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Institutions providing social advisory assistance. Advisory assistance

Social advisory assistance

Social advisory assistance to persons with disabilities is aimed at their adaptation in society, easing social tension, creating favorable relationships in the family, as well as ensuring interaction between the individual, family, society and the state. Social advisory assistance to disabled people is focused on their psychological support, intensification of efforts in solving their own problems and provides for:

- identification of persons in need of social and advisory assistance;
- prevention of various kinds of socio-psychological deviations;
- work with families in which disabled people live, organization of their leisure;
- advisory assistance in training, vocational guidance and employment of disabled people;
- ensuring coordination of activities public institutions and public associations to solve the problems of the disabled;
- legal assistance within the competence of the authorities social service;
- other measures to form healthy relationships and create a favorable social environment for people with disabilities.

The organization and coordination of social advisory assistance is carried out by the municipal centers of social services, as well as the bodies of social protection of the population, which create appropriate divisions for these purposes.

Conclusion

The analysis of the conducted research allows us to draw the following conclusions:

1. Social protection - state policy aimed at ensuring social, economic, political and other rights and guarantees of a person, regardless of his gender, nationality, age, place of residence and other circumstances.
2. The state plays an important role in organizing the social protection of the population, organizing pension services and providing benefits, social services, social assistance to families and children, preparing legislation on social protection of the population, provisions on the fundamentals social policy, social standards and recommendations for the development of regional social programs, providing foreign economic and the international cooperation, analyzing and predicting the standard of living of various categories of the population.
3. Social protection of the population includes social security, social insurance and social assistance, is consistent with the social policy of the state, which, according to the Constitution, is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person.
4. The main forms of social protection of the population are pensions, social benefits, benefits for especially needy categories of the population, state social insurance, and social services.
5. Targeted social assistance is provided to those in need if the average per capita total income of members of a low-income family is lower than living wage and only in the presence of a difficult life situation that cannot be overcome on their own.

Urgent Social Services

One of the new forms of social service for the elderly and disabled is emergency social service. It consists in providing emergency care of a one-time nature to elderly citizens and disabled people who are in dire need of social support. The volume of social services for this category of citizens is established by the federal list of state-guaranteed social services. It provides, in particular, one-time provision of free hot meals or food packages to those in dire need; one-time provision of financial assistance; providing those in dire need with clothing, footwear and other essentials Municipal social service centers that provide urgent social services (or departments created under the bodies of social protection of the population) organize emergency medical and psychological assistance for people in need of social support, assist in finding employment , in the provision of temporary housing (if necessary), organize legal consultations.

So, based on the interests of citizens, social services can be not only permanent or temporary, but under certain conditions - a one-time nature, taking into account the real needs of the elderly and the disabled.

In social service institutions, clients of the social service are provided with consultations on issues of social and cultural support for life, psychological and pedagogical assistance, and social and legal protection.

The organization of social advisory assistance is entrusted by law to the municipal centers of social services, as well as to the bodies of social protection of the population, which create the appropriate units.

Social advisory assistance to elderly citizens and the disabled is aimed at their adaptation in society, easing social tension, creating favorable relationships in the family, as well as ensuring interaction between the individual, family, society and the state.

Social advisory assistance provides for:

1) identification of persons in need of social advisory assistance;

2) prevention of various kinds of socio-psychological

deviations;

3) work with families in which elderly citizens and disabled people live, organizing their leisure time;

4) advisory assistance in training, vocational guidance and employment of disabled people;

5) ensuring the coordination of the activities of state institutions and public associations to solve the problems of elderly citizens and the disabled;

6) other measures to form healthy relationships and create a favorable social environment for the elderly and the disabled.

In general, social advisory assistance is aimed at psychological support for the elderly and the disabled.

Special Method psychological help in a crisis, called crisis intervention, is dealing with intense feelings and current issues. Crisis intervention is:

Work aimed at expressing strong emotions;

Reducing confusion through the process of repetition;

Open access to the study of acute problems;

Formation of understanding of current problems to support the client;

Creating a foundation for people to accept the experience they have experienced.

