife of Joseph Vissarionovich, - wrote Sergo Beria. - I knew the child who grew up in the Kaganovich family well. The boy's name was Yuri. The boy looked very much like a Georgian.”
In 1951, Beria reported to Stalin that Yuri allegedly spoke out among his acquaintances that he would replace Stalin as head of state - he would inherit, so to speak. Like it or not, Stalin allegedly asked Beria to "resolve the issue with the heir." Kaganovich found out about this and hurried to imitate Yuri's death. They organized a fictitious funeral, and in the meantime the guy was hidden in Leningrad, with distant relatives of Kaganovich. The fact that Yuri was seen alive after Stalin's death was recalled by the writers Sergei Krasikov and Vladimir Soloukhin. In general, the version that Kaganovich decided to kill Stalin in order to save his sister's son from imminent reprisal is still in use among historians.
Why did Stalin die? Poisoned with mineral water.
Stalin was most likely poisoned on Saturday, February 28, 1953. In the evening he drank mineral water - according to the description that was subsequently drawn up, there were three empty bottles in the bedroom. One of them, from under Borjomi, subsequently disappeared without a trace. Researchers, in particular Oleg Karataev and Nikolai Dobryukha, believe that the killers approached the choice of poison with extreme caution. It was necessary to make sure that the poison did not kill Stalin immediately. The killers needed time to share power among themselves. And the quick death of the leader did not leave such an opportunity.
Nikolai Dobryukha writes that “Stalin got poisoned as soon as he drank mineral water. This is evidenced by the fact that he was found lying at the table, on which stood a bottle of mineral water and a glass from which he drank. And since the poison acted "almost instantly", after drinking, Stalin immediately fell ... according to some sources, dead, according to others - having lost consciousness. On November 8, 1953, continues Nikolai Dobryukha, the Kremlin Sanitary Department decided to donate medicines and three bottles from the Lenin Museum to the Stalin Museum. mineral waters, but for some reason, for unspecified reasons, only two bottles were handed over on November 9 (one from Narzan, the other from Borjomi). Was Beria among the killers? Judging by the fact that it was he who was made extreme, he still did not know about the impending murder. This version is supported by some evidence. Nikolai Dobryukha writes that Beria was "very nervous" when he learned that Stalin was between life and death after a "brain hemorrhage." Someone, and Beria, who read everything that the doctors wrote about the state of health of the leader, knew that Stalin was as healthy as a bull. Stable pressure for 10 years, and suddenly for no reason - a stroke. It is also strange that, having learned about the stroke, the first thing Beria did was to interrogate the former head of the toxicological laboratory of the NKVD - MGB, Grigory Mairanovsky, who was arrested in December 1951. Mairanovsky confirmed that he had repeatedly advised Ella, a relative of Lazar Kaganovich, “on very sensitive issues” related to poisons.
Actually, even after studying the conclusion of the medical consultation that took place after the death of the leader, it could be assumed that something was unclean with the “stroke”. Unless the stroke followed the poisoning and was provoked by the poison. The council concluded: “Blood examination showed an increase in the number of white blood cells up to 17,000 (instead of 7000 - 8000 in the norm) with toxic granularity in leukocytes. In the study of urine, protein was found up to 6 ppm (normally 0). Translating from medical into Russian, this means one thing - poisoning.
Documentary film of the TV channel Rossiya “What did Stalin die from? A sensation without a statute of limitations
Version of the "killer doctors"
For a long time, there was a version that Stalin was poisoned by "killer doctors." At the same time, there was a certain duality in the official interpretation of the death of the leader: on the one hand, a stroke was documented, on the other, a group of doctors and nurses who allegedly took revenge on the “father of nations” for the repression of “rootless cosmopolitans”. The version did not appear from scratch: the last injection, which could have been fatal, was given to Stalin by the nurse Moiseeva. On the evening of March 5, she gave Stalin an injection of calcium gluconate - before that, such injections had never been given to the leader. Then there were two more injections - camphor oil and adrenaline. And, judging by the medical records, Stalin died immediately. In such a state that Stalin had in his last hours, an injection of adrenaline can cause vasospasm great circle circulation and consequently rapid death.
Poisoned with "spider venom"
And so it was. A "spider venom" of natural origin was added to the mineral water, over which they "conjured" in Mayranovsky's laboratory. Such a poison disrupts breathing, blood circulation and affects the lymph nodes and the brain. But it doesn't always cause death. Advising Kaganovich's sister, Mairanovsky warned about this, but for some reason the killers settled on the spider's venom. As a result, Stalin was poisoned, but did not die. But the doctors did not immediately find out about the poisoning! The first blood and urine tests were at their disposal only in the early morning of March 5. By this time, the poison had already caused irreversible damage to the heart and brain - it was discovered too late. The second analysis indicated the presence in Stalin's blood of 85% of neutrophils at a rate of 55-68%, and an increase in the number of neutrophils indicates the presence toxic substances in organism. Another indicator is 18% of stab neutrophils at a rate of 2-5%. All signs of poisoning were present. And the doctors knew that this was the end. Therefore, the last injections were made only in order to alleviate the suffering of the dying.
