Practical work explaining the location dependence. Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth's crust
Topic:"Explaining the location dependency large forms relief and mineral deposits from the structure crust on the example of individual territories ".
Objectives of the work: establish the relationship between the placement of large landforms and the structure of the earth's crust; check and evaluate the ability to compare maps, explain the identified patterns; on the tectonic map to determine the patterns of distribution of magmatic and sedimentary minerals; explain the identified patterns.
Progress
1. Having compared the physical and tectonic maps of the atlas, determine which tectonic structures correspond to the indicated relief forms. Make a conclusion about the dependence of the relief on the structure of the earth's crust. Explain the revealed pattern.
2. Fill out the results of the work in the form of a table.
| Landforms | Prevailing heights | Tectonic structures at the base of the territory | Conclusion on the dependence of the relief on the structure of the earth's crust |
| the East European Plain | |||
| Central Russian Upland | |||
| West Siberian lowland | |||
| Caucasus | |||
| Ural mountains | |||
| Verkhoyansk ridge | |||
| Sikhote-Alin |
3. According to the atlas map "Tectonics and mineral resources»Determine what kind of minerals the territory of our country is rich in.
4. How are the types of igneous and metamorphic deposits indicated on the map? Sedimentary?
5. Which ones are found on the platforms? What minerals (magmatic or sedimentary) are confined to the sedimentary cover? What are the protrusions of the crystalline basement of ancient platforms on the surface (shields and massifs)?
6. What types of deposits (magmatic or sedimentary) are confined to folded areas?
7. Fill out the results of the analysis in the form of a table, draw a conclusion about the established dependence.
Practical work number 4
Topic:“Determination of the patterns of distribution of solar radiation, radiation balance by maps. Revealing the peculiarities of the distribution of average temperatures in January and July, the annual amount of precipitation over the territory of the country ”.
Objectives of the work: to determine the patterns of distribution of total radiation, to explain the revealed patterns; study the distribution of temperatures and precipitation over the territory of our country, learn to explain the reasons for such a distribution; learn to work with various climatic maps, draw generalizations and conclusions based on their analysis.
Progress
Review Figure 31 on page 59 in the tutorial. How are the values of total solar radiation shown on the map? In what units is it measured?
Determine the total radiation for points located at different latitudes. Format the results of the work in the form of a table.
Make a conclusion what pattern is seen in the distribution of total radiation. Explain the results obtained.
Review Figure 35 on page 64 of the tutorial. How is the distribution of January temperatures across the territory of our country shown? How are January isotherms in the European and Asian parts of Russia? Where are the territories with the most high temperatures January? The lowest? Where is the pole of cold in our country?
Make a conclusion, which of the main climate-forming factors has the most significant influence on the distribution of January temperatures. Write a short conclusion in a notebook.
Review Figure 36 on page 65 in the tutorial. How is the distribution of air temperatures in July shown? Determine in which parts of the country the July temperatures are the lowest, in which - the highest. What are they equal to?
Make a conclusion, which of the main climate-forming factors has the most significant influence on the distribution of July temperatures. Write a short conclusion in a notebook.
Consider Figure 37 on page 66 of the tutorial. How is the amount of precipitation shown? Where does the most precipitation fall? Where is the least?
Make a conclusion, which of the climate-forming factors have the most significant influence on the distribution of precipitation over the territory of the country. Write a short conclusion in a notebook.
Under the influence of what forces the relief of the Earth is constantly changing.
The relief of the Earth is constantly changing under the influence of internal and external forces.
Questions in paragraph
* Which territories of Russia are experiencing the most intense uplifts. Why do you think?
The most intense uplifts are observed on Far East, Southern Siberia, Caucasus. These territories are included in the area of Cenozoic folding (Alpine-Himalayan geosynclinal belt).
* Determine which landforms prevail in the center of glaciation, and which in more southerly regions where ice melting occurs.
Examination forms prevail in the centers of glaciation - glacial hollows, sheep's foreheads, fiords. In places where the glacier melts, debris accumulates and kams, ozes, ridges of the terminal moraine are formed on the lacustrine-glacial plains. Even further to the south, outwash plains are formed by streams of melt water.
