Food engineering. Food industry engineer

The Japanese imperial dynasty, whose reign continues to this day, is the oldest in the world. According to legend, the emperors of the country rising sun descended from the sun goddess Amaterasu: her grandson Ninigi descended from heaven to rule the country, and became the first earthly emperor. The Japanese believe that this happened in 660 BC. But the first written references to the existence of a monarch in Japan date back to the beginning of the 5th century AD. It was then that the kings of the central part of the country subjugated other regional rulers and created single state starting a new dynasty. In the 8th century, the title "emperor" was adopted.

Until IX, Japanese monarchs were full rulers, but over time they began to lose power - the rule of the country passed to advisers, regents, shoguns while maintaining official power. After World War II, the dynasty of Japanese emperors continued its symbolic rule, losing all rights to interfere in the affairs of the state.

Today, the 125th emperor in Japan (the only reigning emperor in the world) is Akihito, Prince of Tsugunomiya.

The Bernadotte dynasty of Swedish kings is only from 1818, but it is the oldest continuously ruling dynasty in Europe. Its ancestor was Marshal Bernadotte, who took the royal name Karl XIV Johan.

Today, the eighth representative of this dynasty, Carl XVI Gustaf, is the king of Sweden.

The Spanish Bourbon dynasty also continues to rule to this day, albeit with interruptions in power. It was founded in 1700, its reign was interrupted in 1808, and in 1957 the restoration of the Bourbons was carried out.

Now Spain is ruled by Juan Carlos I de Bourbon, the 76-year-old king is almost not interested in political life, it is a symbol of the national unity of the country.

The English Windsor dynasty has ruled Britain since 1917, but it dates back to 1826 as the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha dynasty, so it can be considered one of the oldest.

The oldest dynasties in the world

The oldest, that is, the very first royal dynasty in Europe, which has not survived to this day, it is the Frankish Carolingian dynasty, founded in 751 by Arnulf. She ruled for only 987, first in the Frankish Empire, then in the East Frankish kingdom and the West Frankish kingdom.

If we count all the world monarchical dynasties, then the most ancient can be called the ancient Egyptian - the first dynasty of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, founded 3 thousand years BC by Narmer Menes. Her reign lasted for

Kings at all times lived in luxury and wealth, surrounded by an army of servants and courtiers. It is impossible to imagine a king without a majestic palace, the walls of which are painted with gold, decorated with unique paintings, and the rooms are furnished with expensive furniture. Modern royal dynasties no longer build palaces and castles for themselves, they inherited their residences from great ancestors in the past.

Buckingham Palace. Stephen B Whatley. 1999

Of course, each palace is unique and has its own unique history. We decided to find out who owns the largest and richest palace, so we made a rating of the royal residences of Europe, in which representatives of the current royal dynasties now live. In total, we offer seven palaces to your attention.

Royal Palace in Oslo - Norway

The Royal Palace in Oslo is located on a hill, Bellevue, which allows it to stand out from the surrounding landscape.

Initially, the palace was conceived as the summer residence of the Swedish king Karl XIV Johan. The construction began in 1825, Karl himself laid the first stone in the foundation of the future residence. However, when the construction was completed after 24 years, the king had already died and could not see him. The first monarch to live in the castle was the Danish prince Karl, who in 1905 was proclaimed king of independent Norway by Haakon VII.

The palace was built in the classicism style typical of the first half of the 19th century. The design of the palace belongs to the Danish architect Hans Ditlev Franciscus Linstow. The building looks underlined strictly, but elegantly. The interior is decorated with various works of art. The decoration is dominated by beige-golden tones, while there is no pathos and unnecessary splendor. From the outside, the palace is surrounded by a beautiful park.

The park has a specially arranged cozy recreation area and small lakes. Locals come here to relax with their children.

Currently, on the first floor of the palace there is a hall State Council and parish church. Harold V receives leaders of other countries in his residence and holds important state events. The entrance to the palace is closed, tourists and residents of the city are allowed only in the royal park, as well as on the palace square.