An autopsy also showed the presence of poisoning with a poison of non-synthetic origin. It is for this reason that the conclusion of the pathologists was signed by only 11 people out of 19 who were members of the commission. Eight "non-signers" were well aware of what they would have to sign, and decided not to risk it, explaining their act by some "scientific contradictions" that they had with their colleagues during the pathological examination. The expert opinion was rewritten twice - in April and July 1953 . The last time - after the arrest of Beria, appointed "switchman". Lazar Kaganovich, who organized the poisoning, held out in power until 1959 and lived to a ripe old age. His relative Ella, who supplied the performers with poison and consulted with poisoning luminaries from the MGB, emigrated to Israel in the 60s. Perhaps in the near future new details of the murder of Stalin will be revealed - the secret archives of Lavrenty Beria are about to be declassified.
Funeral of I.V. Stalin in Moscow Books about Stalin's death
Nikolai Dobryukha's book "How Stalin was killed"
“The study “How Stalin was killed” is a strong material. Very strong material. Convincing... Documents about the last illness and death of Stalin are so significant that now no one can turn away from them. For the first time, we are not dealing with a set of memories, rumors and assumptions about the death of Stalin, but with the study of genuine documents ”- head of Soviet intelligence (1974-1988), Chairman of the KGB of the USSR (1988-1991) Vladimir Kryuchkov.
Yuri Mukhin's book "The Murder of Stalin and Beria"
In fact, this is a scientific and historical investigation by Yuri Mukhin. The book reveals not only the motive for the murders and specific killers, but also shows all the stages of the conspiracy of the nomenklatura against Soviet people: rallying and defeat of the conspirators in the 30s, new rallying after Patriotic War, covering the conspiracy with the Jewish version (“the cause of the doctors”), the murder of the leaders of the Soviet people and, finally, the complete victory of the conspirators over the people in 1991. The difficult situation in which the victorious CPSU nomenklatura in Russia and the CIS fell into, even having nothing limited power over the population and fabulous sums of money stolen from the people of the USSR. For historians, political scientists, students of historical specialties and all those interested in history.
Video about the causes of Stalin's death
Documentary film of the Mir TV channel “Death of the leader. How Stalin was killed
Watch the film "The Death of Stalin" 2017
A 2017 British-French comedy feature film based on the 2010 French graphic novel (comic book) of the same name. The film is about last hours the life of the leader of the USSR Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin and the political struggle for power of his inner circle immediately after his death in early March 1953.
The performance of all the actors in this film leaves much to be desired, very vulgar, dirty and not at all funny. The story in the film is all twisted from head to foot, after watching the film, negative remains.
Stalin Iosif Vissarionovich is a popular Russian revolutionary. He made political, state and military activities. For almost thirty years he was the head of the Soviet state. He was elected Generalissimo and Marshal of the Soviet Union. In 1917, he showed great efforts and became People's Commissar for Nationalities Affairs in the Council of People's Commissars. Since 1922 - General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party. It's about about the Bolsheviks. Since 1946 he became Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union.
Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich
Biography of Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich
Ruled from 1922 to 1953. The personality of Joseph Stalin is associated with mass repressions, violence and genocide of the people. Most people still believe that Stalin is a real hero and savior of the people who helped them and led the country to victory in Great Patriotic War. However, there is also such a category of the population who remember the personality of the Russian revolutionary with anger and hatred. For some time he was the editor-in-chief of the Bolshevik newspaper "Truth" and showed great success in this area.
Stalin was always tough in his activities, made clear and radical decisions, always destroyed all enemies in his path. In connection with the rule of this statesman, innovations were always developed in the country and restructuring began. Thanks to Joseph Stalin, the Union became the second state in the world in terms of industrial production. Unfortunately, Stalin achieved such success using very harsh methods. He took food from the peasants and sold it abroad.
Joseph Stalin as a child
Within eight years, Joseph Vissarionovich was arrested about eight times. The arrests were linked to various reasons. For example, Stalin's repeated attacks on banks in order to replenish party cash desks. Almost always, the revolutionary managed to escape.
Young years of Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich
Stalin Iosif Vissarionovich was born on December 9, 1879 in the city of Gori, Tiflis province. However, there is not a single official source that could confirm the date of birth of a famous statesman. To this day, at least four alleged dates of the birth of Joseph Vissarionovich wander. Real surname Stalin - Dzhugashvili. Father of a famous revolutionary Vissarion Dzhugashvili, was a shoemaker and earned a small amount of money, so he could not properly provide for his family. Moreover, he often abused alcohol. In a state of intoxication, Vissarion often beat his wife and son. In addition to Joseph, the family also had two children- a boy and a girl. However, they died in infancy. It is related to illness.
Joseph Stalin's parents
Stalin's mother Ekaterina Georgievna devoted all her free time to her son. She wanted Joseph to become a priest in the future. In 1888, young Dzhugashvili began attending the Gori Orthodox Theological School. He was accepted immediately into the second grade. A year later, the boy entered the first grade of the school. In this institution he received his education. He graduated from college in 1894 with honors. At the Gori School, Stalin became acquainted with Marxism and paid much attention to this aspect.
Autumn 1894 Stalin entered the Orthodox Tiflis Theological Seminary. During this period, Joseph began attending underground meetings of revolutionaries. His friends claimed that Stalin was distinguished by high intellectual abilities. Moreover, when he had free time, the revolutionary devoted him to self-education and development. After that, the man began to engage in revolutionary affairs. Unfortunately, he was kicked out of the seminary. The reason for this was the repeated absenteeism of classes. After that, Joseph tried to earn his living and was engaged in tutoring. Later, he visited the Tiflis Physical Observatory and got a job as an observer-computer.
In 1898, Stalin joined the first Georgian social democratic organization. There he was immediately remembered and noted for the oratorical abilities of the man. In this regard, he began to conduct propaganda in the working circles of the Marxists.
