Ivan Trofimovich looked very stern for a long time. Meeting with Ivan Dusharin

Ivan Trofimovich Dusharin, Russian climber, MSMK in mountaineering, climber of Everest three times, climber of K2 (up to 8000 m), Nangaparbat, Cho-Oyu. Made twenty-seven ascents to the seven-thousanders. Author of the books "Everyone has his own Everest", "On a string through the abyss."

NO ONE LIKE TO MAKE DECISIONS. AND THE MOUNTAINS VERY WELL TEACH TO DO IT. In conditions of limited resources (qualification, time, weather, strength, food), you must make the only right decision. Often not only for himself, but also for the team. This skill is worth a lot in everyday life.

HEIGHT IS A SPECIAL ENVIRONMENT. Even water and air are softer and easier for a person than mountains. The mountains are very aggressive, changeable. And here everything depends only on you. Yes, there are commercial expeditions where railings are fixed, Sherpas carry cargo and oxygen, but you rearrange your legs yourself. And no one will do it for you.

HERE IS IMMEDIATELY NOTICED WHAT YOU CAN. Height requires automatic execution of the skills learned at the bottom. There will be neither time nor, most importantly, strength to do something bad, do it wrong, do it somehow. You work like a robot, executing the programmed program.

The one who has not completed basic training, who does not have the skill to assess the situation and forecast, dies.

CLIMBING IS GENERALLY A VERY INTELLIGENT ACTIVITY. I always remember the first Soviet expedition to Everest. Who was its leader? - Academician Tamm. Who was her head coach? Doctor of Technical Sciences Ovchinnikov. There were twelve PhDs in the team!

MOUNTAINS IMMEDIATELY SHOW "WHO IS WHO". They "grind" you as a person. You are in a group for a long time without the ability to stop communicating, leave. At the same time, you depend on these people, and they depend on you. Willy-nilly, you learn patience and understanding.

I met my wife at the training camp. She is an athlete herself, a mountaineering instructor, fortunately in time, switched to raising children. So, she did not, like many wives, “pull” me out of my case.

A MAN SHOULD HAVE A MAN'S BUSINESS. Sitting with a fishing rod on the river, pumping iron, walking in the mountains. If you deprive him of this, after some time you will not recognize the person you once loved. Let him go to the mountains if he likes it.

Passing cornices (overhangs) at some point you need to step into the abyss and separate from the wall on a rope, hang and continue climbing with a jumar. When we were on Changa Bang, where there were many such cornices, I realized that WITH AGE THE DESIRE TO LIVE INCREASES. And just because you have to do work, you step into this void.

Once, during the ascent to Changa Bang, I had to spend a long time in a stationary state, waiting for the team above to set up the platform. There was a hitch, I had to wait a long time, I started to freeze.

I UNDERSTAND HOW TERRIBLE WHEN YOU DIE SLOWLY. At some point, I wanted to cut the rope and finish everything.
This is why I keep saying that SELF-CONTROL IS THE MOST IMPORTANT QUALITY which develops mountaineering. You need to be able to control yourself.

Was it scary? One day, a small avalanche came down on K2 and dragged me along with it until I managed to linger. When you fight for life, you don't feel fear.
BECAUSE FIGHT IS LIFE. Fear comes later, along with the realization of what happened.

DO YOU WANT TO CLIMB EVEREST? Take your time, go at least two seven-thousanders. Your attitude to height will change a lot.

October 5th, 2015

"From the late 60s to the 90s, there was a powerful conglomerate of mountaineering sections in the region. The names of Samara and Togliatti athletes thundered throughout the country. And the alpine training system was developed throughout the country. Prices for tickets to sports camps in the Caucasus, Elbrus, Urals were symbolic. The guys who were engaged in sections had the opportunity to visit many peaks of the country. Now mountaineering has turned into a business. Climbing rules are not observed even by instructors. What can we say about tourists who go to the mountains as if for a walk. And for all mountaineering in the country now one person is actually in charge at the rate of a civil servant ... All the rest are social activists. But in Samara now there is a revival of mountaineering traditions .." (from an interview with I.T. Dusharin)

Ivan Trofimovich Dusharin - climber, coach. Master of Sports of the USSR (1982), Master of Sports of Russia of international class (1992), "Snow Leopard", instructor-methodologist of the 1st category (1980). Vice President of the Russian Mountaineering Federation, Chairman of the Educational and Methodological Commission of the Russian Mountaineering Federation. Repeated winner of championships and championships in mountaineering. He made about 300 ascents to the peaks in various mountainous regions of the country and the world. Including 4 peaks above 8000 m: Everest (8848 m) - three times, K2 (Chogori) (8611 m), Nanga Parbat (8125 m), Cho-Oyu (8201 m), as well as 27 ascents to peaks above 7000 m .

Ivan Trofimovich was born on November 1, 1947 in the city of Pokhvistnevo, Kuibyshev Region, in a large family.

1955-1963 studying at the eight-year school No. 3 in Pokhvistnevo.
1963-1967 studied at the Kuibyshev Machine-Building College, which he graduated in December 1967.

He began his sports career in 1964 with the mountaineering section. His first ascent took place in 1964 on the peak of Adygene (4510 meters, Tien Shan).

Since 2007, Ivan Trofimovich has been a senior coach at the Central School of Instructors of the Russian Mountaineering Federation. Since 2007, he has been the head of the Interdepartmental Working Group on Mountain Training of Military Personnel and Special Forces. For two years, under his leadership, a number of large-scale training camps were held in the mountains and more than 80 mountain training instructors were trained.

Ivan Trofimovich Dusharin is the author of the book “On the String Through the Abyss” (Moscow: Vneshtorgizdat, 2007) and the book “Across the Mountains to Yourself” (photo album). PIOLET D'OR nominee in 1998 for the first ascent (directissima) of the north face of Changabeng, 6864 m, India.
Awards and medals:
- Order of Friendship of Peoples
- Silver medal of VDNKh
- certificates, diplomas and medals of Championships and Championships in mountaineering.
On April 24, 2008, by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, he was awarded a state award - the medal "FOR STRENGTHENING THE COMMONWEALTH IN BATTLE".