The Norwegian Royal Palace is noticeably inferior to other residences European monarchs both in richness of finishes and in size (which is why it takes the last place in our rating). Its dimensions are quite modest: the main facade is 100 meters long and 24 meters wide. The building has 173 rooms, and the entire palace complex, together with the park, occupies just over 17.5 hectares.

Royal Palace of Brussels and Laeken Palace - Belgium

We gave the sixth place to the palaces of the Belgian King Albert II.

The official royal residence is the palace in Brussels. This monumental building is located in a respectable area on the Coudenberg hill, which was called the "Royal Quarter".

The palace cannot be called luxurious, however, it makes the Belgians feel proud and emphasizes the greatness of the royal family. The Belgians are a reserved nation, which is probably why the royal residence has an emphatically severe form.

The Royal Palace in Brussels is a monumental building with a gray-brown façade.

Once upon a time, on the site of the modern royal castle, there was a fortified castle Coudenberg, which belonged to the Duke of Brabant. In 1731 the building burned down and was restored only by 1775. A lot of valuable relics perished in that fire.

Since 1830, after the Belgian Revolution, King Leopold of Saxe-Coburg settled in the palace, and since then it has become a royal residence.

Despite the fact that the Royal Palace is the official residence of the Belgian monarch, he and his family mostly live in the Laeken Palace, using the residence to receive dignitaries and hold important state events.

The Laeken Palace was built in 1785 in the north of the capital in the Laeken area for Albert of Saxe-Teschin Stadtholder of the Austrian Netherlands, designed by the architect Charles de Wailly. The furniture for this palace was made by the famous cabinetmaker Jean-Joseph Chapuis. The building changed owners several times, until in 1830, after the revolution, the state gave Laeken to King Leopold I. Already under Leopold II, at the end of the 19th century, the castle was noticeably expanded and rebuilt.

Despite the fact that the palace cannot boast of a luxurious interior and rich appearance, Laeken is famous all over the world for its greenhouse, which is still annually visited by millions of tourists to admire exotic plants.

The collection of unique plants growing in the greenhouse is of incredible value: some specimens have been preserved since the time of Leopold II, while others are very rare and are found almost nowhere else. In addition, the garden has a lake, a golf course, and unique pavilions that are not typical of Belgian architecture: the Japanese Tower and the Chinese Pavilion. The park complex, together with the greenhouse, occupies more than 25 square meters. km.

Opposite the park is the Neo-Gothic Church of Our Lady of Laeken. The church crypt houses the family burial place of the Belgian royal family.

Amalienborg Palace - Denmark

One of the famous sights of Copenhagen is the royal residence - Amalienborg Palace. It is he who occupies the fifth place in our ranking.

The palace was built in the eighteenth century. However, Sophia Amalienborg Palace was originally in its place, which completely burned down in 1689. As a result, from 1750 to 1754. a new one was erected in its place. Niels Eigtved became the chief architect and project manager. Amalienborg became the royal residence in 1794, when the previous residence, Christiansborg Castle, burned down. King Christian VII, who ruled in those years, immediately acquired 4 buildings, which now make up the main complex of Amalienborg Palace.

The Amalienborg architectural complex consists of four identical buildings, made in the Rococo style and forming a regular octagon together with the outbuildings. These are: the Moltke Palace, later called the Palace of Christian VII, the Palace of Christian Frederic Levetsau, later renamed the Palace of Christian VIII, the Palace of Frederick VIII and the Palace of Christian IX.

Since all the buildings were built in the Rococo style, it is not surprising that the facade and interior halls are decorated with stucco, cupids, intricate carvings, etc. Such an interior cannot be boring and dull; it emphasizes the wealth and grandeur of the Habsburg royal dynasty.

One of the most luxurious apartments in the Danish royal residence is the Knight's or Great Hall in the palace of Christian VII. It has, perhaps, the most extravagant interior, made in the best traditions of Rococo.

Some years ago The Royal Family carried out a large-scale reconstruction of the palace of Frederick VIII, for which 130 million Danish kroner (approximately $ 22 million) were spent. The general public was able to see the renovated halls in 2010. During the five years that the renovation lasted, a lot has been done: the frescoed ceiling was reconstructed, the wallpaper and wooden decorative elements on the walls were completely replaced, the marble stairs and mosaics on the floors were refreshed. There are new paintings on the walls contemporary artists specially for the royal palace, which is currently home to Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark with his wife Princess Mary and children.

