War of southerners and northerners in america history. American Civil War

Efremova's Dictionary

Nirvana

1. f.
   1. A blissful state of detachment from life, liberation from everyday worries and aspirations (in Buddhism and some other religions).
   2. The place where souls are in this state.
   3. transfer A state of calm, bliss.

Bhagavad Gita. Explanatory dictionary of terms

Nirvana

Nirvana

"calmness", "breathlessness". The concept of Nirvana is very extensible - from the meaning of simply "nothingness" to the meaning of "detachment from any manifestation of the world," the deepest introversion, the ecstasy of Being-Knowledge-Bliss.

Beginnings of Modern Natural Science. Thesaurus

Nirvana

(Sanskrit - cessation) - a state of detachment achieved during life due to the abandonment of earthly aspirations. This state makes it impossible to rebirth after death. According to the teachings of the brahmanas, nirvana means the attachment of the individual spirit to the absolute (Brahman).

Culturology. Reference dictionary

Nirvana

(Skt.- extinction) is the central concept of Buddhism, meaning the highest state, the goal of human aspirations. Nirvana is a special psychological state of the fullness of inner being, the absence of desires, perfect satisfaction, absolute detachment from outside world.

Ozhegov Dictionary

NIRV A ON THE, s, f. In Buddhism and some other religions: the blissful state of detachment from life, liberation from life's worries and aspirations. Immerse yourself in nirvana (trans .: to surrender to a state of complete rest; obsolete and book.).

Dictionary-Encyclopedia of Buddhism and Tibet

Nirvana

(Skt.), Nibbana (Pali). In letters. sense means the absence of a web of desires (wana) connecting one life with another. The transition to the N. state is most often compared to a flame that gradually extinguishes as the fuel runs out: passion (lobha), hatred (dosa), delusion (moha).

V. I. Kornev

Ushakov's dictionary

Nirvana

nirva on, nirvana, pl. No, wives (Skt. nirvâna - disappearance, extinction) ( books.). Buddhists have a blissful state of mind, freed from the suffering of personal existence.

| Death, nothingness ( poet.).

Immerse yourself in nirvana ( colloquial) - transfer surrender to a state of complete rest.

Lem's World - Dictionary & Guide

Nirvana

bliss, in Buddhism - the final blissful state, the purpose of existence:

* "Nomen omen! Amo, Amas, Amat, isn't it? Ars amandi [the art of love (lat.)] - not some kind of prana, tao, nirvana, gelatinous bliss, indifferent idleness and narcissism, but sensuality in its purest form , the world as an emotional attachment of molecules, already at the birth of economic and businesslike. " - Repetition *

encyclopedic Dictionary

Nirvana

(Skt. - extinction), the central concept of Buddhism and Jainism, meaning the highest state, the goal of human aspirations. In Buddhism - the psychological state of completeness of inner being, lack of desires, complete satisfaction and self-sufficiency, absolute detachment from the outside world; in the course of the development of Buddhism, along with the ethical and psychological concept of nirvana, the idea of ​​it as an absolute also arises. In Jainism - the perfect state of the soul, freed from the fetters of matter, endless game births and deaths (samsara).

Philosophical Dictionary (Comte-Sponville)

Nirvana

Nirvana

♦ Nirvana

In Buddhism, the name of the absolute or salvation; it is relativity itself (samsara), impermanence itself (anicca), when the barriers erected by dissatisfaction, the mind and the expectation of anything disappear. The ego fades away (in Sanskrit the word nirvana means extinction); everything remains, but apart from everything there is nothing. The concept of nirvana means approximately the same as the concept of ataraxia in Epicurus and the concept of bliss in Spinoza, although it is considered in a different plane. Nirvana is the experience of eternity here and now.

Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Nirvana

(Skt. Nirvana - extinction, disappearance, redemption, then bliss) - for Buddhists and Jains (see) the last, perfect, highest state of the human soul, characterized by absolute calmness, the absence of any passions and egoistic movements. Theoretically speaking, such a state could be achieved not only in the afterlife, but also in earthly existence. In reality, however, Buddhists distinguish between two types of N.: 1) secondary, or incomplete, N. and 2) final, or absolute. The first can be achieved by anyone arhat(believers who entered the fourth section of the path to salvation) during their lifetime. This kind of H . same with the state jivanmukti (jî vanmakti - atonement during life) taught by the followers of Vedanta. It is commonly defined in the Pali language by the epithet upadises(Skt. upadhi ç esha - having the remainder of the lower layer). The second, or final, absolute N. (Skt. Nir ûpadhiç esha, pal. Anupadisesa), or parinirvana, can only be achieved after death. In this state, all suffering ceases, absolutely and forever. In the latter sense, N. can be interpreted as a highly blissful and eternal state. Logically, this implies that such a state should be accompanied by a complete absence of consciousness. But this consequence was not allowed by everyone and, apparently, in the Buddhist church itself there was ambiguity and disagreement on this score. In practice, N. is usually understood by Buddhists as a happy death, without fear of rebirth. The news that the Buddha defeated Mara - death, contradicts this definitely N. fear death, showing that death is the highest bliss. The concept of N. is also found among other Indian religious sects, with different shades of meaning and other names. Another term for H. is nirvrti(paliysk . nibbuti ).

The literature on the question of N. is very large, which is explained by the basic meaning of this concept in the field of Buddhism. Special Research and Reasoning: M. Müller, "On the original Meaning of N." ("Budbhism and Buddhist Pilgrims", 1857); his own, "The introduclion to Buddhaphosha" s Parables "(1869); Barthélé my Saint-Hilaire," Sur le N. Bouddhique "(2nd ed. of the book" Le Bouddha et sa Religion ", 1862); article by Childers" a "Nibb â nam", in his Dictionary of the P â li Language (L., 1876, p. 265); J. D. Alwis, "Buddhist N." (Colombo, 1871); Foucaux, in the Revue Bibliograph. "June 15, 1874. O. Frankfurter," Buddhist. N. "and" Noble Eightfold Path "(" Journ. Of the R. Asiat. Soc. "1880, vol. XII).

S. B-ch.

According to the theory of Buddhism, it can be said that the state of nirvana is a feeling of freedom, peace and bliss. The sense of individuality, dissolved in the whole, does not give in verbal description available in the life of the ordinary mind. In an objective sense, a concept is subject to definition in the same way as the aroma of a flower depicted on paper is felt.

Definition of nirvana

According to Buddhism, nirvana is the highest ultimate goal of any being and person. Nir means "negation", Vana - "connection, providing the transition from one life to another." Thus, the state of nirvana is the being of a person, free from the cycles of birth due to the disappearance of suffering, attachments and desires.

Nirvana is characterized by a state of enlightenment achieved during life, when physical perception continues to shape a person's existence, as well as a state after death, when five types of earthly attachments are lost.

Who Can Attain Enlightenment?

The soul reaching enlightenment is the wrong approach to the definition of nirvana in Buddhist teachings. The true path to the state of nirvana is liberation from the illusion of one's own self, and not from suffering. Proponents of the doctrine compare enlightenment to the extinction of fire jumping from wick to wick. And if the flame disappears, it is not known where it burns in the present time.

Nirvana is a state of happiness, consciousness without an object, liberation from all addictions, available to everyone. Enlightenment does not refer to a subjective state, but combines the capabilities of the subjective and the objective.

Supreme Nirvana

The highest nirvana - the state of the Buddha's soul, or parinirvana, has such synonyms as amata, amarana, nitya, achala, that is, eternal, immortal, immovable, unchanging. The saint can suspend the transition to nirvana in order to facilitate the approach of others, while in a state of expectation.

Thanks to spiritual schools in Buddhism, there are many terms for higher states synonymous with nirvana with some dominant aspect: moksha, the state of the absolute, one's own essence, absolute reality and many others.