Married, has two sons and a grandson.

Autograph session, Togliatti, 2014

Ivan Dusharin at the presentation of his new book ()

Climber Dusharin made over 300 ascents, conquered 18 peaks - seven thousandths. His first ascent took place in 1964 on the peak of Adygene (4510 meters, Tien Shan). In 1978 he conquered Communism Peak (7495 meters, Pamir, Soviet-American expedition), in 1983 Korzhenevskaya Peak (7150 meters), in 1991 Ankogua Peak (Patagonia, Argentina), in 1992 Everest (8848 meters, Himalayas, Nepal ), in 1995 Mont Blanc (4810 meters, France), in 1996 K-2 (8611 meters, Chogori, China), in 1997 the peak of Nanga Parbat (8125 meters, Pakistan), in 1998 the peak of Changa Berg ( 6864 meters, India).

Chronology of ascents:
- 1979 Climbing Dalar Peak and Ak-Kaya Peak (first ascent) - 4th place in the USSR Championship in full-time rock class.
- 1980 Climbing the Dzhigit Peak along the northern wall (Slyosov route) - 1st place in the championship of the Central Sports Association of the Children's Sports Association "Trud". The first ascent of the Oguz-Bashi peak along the northern wall - 6th place in the USSR championship in the technical class.
- 1981 Climbing the peak of South Karaganda along the western wall - 2nd place in the championship of the Central Sports Association of the Children's Sports Association "Trud".
- 1982. Alpine camp "Dugoba". Climbing Constructors Peak (first ascent) along the center of the southern wall. Peak Leningradets in the center of the north-eastern wall (first ascent) - 1st place in the championship of the Central Sports and Sports Association "Trud". Peak XXII Olympiad (first ascent) on the right side of the center of the eastern wall. Peak Uzbekistan along the northern wall. Peak Sagu on "feathers". According to the points scored for the most difficult ascents and prize-winning places in the CA championships, I. Dusharin fulfilled the norms of the master of sports of the USSR.
- 1983 International Alpine Camp "Pamir-83". Climbing the seven-thousand-meter Korzhenevskaya peak along the southern wall (Dobrovolsky's route). Climbing Lenin Peak (via Razdelnaya).
- 1984 Climbing Wil Pat Peak. International Alpine Camp "Pamir-84", E. Korzhenevskaya Peak. To the peaks of Khokhlov and Communism along the northwestern buttress of the eastern ridge (through Khokhlov peak).
- 1985 Climbing Peak Box. Peak Lithuania along the 4th bastion of the southwestern wall.
- 1986 In the international alpine camp "Pamir-86" ascents to the Korzhenevskaya peak, to the Clara Zetkin peak along the western wall.
- 1987 To Lenin Peak through the Lipkin Rocks. Traverse of Khokhlov and Communism peaks through BPP and Khokhlov peak. To Korzhenevskaya Peak along the southern ridge.
- 1988 Climbing the Khan-Tengri peak along the southwestern slope.
- 1989 In the international alpine camp "Pamir-89" ascents to Korzhenevskaya Peak along the southern ridge, to Lenin Peak (through Razdelnaya). In the Tien Shan, climbing the seven-thousander Pobeda peak from the Dikiy pass through the peak of Vazha Pshavela.
- 1990 Expedition of the alpclub "Vertical" to South Inylchek. To Evgenia Korzhenevskaya Peak from Moskvin Glacier (along the Romanov route). To the peaks of Khokhlov and Communism along the northern slope from the Walther glacier.
- 01/26/1991. Summit of Aconcagua (Argentina), 6959 m.
- 10.02.1991. Fitz Roy (Argentina, Patagonia), 3750 m (American route). Blucher Peak along the northern wall of the northern ridge in Karakol. Khan Tengri on the southwestern slope.
- 05/12/1992. Climbing Mount Everest via the South Col.
- 1993 A rally in VAZ (Niva) cars along the route Togliatti - Lenin Peak - Togliatti (10,000 km), including more than 1,000 km along mountain roads.
- 1994 International Alpine Camp "Navruz" (Pamir). Peak Korzhenevskaya along the southwestern ridge. Khokhlov and Communism peaks along the northern buttress from the Walther glacier (Bezzubkin route) - 1st place in the CIS championship in the high-altitude class. Peaks of Khokhlov and Communism through the BPP. Peak Korzhenevskaya.
- 1995 May 21 McKinley (USA, Alaska), 6194 m, classical route. Mont Blanc de Tekul (France, Alps, Chamonix). Mont Blanc (France), 4810 m. Petit Drew (France, Chamonix).
- 1996 Expedition to Karakorum. Climbing K-2 (Chogori), 8611 m, along the northern ridge from the territory of China.
- 1997 International expedition to Pakistan (Himalayas). Climbing Nangaparbat, 8125 m, along the Diamir wall - 1st place in the CIS championship in the high-altitude ascent class.
- 1998 International expedition to the Indian Himalayas. Climbing the top of Changabeng, 6864 m, in the center of the northern wall (first ascent) - 2nd place in the championship of Russia in the high-altitude technical class of ascents.
- year 2000. Peak Dior (Pakistan, Hindu Kush), 5499 m, along the northern face (first ascent).
- 2002. Peak of Cho-Oyu (China, Tibet), 8201 m, along the northern slope.
- 2003. Pakistan, Karakoram. First ascent to the nameless peak, 6850 m, near the Hispar glacier.
- 2005 year. China, Tibet. The summit of Everest from the North Col.
- 2006 China, Kun-Lun. Peak Kokodak, 7210 m (first ascent).
- 2007. Pakistan, Karakorum_(mountain_system). Expedition to (K-1) Masherbrum, 7821 m. Height reached 6800 m.
- 2008. France, Alps, Chamonix, Climbing Mont Blanc, 4810 m.
- 2010 Pakistan, Karakorum_(mountain_system). Expedition to Kanzhut Shar, 7826 m. Height reached 7450 m.
- year 2012. China, Tibet. Mount Everest (see video).