It should be said that of all four palaces, only one is completely closed to the public - this is the palace of Christian IX, which is home to the current Queen of Denmark Margrethe II and Prince Henrik. In the rest of the buildings, visitors are allowed at certain times of the year.

Amalienborg is slightly inferior to the residence of the English royal family in terms of the luxury of interior decoration and area. The complex occupies a relatively small area: the length of Amalienborg from north to south is 203 meters, and from east to west 195 meters, but most of this territory is occupied by the area, the palaces themselves are not very large compared to those considered earlier.

Royal Palace in Amsterdam - Netherlands

On the fourth position, we have the Royal Palace in Amsterdam - the residence of the Queen of Holland, Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard.

This is an amazing example of neoclassical architecture. The palace was originally built in the 17th century as a city hall, which was the epitome of the grandeur and significance of the Netherlands. The town hall became the royal palace in 1808, after the coronation of Louis Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother.

The walls of the palace are still adorned by world-famous artists such as Jan Lievens, Govert Flink, Ferdinand Bol, Jacob Jorden, Rembrandt. An incredible amount of expensive antique furniture has been collected here. It is here that the world's largest and well-preserved collection of ampil style furniture, as well as objects of arts and crafts (more than 2,000 exhibits) is currently located. Most of the collection was collected during the reign of Louis Bonaparte.

The interior decoration of the palace is dominated by marble and gilding. The facade is decorated with a huge statue of Atlas, who holds the globe on his shoulders.

It is noteworthy that at one time the Amsterdam City Hall, along with many other architectural masterpieces, claimed honorary title The eighth wonder of the world.

The Royal Palace is adorned with an imposing dome, on the top of which there is a weather vane in the shape of a medieval cogg ship. It is the cogg that is the symbol of Amsterdam. Under the dome are windows from which the departure and arrival of ships in the harbor were previously observed.

As for the size of the palace itself, the length of the facade is 80 meters, which is not very much, therefore, despite the luxurious decoration, this palace did not enter the top three.

The central hall of the Amsterdam Royal Palace has impressive dimensions: 18.3 meters wide and 36.6 meters long, the ceiling height is 27.4 meters. On the marble floor you can see two maps of the world (western and eastern hemispheres) and celestial sphere. The map shows in some detail the areas of colonial influence of the Dutch Empire. The cards are dated mid-eighteenth century. It is in this hall that the most important ceremonies and receptions take place, for example, the presentation of state awards and the royal reception in honor of the new year.

Oriental Royal Palace and Zarzuela Palace - Spain

In third place, perhaps, you can put the palaces of the Spanish royal house. Currently, King Juan Carlos I lives in the Zarzuela Palace, but the official residence is the Oriental Palace in Madrid, used exclusively for ceremonial events.

The Eastern Palace was built in the 18th century. In the Middle Ages, in its place was a Moorish fortress, and later the Alcazar of the Habsburgs, destroyed in a fire in 1734. After that, Philip V, the first representative of the Bourbon dynasty, who ascended the Spanish throne, wanted to build a luxurious palace in Madrid.

Two Italian architects worked on the project: Filippo Juvarra and Giovanni Battista Sacchetti, who created a luxurious building in the Italian Baroque style. For the construction of the palace, granite was used, mined in the Guadarrama mountains.

The interior of the Royal Palace in Madrid is considered one of the most beautiful in Europe. The walls are decorated with magnificent frescoes by famous Italian and Spanish artists: Diego Velasquez, Corrado Giaquinto, Luca Giordano, Francisco Bayeu, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Caravaggio, Francisco Goya, Vicente Lopez and Mariano Salvador Maella.

Among the apartments, the most beautiful is the throne room. Under the ceiling, painted by the Venetian master Tiepolo, crystal chandeliers sparkle. The walls are upholstered in red damascus. Along the perimeter of the hall there are statues that depict all the main human virtues. The palace covers an area of ​​about 19.5 hectares.