Joseph Stalin in his youth
Joseph Stalin: the path to power
Stalin began his revolutionary activities in the early 1900s. Initially, he was engaged in active propaganda. In this regard, Joseph began to be popular in society. At that time, Vladimir Lenin was the head of the Soviet government. Stalin met him and other popular revolutionaries. The man tried in every way to succeed and develop, but his attempts were unsuccessful. He was detained about eight times. Each time Stalin escaped from prison.
Soon in 1912 Iosif Dzhugashvili decided to change his last name. From that moment he became Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin. Moreover, he had many nicknames that his friends called him. Among them are "Koba", "David", "Stalin" and others. In the near future, Joseph became the editor-in-chief of the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda. His friendly and partner relations with were strengthened every day. Thus, soon Stalin became the chief assistant to the head of the Soviet government. Lenin was sure that his new friend would help him solve Bolshevik and revolutionary issues.
Joseph Stalin and Vladimir Lenin
A few years later, in 1917, Lenin appointed Stalin People's Commissar for Nationalities in the Council of People's Commissars. He was delighted with the actions of Joseph Vissarionovich. started Civil War, during which the future ruler achieved high results and was successful in all its manifestations. Moreover, he demonstrated real leadership skills. At the end of the war, Lenin had serious health problems, he was terminally ill. Already at that time, Stalin became his deputy. His methods of struggle became more and more radical, cruel and precise. He destroyed all enemies in his path, namely, those who wanted to become chairman of the government of the Soviet Union on their way.
In 1930 Joseph completely controlled the Soviet state. This period was associated with various innovations, restructurings and changes. His reign is characterized by massive repression, violence, hunger strikes and brutality against the population. The tough revolutionary took away food from local peasants and sent them abroad. As a result, thousands of people died and suffered. Stalin received huge sums for food. He financed with these funds industrial enterprises and other institutions in his country. After a short period, the USSR became the second country in the world in terms of industrial production. Note that Joseph began the process of industrialization and mechanization Agriculture.
Joseph Stalin at the beginning of his career
Repressions of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin
From the very beginning of the rule of the country, Stalin used harsh radical methods. However, many believe that it was precisely this policy of the famous revolutionary that helped the country reach a high level and achieve such results. Moreover, such a course of events became an argument for victory in the Great Patriotic War. The process of industrialization and mechanization of agriculture began. Soon the USSR- one of the most powerful countries in the world, which is characterized by success in all areas. Among them are politics, culture, economics, education and others.
However, even today there are many opponents of Stalin. In their opinion, the policy of this revolutionary is terrible. It was filled with violence, aggression, cruelty and pain. Stalin's main method of government was dictatorship. His reign is often associated with the repression of the population, which at that time was a frequent occurrence. They touched many peoples and millions of people. Among them are Germans, Chechens, Ingush, Koreans, Crimean Tatars, Turks and many others. Dozens of peoples suffered from the state activities of the Russian revolutionary. They died in terrible agony and pain. In addition, seven states lost their national autonomy during the repressions.
Joseph Stalin and Kliment Voroshilov
Historical experts assure that Stalin's actions had a negative impact on the state of the country's defense capability, namely, on the troops during the period Great Patriotic War. Most of the marshals of the Soviet Union became repressed. At that time there were five of them, three of them suffered from repressions. Also during the reign of this politician, a brutal anti-religious campaign and mass liquidation of churches were ended.
Moreover, Joseph Stalin suppressed other categories of the population. Among them are doctors, engineers and others. Such actions seriously influenced the state of culture and science in the state.
The role of Joseph Stalin in the Great Patriotic War
At the height of the Great Patriotic War, a catastrophic situation developed in Europe. In this regard, Joseph Stalin decided to improve ties with Germany. The Russian radical revolutionary was sure that soon there will be a war with Hitler. Therefore, he considered all further actions and decided to improve the condition. Thus, Stalin planned to purchase new military weapons and other equipment in order to arm his army as much as possible.
Generalissimo Joseph Stalin
Further, the famous Molotov-Ribbentrop pact. The USSR annexed the territories of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus, the Baltic States, Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. In the summer of 1941, Hitler attacked the state of the USSR. During this period, the country suffered significantly in all areas. We are talking about human losses and material losses. Further, in addition to the USSR, many states joined the opposition to Hitler. Among them are China, the United States of America, the countries of Central and Latin America and many others. Every day the number anti-Hitler coalition increased more and more.
Stalin did everything possible for the state to win. Thus, the victory over Nazism still happened and justice prevailed. In this regard, the USSR significantly increased its influence in Eastern Europe and East Asia. A world socialist system was also formed.
Postwar years
After the end of the war, the leader of the country, Joseph Stalin, did everything possible to develop the military-industrial complex of the state. The USSR really became one of the most powerful countries, which had a high level of development in all areas. In 1945 the system was restarted Stalinist terror. The totalitarian control over the population was expanded to the maximum. In February 1945, Stalin took part in the Yalta Conference of the Allied States. This procedure was dedicated to the organization of the post-war world order.
Joseph Stalin
Oddly enough, during that period, the industrial aspect developed significantly. In the early 1950s, the level of industrial production almost doubled. The standard of living of the population still remained at a low level without changes. At that time, Stalin Joseph pursued a policy of combating "cosmopolitanism". This influenced anti-Semitism. Constant purges enjoyed enormous popularity under Stalin's rule.