Ivan Trofimovich Dusharin. An excerpt from a diary. Everest:
“The first steps of a steep ascent are very difficult. I try to keep up with Abramov, who is walking in front, but I fail. I ask Passang Sherpa:
- Oxygen oh kay? For liter?
He confirms that everything is OK. For a personal check, you need to take off your backpack, and this is a waste of time. And behind me the rest of the climbers. I endure. I breathe like a locomotive, with all the power of the lungs. But the gap between the first two and me is not shrinking.

In this mode, I will not reach the mountain, flashed through my head. What a dead man I am! Or is it a disease, antibiotics have weakened the body so much?

Finally, the first short rest. Luda ahead. I approach them. He breathed hard.

Lyuda, look at my oxygen supply? Everything is fine? Something is very hard for me. I can't keep up with you, I turn to the captain of our team.

Ivan Trofimovich, your oxygen supply costs 2 liters, and when climbing, you need four liters per minute. Who set you up like this?

Passang. Although, I not only told him the handicap, that is, four, but also showed it on my fingers.

Well, I've put everything right for you.

Thank you, you are smart!

The movement began, I already freely kept the desired pace and did not suffocate so much, and I could even think about something, evaluate: And what are we doing? What is climbing Everest?

"He is a very handsome man"

Ivan III is one of the most prominent rulers in Russian history. Paradoxical is the fact that his image in works of art is rare. In this regard, the prince is many times inferior to such monarchs as St. Vladimir or Ivan the Terrible.

Both the intravital verbal portrait of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III and his lifetime image have survived to this day. True, they are extremely conditional, but, interestingly, they refer to different ages of our hero.

In a three-part crown

Description of Ivan III left a Venetian diplomat and traveler Ambrogio Contarini. On behalf of the Most Serene Republic, he traveled with an embassy to Persia and spent four months on his way back (late 1476 - early 1477) in Moscow, where he was received by the Grand Duke and his wife Sophia Paleolog. Subsequently, Contarini published an essay about his journey, in which, in particular, we find the words dedicated to Ivan III: “The mentioned sovereign is 35 years old; he is tall but thin; In general, he is a very nice person.” It is noteworthy that the diplomat almost exactly indicates the age of the ruler, although it is clear that from this description we can imagine the appearance of the Grand Duke only in the most general terms. There is an assumption that Ivan III was noticeably stooped, since in some sources he is mentioned with the nickname Humpbacked, but the reliability of this information can be doubted.

Veil of Elena Voloshanka. End of the 15th century

The lifetime image of Ivan III dates back to the very end of the 15th century. We are talking about the famous embroidered veil, created, apparently, in the workshop of the daughter-in-law of the Grand Duke Elena Voloshanka (the veil is kept in the State Historical Museum in Moscow). According to researchers, it represents a solemn ceremony on the feast of Palm Sunday on April 8, 1498 with the removal of the icon of Our Lady Hodegetria. Among those present, it is believed that the entire grand ducal family is depicted, including Dmitry Vnuk (he is shown with a halo, as if he was married to a great reign), the future Vasily III (only in a crown, without a halo) and Sophia Paleolog. In the middle row on the left, the procession is led by a man in a three-part crown and also with a halo over his head - obviously, this is Ivan III himself, an old man with gray hair and a long bifurcated gray beard. In 1498, the Moscow ruler turned 58 years old, but it is quite possible that he looked exactly as depicted on the veil. In any case, the images of other men of the grand-ducal family are also very individual here.

Portraits in profile and full face

The icon "Our Lady of Bogolyubskaya, with the coming ones" from the collection of the Moscow Kremlin Museums dates back to the first third of the 16th century. On it, in the first row, after Metropolitan Jonah, Prince Vasily the Dark and his son Ivan are depicted - a relatively young man with a light blond small beard. Of course, this image is purely arbitrary. The images of Ivan III on the numerous miniatures of the 16th century Illuminated Chronicle are just as conditional. There, Ivan Vasilyevich appears at different ages - both as a very young beardless youth and a husband wise over the years: the movement of time symbolizes the appearance and increase in the size of a beard.

Portrait of Ivan III. Titular. 1672

Very striking and most often reproduced when it comes to Ivan III, is his profile portrait from the book of the French traveler Andre Thevet "General Cosmography", published in Paris in 1575. This is certainly the most artistic of all the early images of the Grand Duke, although its historical accuracy is doubtful. Ivan III is shown here as a bearded middle-aged man with rather large features and a large nose (noted also in the engraved portraits of his son Vasily III and the classical portraits of Ivan the Terrible), dressed in some kind of fur jacket. On the head of the ruler is a cap-crown with ermine fur, and in his hand is a saber with a handle in the form of an eagle's head. The portrait is very realistic, which is why it makes such a convincing impression.

Ivan III distributes estates. Front Chronicle of the 16th century

Images of Ivan Vasilyevich, dating from the 17th century, characterize the standard approach. The features of the prince’s face on the fresco of the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin (paintings were made in 1652-1666), located above the place of his burial, are poorly distinguishable, but a small forked beard and slightly curly hair are noticeable - we see the same in many of the princes depicted here. A very similar portrait of Ivan III is placed in the "Titular" of 1672. Only here curly hair and gray beard. One can note the elongated nose and relatively thin facial features of the ruler. This is, as it were, a classic, almost ideal type of appearance - similar to the almost ideal image of the grand duke's rule. When designating the gray hair of Ivan III, the artists of the "Titular" clearly focused on the life expectancy of the prince known to them.

Between Dmitry and Peter

The next stage in the iconography of the first sovereign of all Russia is associated with historical painting and sculpture of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. However, this iconography is more than modest.

In monumental sculpture, the image of Ivan III was depicted twice on the same monument. This famous monument (the author of the project is Mikhail Mikeshin) was solemnly opened for the millennium of Russia in Veliky Novgorod in 1862. Despite the fact that for Novgorod the activities of Ivan III had a rather tragic connotation, it was decided to pay tribute to the Grand Duke as the creator of a unified Russian state. His sculptural image has taken a place among the large figures of the most significant rulers of Russia (the middle tier of the monument-bell), symbolizing several important stages of Russian history (Rurik, St. Vladimir, Dmitry Donskoy and Peter the Great are represented here). The composition "Foundation of the Autocratic Kingdom of Russia", in the center of which the figure of Ivan III rises, is located just between the sculptural groups of Dmitry Donskoy and Peter the Great.