Questions at the end of a paragraph
1. What processes occurring in our time indicate the continuous development of the relief?
Endogenous processes - tectonic movements. Exogenous processes - the activity of flowing waters, living organisms, wind.
2. What is the largest cover glaciation of the Quaternary period?
Dnieper glaciation.
3. What impact did the glacier have on the modern relief?
From the centers of glaciation, along with the mass of ice, great amount debris. At the same time, rocks were smoothed out, potholes formed. In the south, during the melting of the glacier, clastic material settled and accumulative forms of relief were formed.
4. In which regions of our country the activity of flowing waters had a special influence on the relief, and in which - the activity of the wind?
The activity of flowing waters is especially noticeable in areas with sloping surfaces and mountainous areas with a significant amount of precipitation. Where there is little precipitation, wind activity prevails. On the territory of the country, it is expressed in the Caspian lowland, on the Baltic coast in the Kaliningrad region.
5. What natural phenomena are associated with the lithosphere?
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, landslides, avalanches, mud-stone flows.
FINAL TASKS ON THE TOPIC
1. What sources of geographic information should be used in order to characterize the relief of a particular territory?
Tectonic and physical-geographical maps, aerial and satellite images.
2. Explain the patterns of distribution of the main landforms on the territory of Russia. What cards did you use and why?
The largest landforms in their location correspond to large tectonic structures. Plains and lowlands are found on the platforms. Mountains correspond to folded areas. To establish a pattern, it is necessary to use a tectonic and physical-geographical map.
3. Prove that relief is still being formed in our time.
The relief of the Earth is constantly changing under the influence of internal and external forces. Endogenous processes - tectonic movements. Exogenous processes - the activity of flowing waters, living organisms, wind.
4. Practical work No. 3. Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the Earth's crust.
Make up comparative characteristics relief, geological structure and minerals of the Russian and West Siberian plains, using the following plan:
5. Make a description of any of the mountain ranges of Russia, located in the south of Siberia, using the above plan.
a) where is the territory
The mountain system is located where the borders of Russia, Mongolia, China and Kazakhstan converge
b) what tectonic structure is associated with
region of Caledonian folding
c) what age breeds make up the territory
breeds of Caledonian age
d) average, minimum and maximum heights of the territory, the reasons for their location
The minimum heights are 200 m in the area of the ancient peneplain. The maximum heights in the area of alpine high-mountainous relief - up to 4506 m. Average heights of 800-1800 m - has a mid-mountain relief, which occupies most of Altai.
e) what external processes were and are participating in the formation of the relief
flowing water activity, physical weathering, mountain glaciers.
f) what forms of relief are created by these processes; their placement;
The area of the ancient plain is represented by high mountain ranges with a wide development of flattening surfaces and steep, stepped slopes changed by regressive erosion. Individual peaks and small ridges, composed of harder rocks with relative elevations of 200-400 m, rise above the alignment surfaces. Alpine relief is less common than the surface of the ancient peneplain. Alpine ridges are the most elevated axial parts (up to 4000-4500 m), strongly dissected by erosion and frost weathering. The main landforms here are peaked peaks and carlings, kars, trough valleys with lacustrine depressions, moraine hills and ridges, landslides, talus, frost-solifluction formations. The mid-mountainous relief is characterized by smooth, rounded forms of low ridges and their spurs, separated by river valleys.
g) what minerals there are in this territory
polymetallic ores, mercury deposits, iron ores, bauxite, copper ores, magnesium ores.
h) how to explain their location exactly here
the placement of minerals is associated with geological structure- they are confined to folded areas.
i) what natural phenomena are associated with the features of the relief, as well as tectonic and geological structure
Relief - a set of irregularities of the earth's surface. The largest landforms on land are mountains and plains.
Central Russia is the central region of the East European (Russian) Plain. Western Siberia - the largest plain in the world - stretches from the Kara Sea to the northern slopes of the Kazakh Upland. Thus, both regions are plains, but different in size.