Currently, it is open to the public and anyone can see this magnificence for a small price.

As for the Zarzuela Palace, where the royal family lives, it is located outside the city north of Madrid. It was originally built as a hunting lodge and country residence. And only in 1962 the royal family settled in it. Of course, in splendor and luxury, it is inferior to the Eastern Palace. Here reigns a warmer, more comfortable homely atmosphere. The palace is closed to visitors so as not to disturb the measured life of the Spanish monarchs.

The building was built in a restrained early baroque style by architects Gomez de Mora and Carbonello. At times civil war The building was badly damaged and was restored only by 1960. Later, two more buildings were added to it. Currently, the Zarzuela palace complex includes the main palace and two additional houses on the sides, one of which is now inhabited by members of the royal family. The rooms are decorated with tapestries, paintings and other works of art that emphasize the status and grandeur of their owners.

Despite the fact that this residence is not very large, it has its own garden, sports grounds, a chapel, a heliport, as well as round-the-clock security - the monarchs are guarded by a regiment of guards.

Royal Palace in Stockholm - Sweden

In second place is the official residence of the Swedish King Gustav XVI - the Royal Palace in Stockholm. This is an impressive building with 600 rooms, including ceremonial halls and royal apartments. The length of the facade is 120 meters.

The palace is located in the center of Stockholm on the front embankment of Stadholmen Island. It is built on the foundations of the medieval castle Tre Kronor (Three Crowns), destroyed in 1697 by fire. The remains of that castle can still be seen in the Three Crowns Palace Museum. The construction of the new royal palace took 57 years and was completed by 1754. At that time, it became the largest building project in Europe. The halls of the palace are made in a variety of architectural styles: rococo, baroque and neoclassicism. The best artists of that time were invited for decoration.

Each of the four facades of the Royal Palace is symbolic. The main ones - east and west, respectively, the "facade of the Queen" and the "facade of the King", lead to the royal apartments and symbolize the power of the monarchy. I would like to note that on the western side, two curved galleries form a courdoner (small square), where in summer the daily solemn ceremony of changing the royal guard takes place.

On the north side of the palace is the entrance to the cabinet of ministers and the meeting room of the Swedish parliament, the Riksdag. This façade symbolizes parliamentary power.

The southern facade, facing the palace descent, is the most luxurious and solemn. There is a huge monumental arch here, on opposite sides of which are the State Hall and the Royal Chapel: the throne and the altar are the main symbols of statehood. This façade is also decorated with six Corinthian columns and imposing sculptures.

Part of the palace, despite the fact that the king permanently resides in his residence, is open to the public. The greatest interest and admiration among tourists are the luxurious royal apartments, the chambers of the Knights' Order, the celebration hall, the Charles XI Gallery, the Treasury, the Arsenal, as well as the Three Crowns Palace Museum and the Gustav III Antique Museum.

This castle can be called an amazing example of architecture, because it perfectly combines rigor and grandeur, restraint and nobility.

Buckingham Palace - UK

As you know, the English Queen Elizabeth II, who has been leading the country for more than 60 years, lives with her family in Buckingham Palace.

For many years, this majestic and incredibly beautiful building has been the main palace of Great Britain and central headquarters ruling dynasty Windsors. It is here that official receptions and other important events of national importance are held.

It should be noted that Buckingham Palace received the status of the official royal residence more than 250 years ago. In 1837, having ascended the throne, Queen Victoria chose him.

Initially, the building was not as luxurious as you can see it now. Once the mansion belonged to the Duke of Buckingham, a friend of Queen Anne. George III bought the house for £28,000 in 1762 and renamed it Buckingham House. And only after almost 60 years, in 1820, King George IV rebuilt the mansion and turned it into a luxurious palace. The reconstruction cost more than 150 thousand pounds (at that time a lot of money).

Work on the reconstruction and expansion of the palace lasted for almost 75 years under the direction of architects John Nash (John Nash) and Edward Blor (Edward Blor), who built three new wings, forming a large courtyard. The interior decoration was completely changed and the facade was updated.

Later, already during the reign of Queen Victoria, in 1853 a huge ballroom with a total area of ​​​​800 square meters was built. m, which is still actively used today for large state events, receptions and concerts.