As Glenys Perry points out, “The best crisis managers, when helping others, never follow hard and fast rules. Relief in a crisis is always like wandering into unfamiliar territory, each time you find yourself moving on a new path. Therefore, it makes sense to talk not about a certain algorithm of action, but about the basic principles and approaches that will allow you to choose the course of action in a particular situation.”

The actions of a consultant in crisis situations are not very specific and practically do not depend on the nature of the situation. On the contrary, in any crisis situation there are similar features - stress, confusion, various negative feelings: fear, guilt, despair, etc.

The regularities of the dynamics of any crisis lead to the assertion of certain general rules on which a counseling psychologist can act. Most crises require the consultant to seek three goals:

1. Establishing a relationship of trust.

2. Definition of the essence of the crisis situation.

3. Providing the applicant with the opportunity to act.

First target- establishing a relationship of trust - is achieved by empathic listening and reflection of the client's feelings. At the same time, it is important not only to sympathize, but also to express this sympathy (empathy) in well-chosen words. The client must know that the consultant understands him and is ready to work with him in search of a solution to the crisis.

Second goal- Establishing the nature and details of the crisis. The client must be given the opportunity to express clearly and in detail what happened, what caused the crisis. It is necessary to focus the client's story so that ultimately the crisis situation can be described in one sentence.

In the process of dialogue, it is necessary to separate those aspects of the problems that can be changed from those that cannot be changed. It is also worth asking the client to describe any previous attempts to find a solution, and then explore others. possible solutions. For example, you can ask: “What will happen if you ...”, “How will you feel about this?”. That is, help the client to think about the various possible consequences of his possible decisions, as well as the ways in which he can carry out his decision. It is necessary to try to connect the inner, spiritual forces of the personality and, perhaps, to find some external forces that can help get out of the crisis.

The third goal of crisis counseling- enable the client to act: help outline a specific plan of action and make sure that it is realistic and achievable. If this is the case, and the client has accepted responsibility for implementing the plan, then the consultant should encourage and support the decision. Whatever the decision, the client will feel better after making it and taking action.

G. Hamblin calls this approach "counseling of hope and action", calling on the consultant in the event of a crisis to generate hope and call the client to action.

It is possible to describe crisis counseling, intervention in a crisis (intervention) in more detail and in detail.

Eight Basic Principles crisis intervention. These include:

Immediate intervention. Necessary if the crisis is fraught with dangers, limits opportunities for development, so intervention cannot be delayed.

Self-determination. A person who turns to a psychologist at the moment of crisis is quite competent and able to choose his own course of life.

Action. In crisis intervention, the specialist is very actively involved in everything that happens with the client in order to assess the situation and formulate a plan of action.

Goal limitation. The minimum goal of crisis intervention is to prevent a catastrophe. In a broader sense, the underlying goal is to restore balance. The end goal may be to do both, together with elements of development.

Support. In his work, the specialist must provide support to the client, namely to be "with him", that is, to help him go through the process of overcoming the crisis.

Focusing on solving the main problem of the crisis. As a rule, a crisis is a state that leads to uncertainty in all aspects of an individual's life. In this case, the intervention should be structured enough to focus on the underlying problem or the problem that led to the crisis.

Image (image of a crisis situation). To mobilize the energy of the client, support must be provided in such a way as to appreciate and understand the image (image of the crisis) that the client has created for himself.

Self confidence. Initially, a client in crisis should be seen as a person who is focused on gaining self-confidence and struggling with addiction. This requires a balanced balance of client independence and the need for support.

Besides, principles Crisis intervention is singled out by A. Badkhen and A. Rodina.

1. Crisis intervention is problem-centered, not person-centered.

2. Crisis intervention is not counseling or psychotherapy; crisis intervention does not require opening old wounds, because a person does not have the strength to cope with them.