The nature of the relief Central Russia and Western Siberia different. Western Siberia is a flat plain, on which only the Siberian Uvaly, stretched from west to east, stand out in height. The flat Vasyugan and Ishim plains are located in the south of Western Siberia. In general, Western Siberia is lower than Central Russia. The relief of Central Russia is more diverse. In the west there are low elevations - Valdai,
Central Russian, Smolensk Moscow, in the east - lowlands (Upper Volga, Meshcher ekaya). River valleys have been developed. Central Russia is higher than Western Siberia, the relief is more rugged.
The similarities and differences in the relief of Western Siberia and Central Russia are due to the processes of relief formation. The flatness of the relief of both territories is due to the fact that they are based on platforms - relatively stable tectonic structures. At the heart of Central Russia, located within the Eastern European Plain, lies the ancient Russian platform, and at the heart of Western Siberia is the young West Siberian platform. The foundation of the West Siberian Platform is covered with a thick layer of sedimentary deposits. The foundation of the Russian Platform is located at different depths from the surface, in places it is raised, which is reflected in the relief. So, the Central Russian Upland is confined to the uplift of the foundation. Slow movements of the earth's crust also had a significant impact on the nature of the relief. The East European Plain, including the territory of Central Russia, did not experience significant fluctuations, and Western Siberia until the Neogene-Quaternary experienced significant subsidence, which then turned into insignificant uplift. This was manifested in the fact that the height of Western Siberia is insignificant, and the relief is flat in comparison with Central Russia.
Part of the territory of Central Russia and the north of Western Siberia were affected by
Quaternary glaciations. This affected the formation of the relief: the Valdai and Smolensk-Moscow Uplands within Central Russia and the Siberian Uvaly in Western Siberia are of glacial origin (hilly-moraine relief, finite-moraine ridges). Also, some plains of Western Siberia and Central Russia (Meshcherskaya lowland), which arose along the southern borders of glaciation, where glacial waters deposited a mass of material, are of glacial origin.
Central Russia is more elevated, and its relief developed for a longer time, therefore, within its limits, various erosional forms of relief were more developed - uplands are dissected by ravines and gullies, river valleys are developed.
Thus, in the relief of Central Russia and Western Siberia there are features of similarity and differences due to the tectonic structure, the history of relief formation, external factors relief formation.
Topic:"Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth's crust on the example of individual territories."
Objectives of the work: establish the relationship between the placement of large landforms and the structure of the earth's crust; check and evaluate the ability to compare maps, explain the identified patterns; on the tectonic map to determine the patterns of distribution of magmatic and sedimentary minerals; explain the identified patterns.
^ Work progress
1. Having compared the physical and tectonic maps of the atlas, determine which tectonic structures correspond to the indicated relief forms. Make a conclusion about the dependence of the relief on the structure of the earth's crust. Explain the revealed pattern.
2. Fill out the results of the work in the form of a table.
| Landforms | Prevailing heights | Tectonic structures at the base of the territory | Conclusion on the dependence of the relief on the structure of the earth's crust |
| the East European Plain | |||
| Central Russian Upland | |||
| West Siberian lowland | |||
| Caucasus | |||
| Ural mountains | |||
| Verkhoyansk ridge | |||
| Sikhote-Alin |
3. On the map of the atlas "Tectonics and Mineral Resources", determine what minerals the territory of our country is rich in.
4. How are the types of igneous and metamorphic deposits indicated on the map? Sedimentary?
5. Which ones are found on the platforms? What minerals (magmatic or sedimentary) are confined to the sedimentary cover? What are the protrusions of the crystalline basement of ancient platforms on the surface (shields and massifs)?
6. What types of deposits (magmatic or sedimentary) are confined to folded areas?
7. Fill out the results of the analysis in the form of a table, draw a conclusion about the established dependence.
^ Practical work number 4
Topic:“Determination of the patterns of distribution of solar radiation, radiation balance by maps. Revealing the peculiarities of the distribution of average temperatures in January and July, the annual amount of precipitation over the territory of the country ”.