Most of the rooms at Buckingham Palace have remained unchanged since then, including the grand dining room, the white drawing room, and, of course, the Golden Throne Room, which now hosts receptions and formal photo shoots with members of the royal family. Until now, the walls are decorated with paintings from the time of Hero IV, and in many rooms, samples of unique rare furniture have been preserved.

However, during the reign of King Edward VII (1894-1972), some rooms were remodeled in the Belle Epoque style (translated from French as “beautiful era”). Cream and gold tones began to predominate in the decoration.

Currently, Buckingham Palace covers an area of ​​more than 20 hectares. The castle has over 600 rooms, including 52 royal bedrooms and 188 staff and guest bedrooms, as well as 78 bathrooms. In addition, the territory is decorated with a huge garden, which occupies almost 17 hectares, in which exotic trees and flowers grow. This is the largest private garden in the UK. In the center it is decorated with an artificial pond.

The royal residence is guarded around the clock by the court division, which consists of the royal horse guards regiment and the infantry guards regiment.

Today, Buckingham Palace is a real city in the center of London. There is own branch police, a hospital, two post offices, clubs, bars, a cinema and a swimming pool. More than 700 service personnel work in the palace.

The Queen lives in the palace most of the year and only leaves it for two months (August and September). At this time, the residence opens its doors to visitors and everyone can see the luxurious royal apartments and state rooms of the palace with their own eyes.

By the way, for a fee, you can feel like a king and live in Buckingham Palace. About 200 rooms in the palace this year for the period of the 2012 Summer Olympics will be given over to the hotel. Of course, everyone who wants to take an apartment will not be allowed. In order to ensure the safety of the Queen and her family, before booking the rooms, each applicant will be very carefully checked by the staff of Scotland Yard.

Having made a short tour of the European royal palaces, it immediately becomes clear that the descendants of the great dynasties cherish their heritage. Many palaces have been reconstructed, unique, priceless works of art have been preserved.

The construction of all the considered palaces dates back to late XVIII- the first half of the 19th century It was at this time in Europe that the flowering of such architectural styles as baroque, rococo, classicism and a little later neoclassicism was observed. All these styles are reflected in the design of royal palaces.

If we talk about the richest palaces, then the top three rightfully included the residences of the English, Swedish and Spanish royal families. It is these palaces that are the largest and richest. This is due to the fact that they were built during the heyday of these states, when the kings had both the desire and the opportunity to build such majestic and luxurious buildings.

Anna Belova rmnt.ru

culture

In our world of inequality and endless struggle for money and power, there are always those who can be called the most powerful and strong, since they have titles and money. Since money and property are inherited, entire dynasties appear that prosper with each new generation, multiplying the wealth of their ancestors and holding their positions.

We invite you to learn about the most famous and powerful families in history.

1) The Rodschild dynasty

The Rodschild dynasty (or Rodschilds) is a dynasty of bankers and financiers from Germany of German origin who founded and controlled banks throughout Europe and were elevated to nobility by the Austrian and English governments. The founder of the dynasty is Mayer Amschel Rothschild(1744-1812), whose plans for the future were to keep the business in the hands of the family, which made it possible to keep the size of his fortune and business achievements in complete secrecy.

Wealth of the Rodschild dynasty

Mayer Rodschild successfully kept his fortune within the family. Carefully choosing spouses for their descendants from close relatives, Nathan Rodschild opened his own bank in 1811 in London, called N. M. Rothschild and Sons, which still exists. In 1818, the company made a loan of £5 million to the Prussian government, and the issuance of government bonds was the mainstay of a prosperous business. The Rodschilds took such a strong position in London that by 1825-26 they were able to mint coins for Bank of England to enable him to ward off the threat of a market crisis.

2) Plantagenet dynasty

If we compare the royal dynasties of the Plantagenets and the Tudors, then the former left a much greater mark on history, since the development of English culture and political system(which remains to this day) took place precisely in their reign. The Anglican Church was founded under the Tudors and some have argued that under them there was a golden age in the history of England, but the significance of the Plantagenets is much more serious.