The image of Ivan III is depicted twice on the Millennium of Russia monument, opened in Novgorod in 1862.

Here Ivan III Vasilievich is the sovereign of all Russia, the founder of Russia - a new, independent state. Symbolic are his royal vestments, a cap-crown on his head, a scepter and an orb in his hands. The last two regalia, as is known, appeared in Russian ceremonial only at the end of the 16th century, so their pairing with the figure of the Grand Duke (like the royal vestments) is an obvious anachronism. Nevertheless, it was important for the creators of the monument to emphasize the new status of the united power, which dates back precisely to the era of the first Ivan Vasilyevich. It is noteworthy that the scepter is crowned with a double-headed eagle of the Byzantine type, indicating both the origins of the formation of state heraldry and the continuity from Byzantium.

It is also significant that in this composition, a Tatar bows before the Grand Duke, dropping to one knee (which symbolizes not only the liberation from the Horde dependence, but also the beginning of the subordination of the Tatar states to Moscow), and on the other hand of the sovereign are the figures of the defeated Lithuanian and Livonian knights (which means victories in the wars with Lithuania and the struggle for access to the Baltic Sea). Ivan III himself, with a full forked beard and large mustaches, appears resolute, even stern, his stern gaze is directed forward into the future. The image is extremely realistic and textured.

For the second time, the figure of the prince is placed in a frieze, which is a gallery of many of the most prominent figures in Russian history. Here Ivan III (dress, scepter, gaze - everything is the same as in the upper part of the monument) is shown sitting on a throne, which is again crowned with a double-headed eagle. Finally, at the throne, we also see a shield with the image of a two-headed eagle - exactly copied from the miniature of the Gospel, which belonged to Dmitry Palaiologos. Below is the date: 6980, that is, 1472, the year of the marriage of Ivan III to Sophia Paleolog. Thus, the succession of Russia from Byzantium was again unambiguously affirmed, reflected, among other things, in heraldry. In fairness, it must be said that Marfa Posadnitsa also took her place among the outstanding figures of Russian history on this frieze.

Khan's charter

One of the central events of the reign of Ivan III was the overthrow of the Horde yoke. And domestic historical painters, of course, could not pass by the famous legend about how the Grand Duke of Moscow tore up the Khan's charter.

The most famous (and the best from an artistic point of view) work on this subject was the painting by Nikolai Shustov (1834–1868) "John III breaks the Khan's charter". It was completed in the same year that the Millennium of Russia monument was erected in Novgorod, and its content corresponded to the then heightened interest in Russian history that arose at that time. For this competitive work, the author, at that time a student of the Academy of Arts, was awarded a small gold medal. The painting itself is now kept in the Sumy Art Museum, and the preparatory sketch, approved by the Council of the Academy, is in the Tretyakov Gallery.

John III breaks the khan's charter. Hood. N.S. Shustov. 1862

Ivan III is shown on it at the moment of making a decisive gesture-act. Before us is a tall man with a bushy dark beard, long mustaches, a hooked nose and an eagle eye, dressed in a royal golden dress with barm, an ermine mantle (another obvious anachronism) hangs from his shoulders, and the head of the prince is crowned with a Monomakh's cap. His whole figure expresses anger and determination. Tearing the letter to pieces, he throws its fragments down towards the raging and almost defeated Horde ambassadors, who are firmly held by the Russian soldiers. Of course, the interior, against which the action unfolds, and the clothes of the characters, do not correspond to the era of Ivan III, although the artist studied historical materials when creating the picture, trying to achieve greater authenticity. Shustov no longer participated in the competition for a large gold medal, announced the following year: among the fourteen students of the Academy of Arts, he left its walls, joining the St. Petersburg Artel of Artists, which was the prototype of the Association of Wanderers. Unfortunately, a few years later, the talented painter died at a relatively young age.

It is perhaps worth ending this review with a story about the only image of Ivan III in Soviet cinema. In 1958, a wonderful two-part feature film "Journey Beyond Three Seas" was released on the screens of our country, shot together with Indian filmmakers. In it, the young Ivan Vasilievich appears, whose role is played by the actor Leonid Topchiev. Ambassador Vasily Papin, accompanied by Afanasy Nikitin and other merchants, goes to an audience with the prince just when the angry Tatar ambassadors leave the sovereign's court, and Ivan III himself, like the young Peter the Great, with his impulse and indomitable energy, as it were, symbolizes the new Russia, opening way to unknown countries and to your own free future.