^ Objectives of the work: to determine the patterns of distribution of total radiation, to explain the revealed patterns; study the distribution of temperatures and precipitation over the territory of our country, learn to explain the reasons for such a distribution; learn to work with various climatic maps, draw generalizations and conclusions based on their analysis.
^ Work progress
Review Figure 31 on page 59 in the tutorial. How are the values of total solar radiation shown on the map? In what units is it measured?
Determine the total radiation for points located at different latitudes. Format the results of the work in the form of a table.
Make a conclusion what pattern is seen in the distribution of total radiation. Explain the results obtained.
Review Figure 35 on page 64 of the tutorial. How is the distribution of January temperatures across the territory of our country shown? How are January isotherms in the European and Asian parts of Russia? Where are the areas with the highest January temperatures? The lowest? Where is the pole of cold in our country?
Make a conclusion, which of the main climate-forming factors has the most significant influence on the distribution of January temperatures. Write a short conclusion in a notebook.
Review Figure 36 on page 65 in the tutorial. How is the distribution of air temperatures in July shown? Determine in which parts of the country the July temperatures are the lowest, in which - the highest. What are they equal to?
Make a conclusion, which of the main climate-forming factors has the most significant influence on the distribution of July temperatures. Write a short conclusion in a notebook.
Consider Figure 37 on page 66 of the tutorial. How is the amount of precipitation shown? Where does the most precipitation fall? Where is the least?
Make a conclusion, which of the climate-forming factors have the most significant influence on the distribution of precipitation over the territory of the country. Write a short conclusion in a notebook.
Practical work
by geography
8th grade
Practical work No. 1
“Characteristics of the Russian State Enterprise. Comparison of Russian SOEs with SOEs of other countries ”.
Target: Give a description of the geographical location of Russia.
Equipment: outline map of Russia, physical map Russia, political and administrative map of Russia, pencil, colored pencils, eraser.
! Geographic latitude
meridian from the equator to the parallel passing through this point.
Geographic longitude set point determined by the value in degrees of arc
parallels from the prime meridian to the meridian passing through this point.
Progress:
Exercise 1. Remember the plan of characterizing the geographic location of the country:
Position in relation to the equator.
Position in relation to the prime meridian.
Situation on the mainland, part of the world.
Seas and oceans washing the country (sea borders).
Neighboring states.
Coordinates of extreme points of the country.
Assessment of the geographic location of the country for life and economic activity population.
Task 2. Characteristics of the geographical location of Russia.
Compare the area of Russia with the area of the continents and the largest states (Table 1, Table 2).Make a conclusion.
Table 1.
Continental area
Area, million sq. km.
Eurasia
Africa
30,3
North America
24,2
18,2
Antarctica
Australia
Table 2.
Squares of the largest states in the world
Area, million sq. km.
Russia
17,1
Canada
9,98
China
9,56
USA
9,36
Brazil
8,51
Australia
7,59
2. Determine the attitude of Russia to the equator, prime meridian, tropics, polar circles.
3. Determine on what continent, in what part of it the country is located. In what parts of the world.
4. Identify the seas and oceans surrounding Russia.
5. Name the countries with which Russia borders.
Determine which countries have the longest border.
Determine with which countries the border runs along mountains and rivers.
Determine which countries Russia borders only by sea.
Make a conclusion about the length of the land and sea borders of Russia .
6. Find extreme points Russia. Determine their coordinates (Memo number 2)
7. Determine the length of Russia from north to south, from west to east.
Draw a conclusion, where is the greatest length, where is the smallest.
8. What is the “Russian sector of the Arctic?
Task 3. Highlight the positive and negative features of the geographic location of Russia. Complete table 3.
Table 3.
Negative traits geographic location of Russia
Task 4. According to the proposed plan, tell us about the peculiarities of the geographic location of Russia.