The Plantagenets were a royal house whose founder is considered to be Henry II, eldest son Geoffroy V Plantagenet. The kings of this dynasty began to rule England in the 12th century. From 1154 to 1485, a total of 15 Plantagenet monarchs were at the head of the state, among which were those who belonged to the younger lines.

Achievements of the Plantagenet dynasty

In the era of the Plantagenets, a characteristic English culture and art was born, which was encouraged by the monarchs. At that time, Gothic architecture was popular and famous buildings such as Westminster Abbey and york cathedral were built in this style.

Some changes were also made in the social sector, for example, by the king Ionnom I was signed Magna Carta. This influenced the development of common and constitutional law. political institutions such as Parliament of England and others originated precisely during the reign of the House of Plantagenet, and some famous educational institutions, For example Universities of Cambridge and Oxford.

3) Nehru-Gandhi dynasty

The Nehru-Feroz Gandhi dynasty is a political dynasty whose representatives dominated the party Indian National Congress most early history independent India. Three members of this dynasty ( Jawaharlal Nehru, his daughter Indira Gandhi and her son Rajiv Gandhi) were prime ministers of India, two of whom (Indira and Rajiv) were assassinated.

Government is a family affair

The fourth member of the dynasty, the widow of Rajiv Gandhi, Sonia Gandhi, is currently the leader Indian National Congress, and their son Rahul Gandhi is the youngest member of the family to enter politics after winning a seat in the lower house of the Indian Parliament in 2004. The Nehru-Feroz Gandhi dynasty is not related by ties to the leader of the struggle for the independence of India Mohandas Gandhi. The Nehru-Gandhi dynasty is the most prominent example of the tradition of dynastic rule in the Asian democratic republics.

4) Khan Dynasty

Genghis Khan- Founder of the Mongol Empire largest empire in a history that unites bordering territories. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. After the founding of the Mongol Empire and declaring himself Genghis Khan, that is, the ruler, he began to attack neighboring territories, conquering peoples and appropriating their possessions.

Infinite territory capture

During the reign of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire occupied most of Central Asia. Before his death, Genghis Khan appointed his son as his successor Ogedei, and also divided the empire between his children and grandchildren into khanates. He died in 1227 after conquering the Tanguts. He was buried in an unknown grave somewhere in Mongolia.

His descendants continued to seize new lands and increase their holdings. Mongol Empire in Eurasia, creating vassal states, among which were modern China, Korea, the countries of the Caucasus and Central Asia, as well as a huge part modern countries of Eastern Europe and the Middle East.

5) Claudius and Julius dynasties

Two dynasties united into one, becoming one of the most important families ancient rome, which later became known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty, whose members were the most famous Roman emperors: Caligula, Augustus, Claudius, Tiberius and Nero. These five emperors ruled the Roman Empire from 27 BC to 68 AD, with the last of them, Nero, committing suicide.

These five rulers were related, either through marriage or adoption, to the Julio and Claudian families. Julius Caesar is sometimes inaccurately considered the founder of this dynasty, as he was not an emperor and had no connection with the Claudian family. Augustus should be considered the full founder of the dynasty.

General features of the reign of emperors

The rule of the emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty had similar features: they all came to power through indirect family ties. Each of them expanded the territories of the Roman Empire and started large-scale construction projects. They were generally well-liked by the people, but they were disliked by the senator class, according to ancient Roman historians. Ancient historians described the emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty as crazy, sexually perverted and tyrannical personalities.

6) Ming Dynasty

Zhu is the surname of the emperors of the Ming Empire. First Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang began to call the Ming Dynasty, which means "diamond". The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644 after the fall of the Mongol Yuan dynasty.

The Ming Dynasty was considered one of the greatest eras of social stability and good governance in human history. This one was last dynasty in China, led by ethnic Chinese. Although the Ming capital, Beijing, fell in 1644 as a result of peasant uprising headed by Li Zicheng, the regimes that were adopted during the reign of the Ming emperors lasted until 1662.