3. Crisis intervention focuses on the current situation.

4. Unresolved "historical" problems are woven into a crisis situation, emotional experiences of the past fuel the current conflict. Sometimes the client is aware of this, sometimes not. It is important to identify these "historical" issues, place them in the current situation, and then focus on the current issue.

5. For effective crisis intervention, it is important to clearly define the problem.

6. Active listening skills (paraphrasing, reflecting feelings, clarifying, attaching feelings to content) can reduce chaos and make it easier to regain control.

The following Crisis problem solving model:

What is the problem (crisis)?

Listen to what the client presents as a problem (crisis). If there are any ambiguities, you should ask directly, but calmly, gently, why he (she) thinks so. Do not forget that the starting points of customers can differ significantly from the value system, life experience but the consultant, and therefore what clients perceive as a problem may seem ridiculous or difficult for the consultant to understand. If customers think that this is a problem (crisis) - so be it. It is often useful to know why something appears to be a problem (crisis) at a given time. This can be understood by asking questions like: “What has changed today compared to yesterday?” or "What's new in last days(weeks)? The development of a problem (crisis) almost always involves a change in circumstances and our ability to deal with it. It is equally important to be aware of other actors - their presence can either be a source of stress or a resource to help resolve a crisis.

What has been done so far?

You need to focus and try to understand the situation. It is important to know what the client has done in order to try to resolve the problem (crisis). This line of conversation-exploration reflects the consultant's confidence that the person is capable of finding a solution. By identifying with what has already been tried, the counselor helps the client feel the realism and feasibility of his possibilities. It also requires a person to rethink what has happened to him so far. It is not uncommon for clients to be frightened or embarrassed, and this prevents them from thinking clearly. Part of the goal is to restore the person: this ability, to restore peace and the ability to think rationally.

You can also talk to the client about the different starting points in dealing with a crisis:

/) advise him to do what he can do on his own, for example, go for a walk, meditate, read, clean the apartment;

3) prompt him to use public resources - support groups, clergymen, a doctor, a consultant.

You can only think about something, but do not try to apply it. It may happen that some options will turn the client away, most likely due to inaccurate or insufficient information. In some cases, he will not understand that these services can be useful to him. Perhaps he just needs to be encouraged so that he, feeling confident enough, takes the first step and asks for help. In some cases, a person has behind him a negative life experience that caused him suffering or trouble, and the desire to experience the same thing again is small. Encouraged or inspired by new information for him, the client may “feel the difference” and want to try again.

Russia is not only a country of unheeded people. Psychologists observe that Russia is also a country of people who are not accustomed to turning to any social services and other elements of the support network for help, with the exception of close relatives or friends. Referring to a psychologist-psychotherapist is still scary for many. But social protection is considered ineffective, they do not believe it.

What to choose?

What is the most suitable for a particular person? Sometimes fear or a feeling that they can't do something in a certain way pushes people into making decisions that are out of character for them, as if this is their last opportunity to succeed. The consultant must help the client feel that he owns his own destiny; the client must understand that the action is possible path to success.

At the same time, Metro Crisis Line experts repeat: “Remember: we do not solve customer problems, we help find a solution that they consider their own” (Guidelines for telephone counseling, 1996).

The counseling psychologist should also pay attention to two more recommendations of the same service, which allow concretizing and making the client's decision more effective.

Rule I Minimal changes leading to overcoming the crisis.

Too grandiose and global task cannot be completed to the end. It is important to set realistic, achievable goals. Use small tasks - those, the solution of which is more likely to lead to success. This approach inspires people and they are more likely to renew their attempts to get out of the crisis. Don't overdo it, urging them to do more than they can - this can lead to failure.

Rule 2 Consideration of a specific plan.

In conclusion, you need to give the person the opportunity to say what he intends to do to get out of the crisis. “When you hang up the phone (close my office door), what will you do?” or “Tomorrow you wanted to call someone; What is his phone number?". Thus, the psychologist will support the person.