Tasks on the contour map: (memo number 1)
1. Mark the state border of Russia on the contour map.
2. Sign border states.
3. Mark the extreme points of Russia, sign their coordinates (Cape Chelyuskin, Cape Fligeli, Cape Dezhnev, Baltic Spit, Mount Bazarduzu).
4. Sign the natural borders of Russia (Ratmanov Island, Caucasus, Caspian Lowland, Altai, straits: Beringov, Kunashirsky, La Perouse).
Memo number 1.
Rules for working on a contour map.
1. Each outline map sign. In the upper right corner, sign the name of the future card (for example, " Geographical position Russia ")
2. Complete all the inscriptions with a pencil beginning: finely, clearly, beautifully, in block letters. Check it out. Complete with ink of the appropriate color.
The names of rivers and mountains are located, respectively, along rivers and ridges, the names of lowlands - along parallels.
If the name of a geographical object does not fit on the map, then a number is put near it, and in the conventional symbols of the map they write what this number means.
3. Color in the map with colored pencils.
4. Complete the map legend as needed.
Memo number 2
The sequence of actions when determining the geographic latitude of the object:
1. find the closest parallel to the object from the equator and determine its latitude;
2. determine the number of degrees from this parallel to the object;
3. add the resulting number to the latitude of the parallel.
4. determine in which hemisphere, northern or southern, the object is located.
The sequence of actions when determining the geographic longitude of the object:
1. find the meridian closest to the object from the side of the prime meridian and determine its longitude;
2. determine the number of degrees from this meridian to the object;
3. add the resulting number to the longitude of the meridian;
4. determine in which hemisphere, western or eastern, the object is located.
Comparison of the geographical position of Russia and other countries.
Target: Determine the features of the geographic location of Russia in comparison with other countries.
Equipment: physical map of Russia, political and administrative map of Russia, political map the world.
Progress:
Exercise 1. Compare the geographical position of Russia with the position of the largest countries in the world in terms of area - Canada, USA, China. (For the plan of the characteristics of the geographical location, see practical work No. 1).
Make a conclusion:
Which country does Russia have a similar geographical position with?
The geographic location of which countries is significantly different from the geographic location of Russia.
Task 2. Highlight the features of the geographic location of Russia in comparison with other countries of the world. Working with the tutorial page 12.
Practical work No. 2
"Determination of the standard time for different points in Russia." Russia on timezone map
Target: Learn to define standard time.
Equipment: Russia Time Zones Map
! Zone time is the time within the same time zone.
The local time - this is the time on one meridian.
Daylight saving time - translation of the standard time forward one hour.
Summer time - moving the clock hand one hour ahead in comparison with the zone and
daylight saving time.
Date line - 180 meridian, the beginning of a new day. Crossing this line we
we find ourselves from one day to another.
The time difference between time zones is 1 hour. Moving to the east, when crossing the time zone, the time is added by 1 hour. Driving westward, one hour decreases.
Time zones are counted from the Greenwich meridian.
There are 11 time zones in Russia.
Surface of everything Globe divided into 24 time zones.
Progress:
Exercise 1.
1. Determine how many degrees the Earth rotates around its axis in 1 hour, in 4 minutes.
2. Determine in what time zone your settlement is located.
Task 2. Calculate the standard time in Yakutsk, provided that in Omsk the standard time is 10 hours.
The sequence of this task:
Determine the longitude of the cities of Omsk and Yakutsk.
Determine the time in the city of Yakutsk.
Record Answer
Task 3. Determine the time in Vladivostok if it is 12 o'clock in Moscow.
Practical work No. 3
"Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth's crust on the example of individual territories."
Target: To establish a connection between tectonic structure, relief and minerals.
Equipment: tectonic map of Russia, physical map of Russia, mineral resources of Russia.
! Platforms - the oldest, relatively stable and leveled areas of the earth
bark.
Slabs Is a young platform.
Shields - the exit of the basement, composed of crystalline rocks, to the surface.
Landforms - plains (lowlands, hills, plateaus) and mountains.
Minerals Are mineral formations of the earth's crust that can
effectively used on the farm.