The grand construction of the Ming Dynasty

The Minsk Empire owned a huge military force and had an army consisting of a million soldiers. She organized huge construction projects for those times, including restoration Great Wall of China and construction in Beijing "Forbidden City" in the first quarter of the 15th century. According to some estimates, the population in the last period of the Ming dynasty ranged from 160 to 200 million people. The reign of the Ming Dynasty is often regarded as the most important page in the history of Chinese civilization, it was during the time of this dynasty that the first signs of capitalism were born.

7) Habsburgs

The House of Habsburg was an important royal house in Europe and is known to have ruled the Holy Roman Empire between 1452 and 1740, as well as for a long time were the rulers of Spain and Austrian Empire. Originally from Switzerland, the dynasty first ruled Austria, which ruled for over 600 years, but a series of royal marriages allowed the Habsburgs to also take Burgundy, Spain, Bohemia, Hungary and other territories under their dominion. This dynasty got its name from the castle of Habsburg in the Swiss region of Aargau.

Large family and marriage ties

The motto of this dynasty was "Let others fight, and you, happy Austria, must marry", which indicated the talent of the Habsburgs with the help of marriage bonds to connect representatives of their kind with other royal families, creating alliances and inheriting territories. empress Maria Theresa, for example, remained in the history of Europe not only due to its political merits, but also as "Great Grandmother of Europe", whose 10 children survived to adulthood and left heirs.

8) Ptolemaic dynasty

The Ptolemies are a Hellenistic Macedonian royal dynasty that ruled the Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt for approximately 300 years from 305 BC to 30 BC. Ptolemy was one of the generals who served Alexander the Great who was appointed satrap of Egypt after the death of Alexander in 323 BC.

Egyptian Queen Cleopatra

In 305 BC he declared himself king Ptolemy I. The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt. They ruled the country until the Roman conquest in 30 BC. by the most famous representative kind was the last queen Cleopatra VII, known for playing an important role in the political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her suicide after the conquest of Egypt by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule.

9) The Medici Dynasty

The Medici family was a powerful and influential family in Florence, whose members were in power from the 13th to the 17th centuries. Among them were four Popes ( Leo X, Pius IV, Clement VII, Leo XI), a large number of rulers of Florence, as well as members of the royal families of England and France. They also dominated the government of the city, taking full control of Florence, making it a city where art and humanism flourished.

Great Renaissance

Together with other influential families of Italy such as Visconti and Sforza from Milan, Este de Ferrara and Gonzaga from Mantua, the Medici contributed to the birth of the Italian Renaissance. The Medici Bank was one of the most prosperous and respected banks in Europe. At one time they were even called the richest family in Europe. Thanks to the money, the Medici were able to gain political power, first in Florence, and then in Italy and throughout Europe.

10) Capetian dynasty

The Capetian dynasty is the largest royal house in Europe. It includes direct descendants of the King of France Hugo Capeta. Spanish king Juan Carlos and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg- Members of the Capetian family, both from the Bourbon branch of the dynasty.

Over the centuries, the Capetians spread throughout Europe and were at the head of the most different units, from kingdoms to estates. In addition to being the largest royal family in Europe, the Capetians are also one of the most incestuous, especially among the Spanish monarchs. Many years have passed since the Capetians ruled most of Europe, but still some members of this family remain kings and have many other titles.

Modern European kings

At present, the Capetians are at the head of the kingdom of Spain and Luxembourg. Prince Luis Alfonso de Bourbon, Duke of Anjou, another member of the family, is a pretender to the throne of France. In Europe, there are still various branches of the Capetian dynasty.

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Engineer Food Industry engages in the design, commissioning of equipment and automation systems used to create different product groups. He controls technological processes, is looking for new solutions and equipment that helps to improve the work of the workshop. The profession is suitable for those who are interested in physics, mathematics and chemistry (see choosing a profession for interest in school subjects).

Short description

Today's food and beverage industries are predominantly automated, equipped with equipment that does the lion's share of the work. But these systems need to be designed and maintained, which is what food engineers do.

Technical labor, for work in this area it is necessary higher education and experience. After graduating from universities, young engineers undergo internships and training in the field, gaining the necessary practical skills.