It must also be remembered that there are other elements of the social network besides crisis services. And the action of these networks should not be limited. Relatives and friends can help crisis clients. Where possible, interaction with the social network is encouraged. No consultant will be with the client 24 hours a day. Even in crisis hospitals, this time is limited. Therefore, the real environment of a person that can provide assistance is important.

Another option for working with a crisis is the so-called self-help groups, such as Depression Anonymous, loss groups, etc.

A. Badchen and A. Rodina describe three stages of dealing with a crisis.

Crisis intervention aims to make it possible to work on a problem, not necessarily to solve it. Many of the problems that give rise to and sustain the crisis cannot be solved quickly.

First stage:Collection of information

1. Help the client identify and express feelings and relate them to the content. This allows you to reduce emotional stress and, in addition, makes it possible to define the crisis through individual events and problems. Figuratively speaking, the mountain, which the client tried in vain to move, breaks up into separate pieces of rock that can be approached.

2. Take the time to explore the issue as fully as possible with the client. A person in crisis yearns for immediate relief. The crisis counselor may be tempted to jump quickly from problem solving to problem solving in order to reduce the intensity of the client's distress. In such premature attempts at a solution, important information can be missed, and you risk pushing the client to repeat his own mistakes.

3. Identify the event that triggered the crisis and try to separate "historical" issues from current ones

situations.

Second stage:Formulating and reformulating the problem

1. The result of the study of the situation may be a reformulation of the problem, because:

In formulating his problem, the client could not take into account important aspects of it. A classic example would be the denial of alcoholism. Recognition of the fact of addiction can completely change the formulation of a family problem;

The problem may be too big, and in order to cope with it, it will need to be divided into smaller ones;

In formulating the problem, the client may mix current and "historical" problems.

2. Clarify what the client has already done to solve the problem. The repetition of inefficient solutions can become part of the picture of the crisis. By separating the problem from the ineffective ways to solve it, you can reformulate the problem and approach it in a new way.

3. Ask the client what helped them deal with the problem in the past. With your help, the client may find that they have many useful skills. In addition, it helps to reformulate the problem - it no longer looks completely inaccessible to control, the client understands that he can cope with it at least partially.

4. What to do if problem definition stalls:

Move from a more generalized definition to a more specific, particular one;

Move from a particular, specific definition to a more generalized one;

Check if any is missing actor when defining a problem;

Explore if there are any underlying, hidden problems.

Third stage:Alternatives and Solutions

1. Stop trying to solve the problem. This is often the key to the job because sometimes bad decisions make a significant contribution to the development of the crisis. Get to work on the problem. This technique makes sense to apply in the following cases:

When the client tries to control events that he cannot control in principle;

When the solution exacerbates the problem.

2. Give up the goal. It is useful to do this when the goals that the client sets for himself are unrealistic or unattainable at the moment.

3. Find out if there is anything the client could do to improve the situation, if not completely possible.

fix her.

4. Ask what has helped in the past in a similar situation.

5. Identify the misdirected need for control and redirect the client's attention to dealing with the problem.

6. Avoid falling into the trap of making premature decisions.

goal setting. The goals of any advisory assistance should be based on the needs of the client. In this context, we can talk about two main goals:

1) increasing the efficiency of managing the client's own life;
2) development of the client's ability to solve problem situations and develop existing opportunities.

Counseling / assistance must necessarily include the client's learning, i.e. bringing new values into his life, alternative perspectives of seeing life, the ability to develop solutions to his own problems and put them into practice.

Sometimes the goals of counseling are divided into goals related to correction (correction) and goals related to growth or development. Development challenges are challenges that people face at different stages of their lives. For example, this is the transition to an independent existence, finding a partner, raising children and adapting to old age. To achieve developmental goals, it is necessary both to suppress negative traits and to strengthen positive qualities. In counseling, much attention is paid to achieving a state of psychological comfort and maintaining mental health.