Mineral resources: ore (metallic) in igneous rocks
nonmetallic (nonmetallic) in sedimentary rocks
Progress:
Exercise 1. Compare the contents of the map tectonic and physical.
Find platforms, plates on the tectonic map.
Overlay a physical map on a tectonic map and determine which landforms are located on platforms, plates.
Find shields on the tectonic map.
What landforms correspond to shields?
Identify areas of wrinkling.
What landforms correspond to folded areas.
Determine which minerals correspond to each tectonic structure.
Task 2. Establish the presence of a relationship between the tectonic structure, relief and minerals in certain territories of our country.
Summarize the factual material proving the existence of such a relationship in the form of table 4.
Table 4.
The corresponding relief form
The most common minerals
East European Platform
West Siberian plate
Siberian platform
Cenozoic folding areas
Areas of Hercynian folding
Baltic shield
Aldan Shield
Conclusions about the established dependence.
What tectonic structures correspond to plains, mountains, highlands.
What is the pattern in the distribution of minerals.
Practical work No. 4
"Determination of patterns of distribution of solar radiation, radiation balance, distribution of average temperatures and amount of precipitation over the territory of the country by maps."
Target: Establish patterns of distribution of solar radiation, air temperature and precipitation in Russia.
Equipment: maps: total solar radiation,
average January temperatures,
average temperatures in July,
annual precipitation,
evaporation and volatility.
! Solar radiation - radiation of heat and light by the sun.
Total radiation - total solar energy reaching
surface of the earth.
Evaporation - is the amount of moisture that can evaporate from the surface when
given atmospheric conditions.
Evaporation - this is the entry into the atmosphere of water vapor from the surface of water, ice,
vegetation, soil.
Humidification factor is the ratio of the annual precipitation to
volatility for the same period.
K = O / I.
K = 1 sufficient moisture
K> 1 excessive moisture
TO< 1 увлажнение недостаточное
Progress:
Exercise 1. Using the climate maps, complete Table 5.
Table 5.
Total radiation
kcal / cm sq.
Annual precipitation, mm
Evaporating
bridge, mm
Coefficient
humidification
Moisturizing
Temperature
Moscow
Arkhangelsk
Astrakhan
Saint Petersburg
Norilsk
Yakutsk
Krasnoyarsk
Make a conclusion:
In what direction does the temperature change in January and June.
What determines the distribution of solar radiation.
In what direction does the amount of precipitation change. Explain the reasons
uneven distribution of precipitation.
Establish the relationship between the amount of solar radiation and volatility
Practical work No. 5
“Determination of weather features for various points on the basis of a synoptic map. Weather forecast".
Target: Learn to make a weather forecast using various sources of geographic information.
Equipment: synoptic map, weather diagrams.
! Weather - the state of the troposphere in a given place for a certain period
time.
The atmospheric front is a kind of transitional zones that separate different
air masses to their properties.
Exercise 1. Determine the state of the weather according to the synoptic map on the territory of the Urals, the Central part of the East European Plain according to the plan:
1. Air temperature.
3. Cloudiness, precipitation.
4. What atmospheric front affects the state of the weather.
5. What is the expected weather forecast for the near future.
Make a conclusion:
Determine the reasons for the difference in weather. Explain the difference in atmospheric circulation.
Practical work No. 6
"Characteristics of the climate of Western Siberia." Types of climates in Russia
Target: Determine the influence of the climate of various territories of the country on human activities.
Equipment: climatic maps of Russia, agroclimatic map of Russia.
! Climate Human activities
The amount of heat
Agriculture
Precipitation
Promote development
Climatic resorts
Humidification factor
Harsh winter
Agricultural work
make it difficult
Excess moisture
Building
Great aridity
Development of new territories
Exercise 1. Determine the impact of climate on human activities. Complete table 6.
Table 6.
Climatic zone
Climate traits
The influence of climate on human activities
promotes
makes it difficult
North of the East European Plain
central part East European Plain
South of the East European Plains
Make a conclusion: What is the impact of climate on human life and activities.