Stalin's personality assessments
People have been talking about Stalin's government for decades. Someone admires him as an experienced and efficient leader, thanks to whom the country has achieved high level has been successful in all areas. However, the rest remember the politics of the Russian revolutionary with fear. They are horrified by such aggression, cruelty, anger and violence.
Joseph Stalin organized the strongest army who succeeded and did her best. The USSR (republic) became one of the most powerful countries in the world at that time. Stalin's competitors also expressed their opinion about his rule. According to them, his policy was characterized totalitarian regime and authoritarian methods of government.
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin
We are talking about the maximum control of the state over all sectors of society, about violence, mass genocides and the death of millions of people. The deportation of many peoples was also recorded. Repression and the famine of 1931-1933 and other cruel events of that period were widespread. However, despite all the negativity that Stalin presented, Soviet Union became one of the most powerful states, which showed record results in industry, agriculture and other aspects.
Joseph Stalin carried out dozens of revolutions, which, in fact, led to a decent level among other states. Recall that the republic has become the second industrial power in the world. A well-known public and political figure often appears in various historical ratings, where he often occupies a leading position. He became a well-known personality in the field of politics, which is still talked about by millions of people.
Personal life of Joseph Stalin
As you know, Stalin tried to hide the details of his personal life as much as possible, but the facts about his family are known.
Throughout his life, Joseph Stalin had two wives. He first married on July 16, 1906 in the St. David Church in Tiflis with Ekaterina Svanidze. A year later, the couple had a son. They called him Jacob. A few months later, the wife of a famous Russian figure died of typhus. After such a loss, the man plunged headlong into the life of the state and devoted himself political events. However, a few years later, Stalin nevertheless married again.
Joseph Stalin and Ekaterina Svanidze
Later Russian politician found new love. He married a second time in 1918. Stalin's new chosen one became Nadezhda Alliluyeva. She was twenty-three years younger than her beloved. As you know, the woman is the daughter of the famous Russian revolutionary S. Ya. Alliluyev. Three years later, a son was born in marriage named Basil. In the winter of 1926, a second child was born in the marriage - a daughter, who was named Svetlana. She also raised her son Stalin from her first marriage. Until that moment, Yakov lived with his grandmother, namely, with the mother of the deceased Ekaterina Svanidze.
Joseph Stalin with Nadezhda Alliluyeva
In 1932 Joseph and his wife Nadezhda had a serious conflict, after which she committed suicide. Children are orphaned. After this incident, no information about the personal life of the head of the Soviet state appeared. Moreover, a close friend of Joseph Stalin, a revolutionary, died Fedor Andreevich Sergeev. So he decided to adopt his child - Artem Sergeev.
In 1936 Stalin's grandson was born Evgeny Dzhugashvili. For twenty-five years, the grandson of the famous Russian revolutionary worked as a senior lecturer in the history of wars and military art at the Military Academy General Staff armed forces USSR them. K.E. Voroshilov. He is a citizen of Georgia and Russian Federation. In 2016, Evgeny Dzhugashvili passed away.
Joseph Stalin with son Vasily and daughter Svetlana
Death of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin
Stalin Iosif Vissarionovich passed away March 5, 1953. He lived in the post-war period for many years in a residence called Near Dacha. There he spent the last days of his life and died. The unconscious revolutionary was discovered by one of the guards. Joseph's body was found in the dining room. Soon medical workers arrived and diagnosed him with paralysis on the right side of the body. They provided the necessary assistance to Stalin, but within a few days he passed away.
According to doctors, death was due to severe cerebral hemorrhage. Such data was in the medical report. An examination and an autopsy were carried out, which showed that throughout his life, Joseph Vissarionovich suffered several ischemic strokes on his legs, which affected further complications. He got serious problems with the cardiovascular and nervous system.
The body of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was embalmed and placed next to the body of his good friend Vladimir Lenin. He was placed in Mausoleum. However, later at the CPSU congress the decision was changed. The embalmed body of the Russian leader was moved to the grave at Kremlin wall.
Grave of Joseph Stalin
Some historians argue that the sudden death of a Russian revolutionary could have been influenced by his competitors and ill-wishers. However, today this version is excluded.
Stalin Iosif Vissarionovich is a famous person, about whom the whole world is still talking about. It evokes both positive and negative emotions. However, the personality of this leader played a huge role in political life country. His revolutionary activity is characterized by cruelty, violence, totalitarian regime and aggression. During the reign of this man, a mass deportation of many peoples was carried out, the death of millions of people. But despite all these terrible nuances of that time, the USSR was still one of the most powerful powers, which had a large-scale level of industrial production and other areas. The personality of Joseph Stalin and the stories associated with his reign will be in full view for many more years.
He studied for 5 years at the Tiflis Theological Seminary. Was expelled.
Tomorrow is another anniversary of the official death of I.V. Stalin, which many consider murder. In this mysterious story, even the true date of the leader's departure is shrouded in complete darkness. The other day, very interesting material appeared on the pages of the Ogonyok magazine and copies of some archival documents on this topic were published for the first time (see the source at the link at the end of the post).
Investigation by Leonid Maksimenkov
According to the official version, the date of Stalin's death in 1953 is March 5. Since then, 63 years have passed, but there is still no certainty that it was on this day that the Generalissimo passed into another world. But over the years, there are more and more grounds for doubt ...