Ways to Achieve Nirvana

Three paths to the state of nirvana:

• the path of the Universal Teacher;
• self-development of perfection;
• the path of the silent Buddha.

It is very difficult to attain the state of nirvana; only a select few succeed.

It is natural for people to strive, dream, overcome difficulties. The illusion is that a person believes in the happiness of fulfilling a desire, but everything is conditional. As a result, life turns into a pursuit of changing dreams, and the soul does not feel happy.

Consciousness and awareness

Consciousness refers to the property of being aware - to understand what is happening and your state, which is associated with thinking abilities. But if thinking disappears, what will remain? The person will perceive, but he will stop analyzing.

For him, the past and the future seem to be erased, only the present remains, which is happening at the current moment. If there are no thoughts, then there are no expectations, experiences, aspirations. At the same time, a person acquires the ability to see his ego, the thinking self and distinguish his spiritual part, monad, essence, spirit, observing the soul from the outside.

Ego and the path to nirvana

Nirvana is the loss of personality with its thoughts, desires, feelings. Therefore, the soul itself is incapable of attaining nirvana. On this path, death awaits her. And only then does the transformation of a person into a personality of a higher order take place - being itself. This is the so-called process of enlightenment, freedom from mundane inclinations and passions.

What promotes progress towards nirvana? One should be aware of the limitations of human experience and perception, knowledge, judgments, ideas obtained in the process of life, which litter the spiritual principle.

Nirvana is detachment from material values, a state of joy and self-sufficiency, confirming its ability to do without them. As professional achievements, status, differences, public opinion that distinguish personality among people, become secondary, and the ego weakens. At the moment when the hopes and aspirations associated with the place of the ego in the material world disappear, enlightenment or rebirth occurs.

How does the state of nirvana feel?

The state of enlightenment is very pleasant to experience. And at the same time, a person is not likened to a program with a blissful expression on his face. He retains in his memory the ideas of earthly life, but they cease to dominate him, remaining on the verge of a physical process. For the deep essence of the renewed personality, any activity is no different from the rest. Peace reigns within a person, and his spirit acquires a perfect life.

Achieving the state of nirvana in Buddhism is associated with gaining purity from killing the selfish nature without effort, and not suppressing it. If immoral aspirations were restrained and infringed, then they will reappear at the first opportunity. If the mind is freed from selfish impulses, the corresponding psychological states do not arise, and purity is effortless.

Change levels

There are levels of change on the way to nirvana, which are characterized by the degree of successive loss of the ego and transformation of consciousness after leaving nirvana. With each entrance there is an awakening, and with the changes - liberation, deliverance from the nature of the ego.

Levels and characteristics of the state:

1. The first level is called sotapanna, or the state of one who has entered the stream, which is acquired after the one who has returned from nirvana begins to realize his state. He is in flux until his capacity for comprehension is increased to the next level. They say that the period of one who enters the stream lasts from seven lifetimes, and during this time the soul loses the following manifestations: thirst for sensuality, uncontrolled indignation, striving for profit, the need for praise, greed for the material, illusory perception and interest in impermanent things, following rites, doubt about the meaning of enlightenment.
2. At the second level, the meditator is cleansed of primitive desires, the intensity of feelings of attraction or disgust, and his sexual desire weakens. The state of one who will return once again characterizes complete dispassion to everything and liberation in the current or next life.
3. The next stage is the state of the one who will not return. What is left on the previous one is destroyed. The meditator is freed from the cycle of births during life, his aversion to the negative manifestations of the world in the form of pain, shame, censure, the concept of hostility and hostility disappears. All voluptuousness and malice are replaced by absolute equanimity.

Freed from social conditioning, the concept of reality, suffering, habits, pride, refusing to receive benefits, fame, pleasure, aspirations, gains love, compassion, altruism, equanimity, purity of motives. For an arhat, reality is perceived based on noble truths, impersonality, and happiness and suffering are two forms of one state.

Realizing the traversed path to enlightenment, a new look at his essence becomes available to the meditator: he discovers that the "ego" never belonged to him.