Practical work No. 7
"Characteristics of the Volga River". Diversity of inland waters of Russia. Rivers.
Target: Make a detailed description of the river, using various sources of information.
Equipment: climatic maps of Russia, physical map of Russia, climatograms, atlas maps.
! River mode - natural change in the state of the river in time: flood, low water,
flood, freeze-up, ice drift.
Types of river water regime: - rivers with spring floods;
Rivers with summer floods;
Rivers with flood conditions.
Low water - most low level water in the river.
High water - most high level water in the river.
Flood - a short-term rise in the water level in the river.
Annual runoff Is the amount of water flowing in the river bed per year.
River slope - the ratio of the magnitude of the fall of the river to its length.
Y = P: L ... (unit of measure cm / km)
Fall of the river - excess of the river head over the mouth.
P = I-U (unit of measure m)
Rivers feeding: rain, snow, ground, glacial, mixed.
Exercise 1. Give a detailed description of the river according to the plan:
1. The name of the river.
2. Source, direction of flow, mouth.
3. To the pool of which ocean belongs.
Russian rivers belong to the basins of the Arctic, Pacific, Atlantic oceans and internal runoff (rivers flowing into lakes).
4. Power supply.
To answer, you need to open the climatic map and climatogram, determine the fallout time maximum number precipitation.
5. Type of water regime.
See river feeding.
6. Fall and slope of the river.
7. Annual stock.
Determined by the map of the annual river flow.
8. Characteristics of the flow.
The nature of the current is determined by a physical map, it is necessary to determine the forms of relief (plain or mountains). By the nature of the flow of the river, there are flat currents, calm and smooth, or mountain currents, stormy and fast. .
9. Economic use of the river and her security.
Rivers are used as transport routes, in industry and agriculture, for irrigation, in everyday life, water resources, a source fresh water... Fishing, timber rafting. Find the meaning in relation to your river.
Practical work No. 8
"Regularities of the distribution of land waters and associated natural hazards". Lakes, swamps, underground waters. Glaciers. Permafrost.
Target: Establish the relationship between land waters, climate and relief.
Equipment: physical map of Russia.
! River - the water stream flowing in the depression it worked out.
Underground water - water in the earth's crust.
Lake - a closed body of water formed on the surface of the land in natural
deepening.
Glacier - long-term accumulation of ice on land.
Swamp - a section of the earth's surface, highly moistened and overgrown with moisture-loving
vegetation.
Permafrost - these are rock strata that contain ice, not
thawed over time.
Floods - this is the flooding of vast areas of the territory together with populated
points, industrial and agricultural enterprises.
Sat down - stormy mud-stone flows arising after heavy rainfall or during
intense snowmelt.
Progress:
Exercise 1. Compare land waters and dangerous natural phenomena related to them. Select the areas of their distribution on the territory of the country.
Sushi waters:
Rivers Lakes Swamps Glaciers Permafrost Groundwater
Dangerous natural phenomena:
Floods Droughts Showers Snowfalls Muddles Avalanches Overlapping Ice Landslides
Distribution areas:
Regions of the Caucasus
Rivers of the Northern Runoff
Mountains of Southern Siberia
Far East rivers
West Siberian Plain
Northwest of the Russian Plain
Amur basin
Vasyugane
Altai
Eastern Siberia
Kamchatka
Northern Ural
Enter the data in table 7
Table 7.
Dangerous natural phenomena
Distribution areas
Make a conclusion:
Task 2. Suggest measures to deal with natural disasters.
Practical work No. 9
"Forecasting changes in flora and fauna under given conditions of changes in the natural complex."
Target: Prove the dependence of flora and fauna on other components of nature.
Equipment: atlas maps.
! Components of nature : plants, animals, climate, water, relief, useful
fossils, man, soil,
Natural complex is a piece of the earth's surface that differs
features natural components in complex interactions.
Levels of natural complexes: local, regional, global.
Changes in the natural complex of the local level are associated with a change in the local
level (with individual relief elements).