Photo by D. Baltermants
Leonid Maksimenkov
Archival evidence of Stalin's departure from life is no less deplorable than the story of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, the preparations for the assassination of Trotsky, or the state of affairs with the main documents of the Great Patriotic War. Is it easier to say? They simply don't exist. As authoritative evidence of Stalin's death, we are stubbornly offered a choice of three memoirs. Notes of Stalin's guards. Khrushchev's memoirs dictated by Nikita Sergeevich in disgrace and retirement. And the testimony of General Pavel Sudoplatov, first published in English by Anatoly Sudoplatov and Leona Shekhter in 1995.
As for the notes of the guards, one must immediately understand: the archives of the Federal Security Service and the FSB are tightly closed. So it is impossible to even look at the personal files of these witnesses. Khrushchev's memoirs with the details of the farewell last supper at the Middle Dacha in Kuntsevo on the night of February 28 to March 1, 1953 can touch only those who do not understand the historical and archival nuances. Ninety-year-old Sudoplatov and his co-authors claimed to have seen Stalin in the Bolshoi box at the Swan Lake ballet on 27 February. Recall that arrested in the same 1953, Lieutenant-General of the Ministry of Internal Affairs spent 15 years in prison. But is it possible to trust the testimony of the most famous and titled Stalinist intelligence officer?
And most importantly - where are the documents confirming this information? Where are the notes on Stalin's movements from Kuntsevo to the Kremlin and back, theater visit logs, lists and times of watching films in the main cinema hall of the country? Where are the security diaries? Farewell dinner menu (all those "steam potato patties, fruit, juice and yogurt")?
Vain questions. Like most requests to the leadership of the Federal Archival Agency and departmental archives.
If, nevertheless, we accept the official version of Stalin's illness and death as the truth, then we get a discrepancy. The agony came on the night of March 1-2. The country was declared seriously ill on the morning of the 4th. Death occurred on the 5th at 21:50.
At the same time, the last message about Stalin's protocol events was published on the morning of February 18. There is a two-week black hole.
personal secrets
Until recently, the secrets of the last two weeks, and even months, of Stalin's life and work were strictly classified.
Only after numerous demarches by the public, the Rosarchive recently handed over to the reading rooms the minutes of the meetings of the Bureau of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU and materials for them, declassified back in the zero years. Handed over as usual - with bills and exemptions. Half of the original minutes of the meetings of the Bureau were hidden in the RGANI archive. All special files of the Bureau have been classified again.
Documents related to the agony and death of Stalin are no less carefully concealed. From fund 558, inventory 11 in another federal archive of the RGASPI, researchers are not given six files on Stalin's health, illness and death. These are cases N 1481 ("On the regime of work and on Stalin's holidays"), 1482 and 1483 ("History of the disease"), 1484 ("Advice on treatment"), 1486 and 1487 "On illness, death and perpetuation of memory." The response to the request is: "Declassified, but access is limited."
Once you could look through them, they were even partially published, but 10 years ago access to them was blocked. Under the pretext of protecting "personal secrets". Now it is the most popular pretext for censorship bans. Secrets of health, illness, death of party, government and military-police figures, the adventures of their family members, property, compromising evidence - the reason for tabooing the study political biographies Soviet era.
Where is the manager?
What do we know for sure about the last days of the leader's life?
The collection under the tedious title "Summary of letters and statements on various issues reported to I.V. Stalin, and lists of letters and statements sent for consideration" ends in December 1952. Unclear. And where are the reports for January 1 - February 28, 1953?
On February 12, 1953, "Letters and statements on various issues reported to the head of the Special Sector of the Central Committee, with an indication of being sent for consideration" are cut off. It seems that until February 28 the letters to the head were not reported.
Because the manager himself disappeared. A special sector of the Central Committee was the diocese of Alexander Poskrebyshev. According to the "Organization Scheme" of this holy of holies regime, "the work of the head of the Special Sector, Comrade Poskrebyshev, consists in the following: following the instructions of Comrade Stalin and members of the Politburo. Receiving correspondence addressed to Comrade Stalin.<...>Viewing correspondence and its corresponding direction.
Poskrebyshev was in charge of the heavenly office for almost a quarter of a century, and disappeared from the Kremlin radar screens in an instant. First, he was promoted, named Secretary of the Presidium and Bureau of the Presidium of the Central Committee. Then he just vanished. February 13th or 14th. (According to one version, Poskrebyshev was accused of losing important documents, and he was suspended from work. Subsequently, it was reported that the incident was inspired and fabricated Lavrenty Beria, and the documents were found.)
And the most important thing. Stalin led the country through written resolutions and oral instructions. For example, on November 6, 1937, on a note by Lev Mekhlis about the situation in the Association of State Publishing Houses and about how the Press Department of the Central Committee "sent enemies of the people there", Stalin left an order to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs: "Comrade Yezhov. It is necessary to re-arrest all the Ogiz scum. And .Stalin" . Can't be more clear and precise. The order was given N 1421 for 1937 and immediately carried out.
The last such resolution of Stalin, recorded in a unique conduit called "Journal of registration of sent documents with Stalin's resolutions" was marked on February 7, 1953. It turns out that until his last dinner at the Kuntsevo dacha on the night of March 1, he did not read a single document and did not leave his resolution on it? It's hard to believe, but we'll try to verify. Let us recall that the entire collection of these invaluable resolutions for 20 years is completely classified (cases Nos. 419 to 425).
Stalin's last deeds
Here is a short list of Stalin's deeds marked "last".
October 14, 1952. Last thing public speaking Stalin. 19th Party Congress. His speech was recorded on film. In the age of the absence of televisions, the whole country could see and hear it. This is the last known recording of the living Stalin's voice, and the photograph on the podium is the last known photograph.