Evgeny PCHELOV, Candidate of Historical Sciences

In the meantime, we had an adventure that surprised me and shocked Stepan Trofimovich. In the morning at eight o'clock Nastasya ran to me from him, with the news that the master had been "described." At first I could not understand anything: I only achieved what the officials “described”, they came and took the papers, and the soldier tied them in a knot and “drove me in a wheelbarrow”. The news was wild. I immediately hastened to Stepan Trofimovitch. I found him in an amazing state: upset and in great agitation, but at the same time with an undoubtedly triumphant look. On the table, in the middle of the room, a samovar was boiling, and a glass of tea was poured, but not touched and forgotten. Stepan Trofimovich loitered around the table and went into all the corners of the room, not giving himself an account of his movements. He was in his usual red sweatshirt, but when he saw me, he hastened to put on his waistcoat and frock coat, which he had never done before when someone from his family found him in this sweatshirt. He grabbed my hand immediately and passionately. — Enfin un ami! (He took a deep breath). Cher, I sent one to you, and no one knows anything. We must tell Nastasya to lock the doors and not let anyone in, except, of course, those... Vous comprenez? He looked at me anxiously, as if waiting for an answer. Of course, I rushed to ask questions, and somehow from an incoherent speech, with interruptions and unnecessary insertions, I learned that at seven o'clock in the morning a governor's official "suddenly" came to him ... - Pardon, j "ai oublié son nom. Il n" est pas du pays, but it seems that Lembke brought him, quelque chose de bête et d "allemand dans la physionomie. Il s" appelle Rosenthal. Isn't Bloom? — Bloom. That's what he called himself. Vous le connaissez? Quelque chose d "hébété et de très content dans la figure, pourtant très sévère, roide et sérieux. A figure from the police, from those who obey, je m" y connais. I was still sleeping, and, imagine, he asked me to "look" at my books and manuscripts, oui, je m "en souviens, il a employé ce mot. He did not arrest me, but only books ... Il se tenait à distance and when he began to explain to me about the arrival, he pretended that I ... enfin, il avait l "air de croire que je tomberai sur lui immédiatement et que je commencerai à le battre comme plâtre. Tous ces gens du bas étage sont comme ça when dealing with a decent person. By itself, I immediately understood everything. Voilà vingt ans que je m "y prépare. I unlocked all the drawers and handed over all the keys; I gave it myself, I gave it everything. J" étais digne et calme. From the books he took foreign editions of Herzen, a bound copy of The Bell, four copies of my poem, et, enfin, tout ça. Then papers and letters et quelques une de mes ébauches historiques, critiques et politiques. They took all this. Nastasya says that the soldier was brought in a wheelbarrow and covered with an apron; oui, c "est cela, with an apron. It was nonsense. Who could understand something here? I again bombarded him with questions: did Blum come alone or not? on whose behalf? by what right? how dare he? What did he explain? - Il était seul, bien seul, however, and someone else was dans l "antichambre, oui, je m" en souviens, et puis ... However, it seems that someone else was, and there was a watchman in the passage . We must ask Nastasya; she knows better than that. J "étais surexcité, voyez-vous. Il parlait, il parlait ... un tas de choses; however, he spoke very little, and that's all I said ... I told my life, of course, from this one point of view. .. J "étais surexcité, mais digne, je vous l" assure. I'm afraid, however, that I seem to have cried. They took a wheelbarrow from a shopkeeper, nearby. Oh God, how could all this have happened! But for God's sake, speak more precisely, Stepan Trofimovich, because this is a dream that you are telling! “Cher, I myself am in a dream... Savez-vous, il a prononcé le nom de Teliatnikoff, and I think that this one was hiding in the hallway. Yes, I remember, he suggested a prosecutor and, I think, Dmitry Mitrich ... qui me doit encore quinze roubles de jumble soit dit en passant. Enfin, je n "ai pas trop compris. But I outwitted them, and what do I care about Dmitry Mitrich. It seems that I really began to ask him to hide, I asked very much, I’m afraid even that I humiliated myself, comment croyez-vous? Enfin il a consenti Yes, I remember, it was he himself who asked what would be better to hide, because he only came to "look", et rien de plus, and nothing else, nothing ... and that if nothing is found, then and there will be nothing.So we ended everything en amis, je suis tout-à-fait content. Excuse me, but he offered you the order and guarantees known in such cases, and you yourself rejected it! I exclaimed in friendly indignation. No, that's better, no guarantee. And why the scandal? For the time being en amis ... You know, in our city, if they find out ... mes ennemis ... et puis à quoi bon ce procureur, ce cochon de notre procureur, qui deux fois m "a manqué de politesse et qu "on a rossé à plaisir l" antre année chez cette charmante et belle when a man is unhappy, and just then a hundred friends point out to him how stupid he is.Sit down, however, and drink tea, and I confess, I am very tired ... why don't I lie down and put vinegar on my head, as you think ? “Certainly,” I cried, “I would even ice. You are very upset. You are pale and your hands are shaking. Lie down, rest and wait to tell. I'll sit down and wait. He did not dare to lie down, but I insisted. Nastasya brought vinegar in a cup, I soaked a towel and put it on his head. Then Nastasya stood on a chair and climbed up to light a lamp in the corner in front of the icon. I noticed this with surprise; and there had never been a lamp before, but now it suddenly appeared. “That’s what I ordered just now, they just left,” Stepan Trofimovich muttered, looking slyly at me, “quand on a de ces choses-là dans sa chambre et qu "on vient vous arrêter, then this inspires, and they must report what you saw... Having finished with the lamp, Nastasya stood in the doorway, put her right hand to her cheek and began to look at him with a deplorable look. “Eloignez-la under some pretext,” he nodded to me from the sofa, “I can’t stand this Russian pity, et puis ça m" embête. But she left on her own. I noticed that he kept looking around towards the doors and listening in the hallway. “Il faut être prêt, voyez-vous,” he looked at me significantly, “chaque moment... they will come, they will take it, and phew—the man has disappeared!” - God! Who's going to come? Who will take you? - Voyez-vous, mon cher, I asked him directly when he was leaving: what will they do with me now? "You'd better ask where they'll send you!" I exclaimed in the same indignation. “That's what I meant when I asked the question, but he left and didn't answer. Voyez-vous: about underwear, dresses, especially warm clothes, that’s what they themselves want, they tell me to take it - so, otherwise they’ll send it in a soldier’s overcoat. But I quietly put thirty-five rubles (he suddenly lowered his voice, looking around at the door through which Nastasya came out) into a hole in his vest pocket, here, feel it ... I think they won’t take off the vest, but left it in the purse seven rubles, "everything, they say, that I have." You know, there's change and change in copper on the table, so they won't guess that I hid the money, but they'll think that's it. After all, God knows where tonight will have to spend the night. I bowed my head at such madness. Obviously, it was impossible to arrest or search as he said, and, of course, he went astray. True, all this happened then, even before the current latest laws. It is also true that he was offered (in his own words) a more correct procedure, but he outsmarted and refused ... Of course, before, that is, until recently, the governor could in extreme cases ... But again, how could such an extreme case be here? That's what baffled me. "There must have been a telegram from Petersburg here," said Stepan Trofimovich suddenly. — Telegram! About you? It's for the writings of Herzen and for your poem, you've lost your mind, but why arrest here? I just got angry. He made a grimace and was apparently offended - not for my shouting, but for the thought that there was nothing to arrest for. - Who can know in our time what he might be arrested for? he muttered mysteriously. A wild, ridiculous idea flashed through my mind. “Stepan Trofimovich, tell me as a friend,” I cried, “as a true friend, I won’t betray you: do you belong to some secret society or not?” And now, to my surprise, even here he was not sure whether he was participating or not in some secret society. — After all, how to count it, voyez-vous... - How "how to count"? “When you belong to progress with all your heart and... who can guarantee: you think that you don’t belong, but, you look, it turns out that you belong to something. How can this be, yes or no? - Cela date de Petersbourg, when we wanted to found a magazine there with her. That's where the root is. We then slipped away, and they forgot us, but now they remembered. Cher, cher, don't you know! he exclaimed painfully. - They will take us, put them in a wagon, and march to Siberia for the whole century, or they will forget in the casemate ... And suddenly he burst