Changes in the natural complex of the regional level are associated with tectonic
movements, solar radiation.
Changes in the natural complex of the global level are associated with
by the interpenetration of the Earth's shells.
Everything natural complexes change under the influence of human activities.
Progress:
Exercise 1. Make a forecast of changes in flora and fauna with changes in the components of nature. Complete Table 9.
Table 9.
Characterization of the components of nature
The initial state of flora and fauna
Changing other components of nature
State of flora and fauna
after change
Make a conclusion about the dependence of flora and fauna on other components of nature.
Practical work No. 10 "Characteristics of the natural zone".
Target: Establish the relationship between the components of nature in various natural areas.
Equipment: atlas maps.
! Natural area
RELIEF
(height above sea level)
Exercise 1. Using atlas maps, establish the relationship between the components of nature in different natural zones. Record the results of work in the form of a diagram 2.
Scheme 2.
Example: Dependency between the components of nature in the tundra zone
Geographical position:
along the coast of the Arctic Ocean
Climate:
subarctic - severe winter, long and cold (-32 C), short summer (+ 4 C in the north, + 10 C in the south); little precipitation (200 - 300 mm per year), but excessive moisture (K is more than 1, 5)
Practical work number 11
"Determination on the maps of the main areas of growing grain and industrial crops, the main areas of animal husbandry."
Purpose: Identification of the main areas for growing grain and industrial crops, the main areas of animal husbandry in Russia. Test the ability to work with various forms teaching material, reflect the results of work in the table.
Progress:
1. Using maps of the atlas, determine the specialization Agriculture tundra zones; taiga and mixed forests; deciduous forests and forest-steppes; steppes; semi-deserts and deserts. Format the results in the form of a table.
Areascultivation
Cereals
culture
Technical
culture
Livestock breeding
Tundra
Reindeer husbandry.
Taiga and mixed
forests.
Rye, barley.
Flax, potatoes.
Dairy farming,
Pig breeding.
Broadleaf
forests and forest-steppe.
Wheat, barley, oats, millet.
Sugar beet.
Beef cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry breeding.
Steppe.
Wheat, corn, buckwheat.
Sunflower, sugar beet, mustard.
Beef cattle breeding,
pig breeding, poultry farming, horse breeding.
Semi-deserts and deserts.
Barley, wheat.
Sheep breeding.
Conclusion: the specialization of agriculture (both crop and livestock production) depends on the climate. So, in the temperate zone, with sufficient moisture on non-chernozem low-fertile soils, plant growing specializes in growing cold-resistant, unpretentious crops: cereals (rye, barley), from industrial - flax, potatoes. In the forest-steppe and steppe zones, crops are grown that are more demanding on soil fertility - corn, millet, wheat and buckwheat. The same dependence can be traced in the specialization of animal husbandry, which strongly depends on the fodder base. In conditions of a meager fodder base, the following areas stand out: reindeer breeding (tundra), sheep breeding (deserts and semi-deserts), meat cattle breeding, pig breeding (unpretentiousness, consumption of industrial crops processing waste - sunflower, sugar beet). In good fodder conditions - dairy cattle breeding (on succulent grasses).
Additional material for the teacher:
Grain is the main agricultural product. Useful food products are produced from grain: flour, bread products. Grain is necessary for good development poultry, which is combined with an increase in the production of meat and other food products.
Cereals serve as a resource for the production of molasses and alcohol.
The global increase in grain production is a key challenge for agriculture. Along with the increase in grain production, considerable attention is paid to improving the quality of grain crops, as well as, first of all, to expanding the production of strong wheat, as well as the most important cereal crops.
To successfully solve these problems, it is necessary to improve the use of agricultural technology, introduce more high-yielding hybrids, and improve the structure of sown areas. Huge place is also given to the quality use of fertilizers. The cultivated cereals are referred to such botanical families as buckwheat and legumes.
The nutritional value grain is determined by the digestibility of the components that form them, and also fluctuates depending on many factors. Cereals, which belong to various types, differ not only in the ratio of nutritional components, but also in their properties.