January 12, 1953. Theater visit. Together with Molotov, Malenkov, Beria, Voroshilov, Khrushchev and others, he is present at the Bolshoi Theater of the USSR at a concert of masters of art of the Polish People's Republic.
The 14th of February. The last telegram was sent to the leader of People's China, Mao Zedong, on the occasion of the third anniversary of the friendship treaty.
February 17. Recent official meetings, including with the Indian Ambassador to the USSR and an Indian peace activist.
After that, there are no traces of the activity of the living Stalin on the pages of Pravda. What happened after February 17? Why have we not received an answer to this question in more than 60 years?
Declassified meetings
Today we can say with confidence that there were other deeds marked "last". They were discovered only after the partial declassification of special archives in the new Russia.
On January 6, 1953, Stalin holds the last conference on the leadership of the international communist movement. It is attended by the leaders of the Chinese and Indonesian communist parties. Disillusioned with Slavic socialism, Stalin fell in love with an Asian variety of communism. Indeed, in the Chinese anthem it is sung: "The East is reddening, Mao Zedong has appeared in China." In Korea, a bloody local war was a rehearsal for the third world war. Stalin also liked India, and especially Indonesia. For some reason, he believed that the key to future progress was Indonesian rubber.
Not later than January 13, 1953, Stalin in last time will edit the directive article. "Spies and assassins disguised as doctors" by Dmitry Shepilov is a masterpiece of the genre. Chief Editor country specifies the title: " Sneaky spies and assassins in disguise professors-doctors". The program manifesto of the "doctors' case" was published in Pravda as an editorial, and therefore without a signature.
On January 22, the last production meeting is held in Stalin's Kremlin office. The top-secret military projects "Berkut" and "Kometa" are being discussed. Present P.N. Kuksenko (chief designer of the Special Bureau N 1 of the Ministry of Armaments), I.M. Klochkov (Deputy Chairman of the Special Committee No. 1 under the Council of Ministers), A.N. Shchukin (radio engineer, short wave propagation specialist), M.I. Gurevich (one of the creators of the MiG series fighters), V.M. Ryabikov (Head of the 3rd Main Directorate under the Council of Ministers) and the Minister of Aviation Industry M.V. Khrunichev. The special committee was in charge of the nuclear industry. An explosion mushroom loomed on the horizon hydrogen bomb. The East could turn red for real.
February 10 received the last letter from my daughter. Comrade Stalin's notes about being archived are not on Svetlana's letter.
Stalin's last conversations
Of particular bureaucratic interest are Stalin's last two conversations. It is known that late in the evening of February 17, for half an hour, from 20:00 to 20:30, he talked with the Indian Ambassador to the USSR, K.P.Sh. Menon and second secretary Mr. Kaul. The conversation was attended by Deputy Minister Yakov Malik and translator Vladimir Pavlov. Then there is a half hour break. Stalin meets with the chairman of the All India Peace Council, Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu. The meeting lasts from 21:00 to 22:00. No witnesses. Only in the presence of an interpreter.
With the texts of these two conversations - misterious story. They are not in the archive. But what did the routine of office work require? The translator (in this case, Pavlov) compiled a typewritten transcript. Then he presented it to the Deputy Minister for approval. He is the minister. And the minister sent the typescript to Poskrebyshev for the highest approval. After that, the text was deposited in the Stalin archive.
But the text of the conversation with the Indian guests is not in the archive. Or maybe there was no one to send it to? After all, the chief archivist Poskrebyshev disappeared. After February 17, the archival order, which had been irreproachable for decades, did not work.
Last letter
Acting Poskrebyshev for a very a short time becomes his deputy - Vladimir Naumovich Chernukha. Without decoration. In plain order.
On the same day, February 17, Chernukha, on Stalin's instructions, sent to the members of the Bureau of the Presidium and the secretaries of the Central Committee of the CPSU Stalin's answer to "Comrade D.N. Aidit, Chief Secretary of the Indonesian Communist Party." Everything is logical. The last meeting with Aidit and a letter to the same addressee.
Stalin is extremely kind and gives detailed advice to the addressee. Among other things, he agrees with Aidit's plan on how to carry out a violent seizure of power in a distant country where there is a lot of rubber. The Indonesian student suggested:
"Our task is to take as many posts as possible in the leading bodies of the army. In addition,<...>to demand that the people be armed in order to defend themselves against the attack of terrorist groups and, in particular, the henchmen of the feudal lords.
The Kremlin was the center of the resurrected one-sixth the globe and the Byzantine bureaucracy brought to perfection by Stalin. The letter had to be considered and approved by the Bureau of the Presidium of the Central Committee. Enter in the protocol. Send to local recipients. Send in encryption through the 8th Department of the 2nd Main Directorate of the General Staff Soviet army first to Beijing, and from there to Indonesia to "Chief Secretary" Aidit.
Well, none of this happened. And no new letters abroad have been found yet. February 17 again turns out to be a milestone date.
Failed arrest
Stalin's last known resolution could be the headline for a brief quotation of his guiding thoughts. Today, readers of Ogonyok will learn about it, and most importantly, they will see it for the first time.
February 16 Minister of State Security Ignatiev asks for authorization to arrest a teacher of the Higher Military Academy of the Soviet Army. K.V. Voroshilova S.G. Sapozhnikov (correctly: Boris Sergeevich). And Stalin gives this sanction: "Arrest".