into tears, hot, hot tears. Tears welled up. He covered his eyes with his red hat and sobbed, sobbed for about five minutes, convulsively. I was all overwhelmed. This man, who prophesied to us for twenty years, our preacher, mentor, patriarch, Puppeteer, who held himself so high and majestically above all of us, before whom we bowed so heartily, considering it an honor, - and suddenly he was now sobbing, sobbing, like a tiny , a naughty boy in anticipation of the rod, for which the teacher went. I felt terribly sorry for him. He obviously believed in the “kibitka”, as in the fact that I was sitting next to him, and was waiting for her this morning, now, this very minute, and all this for Herzen’s writings and for some kind of my own poem! Such complete, complete ignorance of everyday reality was both touching and somehow disgusting. He finally stopped crying, got up from the sofa and began to walk around the room again, continuing the conversation with me, but every minute looking out the window and listening in the hallway. Our conversation continued incoherently. All my assurances and reassurances bounced off like peas off a wall. He did not listen much, but still he badly needed me to reassure him and talk incessantly in this sense. I saw that he could not do without me now and would never let me go. I stayed and we sat for over two hours. In the conversation, he remembered that Blum had taken with him two proclamations he had found. — Like proclamations! — I was frightened foolishly. - Did you... “Eh, they gave me ten pieces,” he answered annoyedly (he spoke to me now in annoyance and arrogance, now terribly plaintively and humiliated), but I already ordered eight, and Blum captured only two ... And he suddenly blushed with indignation. — Vous me mettez avec ces gens-la! Do you really think that I can be with these scoundrels, with sweepers, with my son Pyotr Stepanovitch, avec ces esprits-forts de la lâcheté! Oh my God! “Bah, didn’t they make you laugh somehow ... However, it’s nonsense, it can’t be!” I noticed. “Savez-vous,” he burst out suddenly, “I feel for minutes, que je ferai là-bas quelque esclandre. Oh, don't go, don't leave me alone! Ma carrière est finie aujourd "hui, je le sens. I, you know, maybe I'll throw myself and bite someone there, like that second lieutenant ... He looked at me with a strange look - frightened and at the same time, as if wanting to frighten. He really became more and more irritated with someone and something, as time passed and the "kibitki" did not appear; even angry. Suddenly Nastasya, who for some reason had come from the kitchen into the ante-room, touched and dropped a hanger there. Stepan Trofimovich trembled and turned dead on the spot; but when the matter became clear, he almost squealed at Nastasya and, stamping his feet, drove her back to the kitchen. After a minute he spoke, looking at me in despair: - I'm dead! Cher,” he suddenly sat down beside me and looked me intently in the eyes with pity, pity, “cher, I’m not afraid of Siberia, I swear to you, oh, je vous jure (even tears appeared in his eyes), I’m afraid of another ... I guessed already from his appearance that he wanted to tell me at last something extraordinary, but that up to now he had, therefore, been restrained from telling me. "I'm afraid of shame," he whispered mysteriously. - What a shame? yes, on the contrary! Believe me, Stepan Trofimovich, that all this will be explained to-day and will end in your favour... “Are you so sure that I will be forgiven?” - What is "forgive"! What words! What did you do? I assure you that you did nothing! - Qu "en savez-vous; my whole life was ... cher ... They will remember everything ... and if they don’t find anything, then the worse he added unexpectedly.- How much worse? - Worse. - I do not understand. - My friend, my friend, well, let it go to Siberia, to Arkhangelsk, deprivation of rights - to perish so perish! But ... I'm afraid of another (again a whisper, a frightened look and mystery).— What, what? “They’ll flog,” he said, and looked at me with a lost look. - Who will flog you? Where? Why? I cried, fearful that he was going mad. - Where? Well, where... where it's done. - Where is it done? “Hey, cher,” he whispered almost in your ear, “the floor suddenly moves apart under you, you sink halfway ... Everyone knows this. - Fables! I cried, guessing, “the old fables, but have you really believed up to now? I laughed. - Fables! From something, yes, these fables came from; cut will not tell. I imagined it ten thousand times! - Yes, you, why are you? You haven't done anything, have you? - So much the worse, they will see that they did nothing, and they will flog you. - And you are sure that they will take you to Petersburg for that! “My friend, I have already said that I am sorry for nothing, ma carrière est finie. Since that hour in Skvoreshniki, when she said goodbye to me, I do not regret my life ... but shame, shame, que dira-t-elle, if she finds out? He looked at me desperately and, poor thing, blushed all over. I also lowered my eyes. “She won’t know anything, because nothing will happen to you. I'm talking to you for the first time in my life, Stepan Trofimovich, you surprised me so much this morning. “My friend, it’s not fear. But even if they forgive me, even if they bring me here again and do nothing - and that's where I died. Elle me soupçonnera toute sa vie... me, me, a poet, a thinker, a man whom she worshiped for twenty-two years! “It won’t even cross her mind. “He will come,” he whispered with deep conviction. “We talked about it several times in St. Petersburg, during Great Lent, before leaving, when both were afraid ... Elle me soupçonnera toute sa vie ... and how to dissuade? It will come out amazing. And who here in the town will believe, c "est invraisemblable ... Et puis les femmes ... She will be delighted. She will be very upset, very, sincerely, like a true friend, but secretly she will be delighted ... I will give her a weapon against me for the rest of my life. Oh, my life is lost! Twenty years of such complete happiness with her... and now! He covered his face with his hands. "Stepan Trofimovich, why don't you let Varvara Petrovna know at once about what has happened?" I suggested. - God save me! he shuddered and jumped up. “Not at all, never, after what was said at parting in Skvoreshniki, never-ever!” His eyes sparkled. We sat, I think, for another hour or more, still waiting for something, such was the idea. He lay down again, even closed his eyes, and lay there for twenty minutes without saying a word, so that I even thought that he had fallen asleep or was unconscious. Suddenly he quickly got up, tore off the towel from his head; jumped up from the sofa, rushed to the mirror, tied his tie with trembling hands, and shouted to Nastasya in a thunderous voice, ordering them to bring him an overcoat, a new hat, and a stick. "I can't stand it any longer," he said in a broken voice, "I can't, I can't!... I'm going on my own." - Where? I jumped up too. — To Lembka. Cher, I have to, I have to. This is a debt. I am a citizen and a person, not a sliver, I have rights, I want my rights... I have not demanded my rights for twenty years, I have criminally forgotten about them all my life... but now I will demand them. He has to tell me everything, everything. He received a telegram. He does not dare to torment me, otherwise arrest, arrest, arrest! He exclaimed with some shrieks and stamped his feet. “I approve of you,” I deliberately said as calmly as possible, although I was very afraid for him, “it’s really better than sitting in such anguish, but I don’t approve of your mood; see who you look like and how you will go there. Il fautêtre digne et calme avec Lembke. Indeed, you can now rush and bite someone there. “I betray myself. I'm going straight into the lion's mouth... “Yes, and I will go with you. - I expected no less from you, I accept your sacrifice, the sacrifice of a true friend, but home, only home: you must not, you have no right to compromise yourself further with my community. Oh, croyez-moi, je serai calme! I am conscious of myself at this moment à la hauteur de tout ce qu "il y a de plus sacré... “Perhaps I will go into the house with you,” I interrupted him. - Yesterday I was informed from their stupid committee, through Vysotsky, that they are counting on me and invite me to this tomorrow's holiday among the stewards, or like them ... among those six young people who are appointed to look after the trays, look after the ladies, take place for guests and wear a bow of white with punch ribbons on the left shoulder. I wanted to refuse, but now why shouldn't I go into the house on the pretext of having an explanation with Yulia Mikhailovna herself... That's how we'll go in together. He listened, nodding his head, but seemed to understand nothing. We stood on the threshold. “Cher,” he extended his hand into the corner to the lamp, “cher, I never believed it, but... let it, let it!” (He crossed himself). Allons! “Well, that’s better,” I thought, going out with him onto the porch, “fresh air will help on the road, and we will calm down, return home and lie down to rest ...”. But I counted without a host. Exactly on the way, an adventure happened that shook Stepan Trofimovich even more and finally directed him ... so that, I confess, I did not even expect from our friend such agility as he suddenly showed that morning. Poor friend, good friend!