Features of the profession

A food industry engineer has a lot of responsibilities, because often he not only deals with equipment, but also specializes in monitoring the work of personnel, training employees. Consider the main responsibilities of a specialist:

• design, maintenance, modernization of equipment and systems used in food production;
• introduction of new technologies that help optimize the workflow;
• testing of equipment, planning of experimental programs;
• impeccable knowledge of the range, composition and characteristics of products manufactured at the enterprise;
• development of equipment placement plans;
• search for the necessary components and companies performing complex repairs;
• organization of production, which in all respects surpasses the products of competitors;
• development of technical documentation: brochures, instructions, memos, route maps, etc.;
• implementation, development and debugging of programs for CNC equipment;
• control of the work of specialists involved in the creation of a new technological line;
• research, study of the experience of large global companies;
• analysis of equipment operation, search for solutions to reduce manufacturing defects;
• training of employees in the field and in the branches of the company.

Engineers have an average wage, but the labor market needs these specialists. A food industry engineer must be not only an excellent technician and analyst, but also a person who knows how to look for new solutions. Engineers must remember all environmental and safety standards, instructions, rules for filling out documentation, etc. This specialist must unquestioningly obey his boss, quickly make decisions, give orders, rescue equipment that has failed or been adversely affected.

Pros and cons

pros

1. Reliable technical profession.
2. The food industry needs these specialists.
3. Opportunity to get a job immediately after the internship.
4. Affordable education in any region of the Russian Federation, many budget places.
5. The average age of process engineers is 35 years.
6. Food industry engineers have a wide range of specializations.
7. Opportunity to find a job in any corner of Russia.

Minuses

1. Working with equipment is always risky, because an engineer can make a mistake, which will lead to production downtime.
2. The negative impact that noise and dust have on the engineer's body, and without them it is impossible to imagine the technological process.
3. Occupational diseases and injuries (fractures, hearing and vision disorders, tremor and others).
4. Frequent business trips are possible.

Important Personal Qualities

Professional food engineers are tech-savvy people who love technology. Their character must contain the following features:

• sociability;
• activity;
• authoritarianism;
• developed analytical thinking;
• obligation;
• exactingness to oneself, to the people around.

The profession is not suitable for people who suffer from tuberculosis, problems with motor skills and hearing.

Food engineer training

Choosing this difficult direction, students must first of all apply to a university that trains personnel for the food industry. It is necessary to consider the direction of training "Technology of catering products" and others related to the food industry, automation of production processes.

A student can enter a college after grades 9-11 to master the profession of an equipment adjuster, study production technology different types products (confectionery, bread, semi-finished products and others). When entering a university, it is necessary to take an exam in chemistry and mathematics, a test in the Russian language. The Russian food industry needs process engineers, so there are more state-funded places for this specialty in specialized universities than paid ones.

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Higher education food industry engineer

Place of work

Technological engineers work in food production, and this is a huge segment: drinks, bakery and confectionery, production of condiments, semi-finished products, products from natural meat and fish. The list is endless, a food industry engineer will be able to find a job in a domestic or foreign company, the place of work will have a significant impact on his salary.

Wage

The amount of salary directly depends on the company in which the process engineer works. Specialists working in large industries receive a salary above the average. If a specialist works at an enterprise engaged in the production of little-known products, then his salary will be minimal.

Salary as of 03/17/2020

Russia 25000—75000 ₽

Moscow 60000—100000 ₽

Career growth

The food industry engineer, like other process engineers, has a qualification category (I-III). Each category is assigned to a specialist after assessing his professional knowledge and skills, it can be upgraded once every 3 years. Often, companies interested in attracting young professionals invite engineers for an internship, during which they receive training and get a chance to prove themselves, which accelerates career growth.

Professional knowledge

1. Technological preparation of the enterprise.
2. Selection, acquisition, installation, launch, development of the scheme of the production line.
3. Performing equipment repairs.
4. Commissioning works.
5. Comprehensive staff training.
6. Established norms and rules regarding the production of food products: GOST, sanitary standards, standardization and others.
7. Enterprise economy.
8. Safety rules at the enterprise.
9. Methods necessary to improve the efficiency of the enterprise.
10. Norms and rules of patenting.
11. Technical English.
12. Having a driver's license.