This is his last order. But there is no information about his execution and about the arrest of Boris Sergeevich. The major general was quietly transferred from Moscow to work as the chief military department Kharkov Engineering and Economic Institute. But he survived! After his resignation, he will return to Moscow, defend his doctoral dissertation, and for almost a quarter of a century, until his retirement, will work as a researcher at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
After the final "arrest", there are no traces of the work of Stalinist thought in the documents of the Presidium and the Bureau of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU that have been opened to date.
Not listed
Are there any signs of any phenomena anomalous for the Kremlin office work for the period from February 18 to March 1, 1953? Yes. And they are more than enough.
A bright spring holiday was approaching - International Women's Day on March 8. Usually, the Politburo adopted a pathetic resolution, which routinely noted the growth of the status of women in Soviet society. February 20 The Secretariat of the Central Committee approves such a report. It is sent for approval by the Bureau of the Presidium. They put down the date: February 28th.
Eight days later. The hitch is unusual.
Even more alarming is Malenkov's litter: "Comrade Stalin for. 27/II. G. Malenkov." To the naked eye, traces of work with the number of the month are visible. So did Stalin work with documents on Saturday the 27th?
Of course, on March 8, there will be no solemn meeting at the Bolshoi Theater. And the speaker, the Minister of Health of the RSFSR, Comrade Maria Kovrigina, along with the rest of the potential participants and participants in the buffet table, will be in the Hall of Columns at the coffin of the leader.
In this bundle of "authentic" (oh, right?) documents of the Bureau of the Presidium of the Central Committee, there is another important list.
If you believe Khrushchev that Stalin came to the Kremlin on February 28 to watch an American Western and then met with his closest associates at the dinner table in Kuntsevo (allegedly the menu of this last supper was also preserved), then why didn’t he sign his final political menu? We are talking about the "List of Central Committee resolutions submitted for approval by the Bureau of the Presidium of the Central Committee." There was such a form of operational leadership of the superpower. Voting of burning questions by the list and round-robin. without looking at the documents themselves.
This last Stalinist list of questions is published in Ogonyok (for the first time!). Here Malenkov and his comrades in the future collective leadership are no longer trying to observe bureaucratic decorum. He approves the list alone. Without Stalin. Outputs: "For". Puts down the date: "February 28". Behind him, Khrushchev and Bulganin are already fearlessly rushing into the embrasure of historical inevitability.
With a living (living?) leader! Who "watches a western" or checks the readiness of dishes for a farewell dinner. Even when Stalin was resting in the south, in Sochi, lists of questions were sent to him for approval by courier communications and then returned to Moscow for processing.
These two documents are somewhat reminiscent of the last pre-perestroika years, when the Politburo ruled on behalf of the dying Yuri Andropov or the sick Konstantin Chernenko.
"Telegram" without answer
After Stalin's death, the authorities were concerned, and judging by the censorship and closed archives, are still concerned today, by creating the appearance that the leader was alive until the official date of death. And most importantly, he worked with documents until the biological end, that is, until the night of March 1-2.
This means that the layout of the last, 16th volume of Stalin's collected works, prepared for printing a couple of years after his death, was supposed to end on February 27th. And not by Malenkov's resolution "comrade Stalin is for", but by something more weighty.
And such a document was "found". This is Stalin's congratulatory telegram to Yumzhagiin Tsedenbal, leader of the Mongolian Communists, on the occasion of the seventh anniversary of the Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Assistance. It would seem that the usual diplomatic ritual. But how did these protocol pleasantries go? Stalin sent a telegram to the best student in the country of people's democracy. He sent a response telegram to the Teacher. The next day, the correspondence was printed on the first page in Pravda.
The publication prepared by the archivists specifically noted that the telegram dated February 26, 1953 was sent at 13:45.
But it was not published either on 27 or 28 February or 1 March. With a living leader. Neither in Moscow nor in Ulaanbaatar. And it was not announced in Mongolia at a solemn meeting of the party elite in the theater. The story of the telegram suggests that it, too, is a myth.
All this allows us to conclude that after Bulganin, Beria and Malenkov left Stalin's Kremlin office at 22:30 on February 17, 1953, there are no traces of activity, which means that there are no traces of the leader's life in the archives available today.
Let the archival chiefs correct us if we are wrong. In the meantime, they keep saying that only 2-3 percent of documents are in secret storage, that is, a statistical error. Stalin's decline also falls into this "error".
Something else?
Yes. There is circumstantial evidence that something supernatural happened in the Kremlin. The traces of this nomenklatura explosion are still visible today.
After February 17, the infernal campaign around the main Stalinist project of those days, the exposure of the "Jewish nationalist underground," was choked.
Of course, until the beginning of March, the revision of the strategic course was hidden, but its symptoms were already showing.
Until mid-February, everything went along a well-trodden rut. On December 4, 1952, the go-ahead was given to the MGB: "Intensify the work to combat the Jewish nationalist underground, which is an Anglo-American agent, turning Special attention to reveal his connections with American intelligence, Zionist centers and intelligence agencies of other countries" . (From Decree of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On the situation in the MGB and on sabotage in the medical business (comrade Goglidze)". (The resolution is completely classified to this day.— "O".)
According to the task set, the Chekists submitted interrogation protocols to the Kremlin, compiled indictments, summaries and proposals for new arrests. Everything indicated that the trials would be indicative.
Stalin endorsed the documents. On behalf of the Secretariat and departments of the Central Committee, the apparatus prepared proposals for their implementation by ministries and departments. Decrees were adopted, orders were sent out, telephone law reigned, oral instructions were given, which went down to the places and were perceived as guidelines for action.
After February 17, this well-oiled command and control mechanism is in a kind of stupor.