Finally a friend! (French). You understand? (French). Sorry, I forgot his name. He's not from here (French). there is something dumb and German in the expression on his face. His name is Rosenthal (French). Do you know him? Something dull and very self-satisfied in appearance, at the same time very stern, impregnable and important (French). I understand something (French). yes, I remember he used that word (French). He kept his distance (French). in short, he seemed to think that I would immediately throw myself at him and begin to beat him mercilessly. All these people of the lower state are (French). For twenty years now, I have been preparing myself for this (French). I kept myself calm and dignified (French). and, in a word, all this (French). and some of my historical, critical and political sketches (French). Yes exactly (French). He was alone, all alone (French). in the front, yes, I remember, and then... (French). I was, you see, too excited. He said said a lot of things (French). I was too excited, but, I assure you, I carried myself with dignity. (French). You know, he mentioned the name Telyatnikov (French). who, by the way, still owes me fifteen rubles in jumble. In other words, I don't quite understand. (French). what do you think? Finally he agreed (French). and nothing more (French). friendly, I'm perfectly satisfied (French). on friendly terms (French). my enemies ... and then why this prosecutor, this pig our prosecutor, who was impolite to me twice and who last year was beaten with pleasure at this charming and beautiful Natalya Pavlovna when he hid in her boudoir. And then my friend (French). when you have such things in your room and they come to arrest you (French). Delete her (French). and then it bothers me (French). You need to be ready, you see. (French). every minute (French). You see my dear (French). It started in Petersburg (French). You put me on the same board with these people! (French). these freethinkers from meanness! (French). do you know (French). what - I'll make some scandal there! (French). My life is over today, I can feel it (French). I swear to you (French). What do you know about it (French). My life journey is over (French). what will she say (French). She will suspect me all her life... (French) this is unbelievable... And then the women... (French). With Lembke you need to behave with dignity and calmness (French) Oh, trust me, I'll be calm! (French). at the height of all that is the most holy (French) Come on! (French).

The boy, on the contrary, was lively and temperamental, very sincere and sympathetic. In general, children were brought up very strictly, no pampering, excesses were allowed. The daughter grew up, graduated from the institute, defended her dissertation, has a family, works, brings up children. She changed her father's surname to her mother's surname. Subsequently, she went abroad to see off her husband on his last journey and to the beat and stayed. The fate of the son was more tragic. After graduating from an aviation school, he became a participant in the war, commanded, and not bad, an aviation regiment. After the death of his father, he was arrested and sentenced to 8 years. After serving his sentence, he was released completely sick. He was retained his military rank and was given a pension, but he was offered to give up his father's surname, to which he did not agree.

After that, he was exiled to Kazan, where he soon died, in March 1962, at the age of 40.

THE MURDER OF S. M. KIROV

I especially want to talk about Kirov.

Most of all, Stalin loved and respected Kirov. He loved him with some kind of touching, tender love. Comrade Kirov's visits to Moscow and to the south were a real treat for Stalin. Sergei Mironovich came for a week or two. In Moscow, he stayed at Comrade Stalin's apartment, and I.V. literally did not part with him.