And in the mass consciousness of contemporaries and descendants about those days of agonizing expectation of a denouement, several myths remained. Perhaps the main one is about the plans for the deportation of Jews. Did it take place or not?
It is known that there was a proposal of the MGB: "Exile for 10 years the family members of the members of the Jewish nationalist organization under the guise of the Jewish anti-fascist committee." Malenkov describes this initiative: "To the Secretariat." Does it reach the Secretariat of the Central Committee? No. The next mark on paper is only dated April 8, when the nightmare is already over.
But the process of clarification, up to specific names and addresses, places of work, was in full swing. By mid-February, rumors about the possibility and political expediency of deportation began to filter into structures around the government, and from there to public organizations and into the public consciousness.
One of the first to respond to the breath of time was the leadership of the Union of Writers of the USSR. "Engineers of human souls" offered a recipe for a quick solution to the most burning issue of Soviet everyday life - housing. Surkov, Simonov, Tikhonov, Tvardovsky, Fedin, Leonov, Sofronov, Gribachev and Kozhevnikov ask "dear Iosif Vissarionovich" to "influence" the Moscow City Executive Committee in the matter of "resettlement of persons from the houses of the Union of Soviet Writers who have nothing to do with the SSP" persons. The names of those proposed for resettlement were not named. Till. The main thing is to get consent.
And the letter hits the mark. Poskrebyshev reports the matter personally to Stalin and receives permission to begin the process of preparing for the eviction. According to the album of Stalin's resolutions (as already mentioned, these albums are not available in the archives), the initiative of the writers was given N 222 for February 12, 1953 and he was awarded highest category"S" ("Stalin"). Note: February 12th. The eviction of persons "having nothing to do with the SSP" is an almost solved issue. Then there is only a formal sighting in the Bureau of the Presidium of the Central Committee. And what does the Presidium decide? Slow down: "Instruct comrades Mikhailov, Kapitonov, Yasnov, with the participation of comrades Fadeev and Surkov, to consider the note, take the necessary measures and report on the results."
Implementation date not specified. The reader will understand that the order was given on February 12, and considered by the comrades after February 17. Accordingly, he lost his intimidating power. "Resettlement" of writers and others like them did not take place.
But Stalin did not exist and did not exist.
The celebration of the 35th anniversary of the Soviet Army has passed. Army, of which he was Generalissimo. Stalin was absent from the meeting.
Elections were held for local councils. Stalin did not show up at the polling station. Just like none of his faithful students and associates. No one.
From what were the country and the world saved? From the geopolitical adventure in Asia. In the direction of Indonesia, and possibly India. With communist China as a base. From handing out weapons to the Indonesian communists. From playing the Asian card in the conditions of a hot war on the Korean Peninsula and the inevitable acquisition of a hydrogen bomb by the USSR. The bomb will be detonated in September, when the Korean War ends with a truce that has lasted ever since.
Domestically, we have avoided a new purge. And they did not receive new high-profile trials (Maklyarsky, Sheinin, Sapozhnikov and others like them). Mikhoels was quickly rehabilitated.
It seems that the deliverance did not happen on March 5th. Its signs became more and more clear from mid-February and took the form of a trend on the night of February 17-18.
Already on February 20, Secretary of the Central Committee Nikolai Mikhailov (he was responsible for the ideological support of the "doctors' cause"), without explanation, did not authorize the printing of the poster "The enemy is cunning - be on the alert." What kind of enemy was it, of course.
Soviet leaders passed away in different ways, but documented. Even Lenin's departure is documented: a few hours before his death, Krupskaya read him Martin Eden.
And only Stalin left before his departure a black hole long for two weeks.
Indirect evidence that Stalin could have Ossetian ancestors in the male line is the information presented in the article S. Kravchenko and N. Maksimova“See in roots” (Russian Newsweek magazine), which claims that Stalin’s grandson, theater director A. V. Burdonsky, agreed to take a DNA sample. The received transcripts showed that the DNA of Joseph Vissarionovich belongs to the haplogroup G2. Employee of the Laboratory of Population Genetics of Human Medical Genetics scientific center RAMS Oleg Balanovsky claims that “Its representatives, originating in India or Pakistan 14,300 years ago, spread 12,500 years ago through central Asia, Europe and the Middle East. In the territory former USSR representatives of this haplogroup live both in the North Caucasus and in Georgia. However, according to some sources, the Ossetians have the highest frequency of this haplogroup". Versions about the Ossetian origin of the Stalin family are considered in the work of the Russian historian A.V. Ostrovsky (see: Ostrovsky A.V. Who stood behind Stalin's back? - M.; St. Petersburg: Olma-Press; Neva, 2002. - 638 p. - ISBN 5-7654-1771-X; 5-224-02997-X.). A classmate of Joseph Dzhugashvili at the Seminary I. Iremashvili in his book "Stalin and the Tragedy of Georgia", published in Germany in German in 1932 by the publishing house Verfasser, claims that Stalin's father Beso Ivanovich Dzhugashvili "Ossetian by nationality"
There is an opinion that the date of birth was postponed a year ahead by Stalin himself, since 1928 was not very suitable for celebrating the 50th anniversary: there were peasant unrest in the country due to an artificial increase in prices for industrial goods, there were other problems. Only by 1929 did Stalin succeed in finally strengthening the regime of personal power (see Stalin's Revolution). Therefore, this year was chosen for the celebration of the anniversary, according to which the appropriate official date of birth was chosen.
(Mark Krutov.