S. M. Kirov was killed on December 13, 1934 in Leningrad. Kirov's death shocked Stalin. I went with him to Leningrad and I know how he suffered, experienced the loss of his beloved friend. Everyone knows what a crystal-clear man S.M. was, how simple and modest he was, what a great worker and wise leader he was, everyone knows.

This vile murder showed that the enemies of Soviet power had not yet been destroyed and were ready at any moment to strike from around the corner.

Comrade Kirov was killed by the enemies of the people. His killer, Leonid Nikolaev, stated in his testimony: "Our shot was supposed to be a signal for an explosion and an offensive inside the country against the CPSU (b) and Soviet power." In September 1934, an attempt was made on Comrade Molotov, when he made an inspection tour of the mining regions of Siberia. Comrade Molotov and his companions miraculously escaped death.

ATTEMPT ON STALIN

In the summer of 1935, an attempt was made on Comrade Stalin. It happened in the south. Comrade Stalin was resting at a dacha not far from Gagra.

On a small boat, which was transported to the Black Sea from the Neva from Leningrad by Yagoda, Comrade Stalin took walks on the sea. He had only security with him. The direction was taken to Cape Pitsunda. Having entered the bay, we went ashore, rested, ate, walked, having been on the shore for several hours. Then they boarded the boat and went home. There is a lighthouse on Cape Pitsunda, and not far from the lighthouse on the shore of the bay there was a border guard post. When we left the bay and turned in the direction of Gagra, shots rang out from the shore. We were being fired upon.

Quickly putting Comrade Stalin on the bench and covering him with myself, I ordered the minder to go out to sea.

We immediately fired a burst of machine gun fire along the shore. The firing on our boat stopped.

Our boat was small, river and completely unsuitable for sailing on the sea, and we had a great chat before we landed on the shore. The sending of such a boat to Sochi was also made by Yagoda, apparently not without malicious intent - on a big wave it would inevitably capsize, but we, as people not versed in maritime affairs, did not know about this.

This case was referred for investigation by Beria, who was at that time the secretary of the Central Committee of Georgia. During interrogation, the shooter stated that the boat was with an unfamiliar number, it seemed suspicious to him and he opened fire, although he had enough time to find out everything while we were on the shore of the bay, and he could not see us.

It was all one ball.

The assassination of Kirov, Menzhinsky, Kuibyshev, as well as the assassination attempts mentioned above, were organized by the right-wing Trotskyist bloc.

This was shown by the trials of Kamenev and Zinoviev in 1936, the trial of Pyatakov, Radek and Sokolnikov in 1937, and the trial of Yagoda, Bukharin and Rykov in 1938. This tangle was unraveled and thus neutralized the enemies of Soviet power before the war. They could be the "fifth column".

MILITARY CONSPIRACY

Among the many accusations brought against Comrade Stalin after his death, perhaps the most significant is the accusation of the physical destruction of a group of military leaders of the Red Army headed by Tukhachevsky.

They have now been rehabilitated. At the 22nd Congress, the Communist Party of the USSR declared their complete innocence to the whole world.

On what basis were they rehabilitated?

They were convicted according to the documents. After 20 years, these documents were declared fake ... But how should Comrade Stalin react to a document that convicted Tukhachevsky of treason, handed over by a friend of the Soviet Union, President of Czechoslovakia Benes? I do not admit the thought that other evidence was not collected besides this. If all the military leaders, as it is now claimed, were innocent, then why did Gamarnik suddenly shoot himself? I have never heard of such cases when innocent people were shot while waiting for arrest. After all, revolutionaries, always living under the threat of arrest, never committed suicide. In addition, this group of military men was not shot, like 26 Baku commissars, without trial or investigation. They were convicted by the Special Military Tribunal of the Supreme Court.

The trial, it is true, took place behind closed doors, since the testimony at the trial had to deal with military secrets. But the court included such authoritative people known throughout the country as Voroshilov, Budyonny, Shaposhnikov. The report on the trial indicated that the defendants had pleaded guilty. To cast doubt on this message means to cast a shadow on such unsullied people as Voroshilov, Budyonny, Shaposhnikov.

Speaking about this process, I would like to dwell on the personality of the head of the military group Tukhachevsky. Personality, of course, very bright. A lot has already been written about him, in particular, such a venerable writer as L. Nikulin wrote a book about him. I would like to say a few words about this book and another book - by Michael Sayers and Albert Kahn "Secret War against Soviet Russia". I want to dwell on the characterization of Tukhachevsky given by the authors of these books.

Their characteristics are exactly the opposite. Which of them is right? Who to believe? I personally met with Tukhachevsky, I knew him. It was known about him that he came from a noble landlord family, graduated from the Cadet Corps and the Alexander Military School. But I never heard that his mother was a simple illiterate peasant woman. Nikulin writes that he received information about Tukhachevsky's childhood from a friend of his acquaintance, who tracked down a 90-year-old man who worked in his youth on the estate of Tukhachevsky's father. I recorded a conversation with him and sent it to Nikulin.

There is no doubt that Tukhachevsky was a highly educated person. Neither appearance, nor gestures, nor demeanor, nor conversation - nothing indicated in him a proletarian origin, on the contrary, blue blood was visible in everything.

Nikulin writes that Tukhachevsky was not a careerist, but according to other sources, after graduating from the Alexander School, Tukhachevsky said: “Either I will be a general at thirty years old, or I will shoot myself.” The French officer Remy Ruhr, who was in captivity along with Tukhachevsky, characterized him as an extremely ambitious person who stops at nothing.

Subsequently, in 1928, Remy Ruhr wrote a book about Tukhachevsky under the pseudonym Pierre Fervac.

Tukhachevsky escaped from German captivity and returned to Russia on the eve of the October Revolution. He first joined the former officers of the tsarist army, then broke with them.

Sayers and Kahn write that to his friend Golumbek, when asked what he intended to do, Tukhachevsky replied: “Frankly speaking, I turn to the Bolsheviks. The White Army is unable to do anything. They don't have a leader."