According to A. Maslow, full self-actualization implies the implementation creativity autonomy, social fulfillment and the ability to focus on problem solving. It can be said that the ultimate goal of counseling is to teach clients how to help themselves and thus teach them to be their own counselors. This is in line with one of the leading methodological principles social work- the concept of independent living.

As R. Kociunas notes, the issue of determining the goals of counseling is not simple, and because it depends both on the needs of clients seeking help, and on the theoretical orientation of the consultant himself. However, there are several universal goals that are mentioned to a greater or lesser extent by theorists. different schools(Fig. 14.5).

Rice. 14.5.

1. Facilitate behavior change so that the client can live a more productive, life-satisfying life despite some inevitable social constraints.
2. Develop coping skills when faced with new life circumstances and requirements.
3. Ensure effective vital decision making. There are many things that can be learned during counseling: independent actions, allocation of time and energy, assessing the consequences of risk, exploring the field of values in which decision-making takes place, assessing the properties of one's personality, overcoming emotional stress, understanding the influence of attitudes on decision making, etc. .P.
4. Develop the ability to tie and support interpersonal relationships. Communication with people occupies a significant part of life and causes difficulties for many due to low level their self-esteem or lack of social skills. Whether it's adult family conflicts or children's relationship problems, the quality of life of clients should be improved through education on how to build better interpersonal relationships.
5. Facilitate the realization and increase of the potential of the individual. According to Blochsre, in counseling it is necessary to strive for the maximum freedom of the client (taking into account natural social restrictions), as well as for the development of the client's ability to control his environment and his own reactions provoked by the environment.

R. May points out that when working with children, the consultant should seek to change their immediate environment in order to increase the effectiveness of assistance.

The above list of goals largely coincides with the list of typical client requests and their expectations from the results of advisory assistance:

- better understand yourself or the situation;
- change your feelings
- be able to make a decision;
- approve the decision;
- get support in making a decision;
- be able to change the situation;
- adapt to a situation that is unlikely to change;
- give relief to your feelings;
– consider the possibilities and choose one of them.

Often, clients are interested in results that are not directly related to counseling: information, new skills, or practical help.

At the heart of all these requests is the idea of change. Regardless of the nature of the request or the type of problem, there are four basic strategies.

First situation - changing the situation.

Second situation – change yourself to adapt to the situation.

The third situation is way out.

The fourth situation finding ways to live with this situation.

At the same time, the need to increase the personal responsibility of clients for the decision should be emphasized once again. problem situation and, in general, further development your life script. The client, as noted by N. Linde, needs to be helped to get rid of the state of objectivity and activate the qualities of the subject, ready and capable of change, decision-making and their implementation.

Typology of advisory assistance. Advisory assistance can be provided in various forms and types. There is a wide variety of forms of advisory practice and classifications of these forms according to different grounds(Fig. 14.6). So, according to the criterion of the object of assistance, individual ("one on one" or "face to face"), group and family counseling are distinguished.

Rice. 14.6.

According to the criterion of age, work with children and adults is differentiated.

The spatial organization of counseling can be carried out in the formats of contact (full-time) or distant (correspondence) interaction. The latter can be carried out within the framework of telephone counseling (although this is to a certain extent contact counseling), written counseling, as well as through printed materials(popular science publications and self-help guides).

According to the criterion of duration, counseling can be emergency, short-term and long-term.

There are also several typologies of advisory assistance, focusing on the content of the client's request and the nature of the problem situation. So, there are intimate personal, family, psychological and pedagogical and business consulting.

Counseling can be a response to a client's situation ("crisis counseling") or a stimulus for the client's growth and development ("developmental counseling"). Traditionally, counseling is spoken of in relation to the situation during or after a crisis, but people should also be helped to anticipate possible problems in the future, teach them to recognize the signs of an impending crisis, and equip them with the skills to nip crises in the bud.

Any successful counseling implies personal growth, but in a crisis a person is in its grip, under the pressure of circumstances, and since counseling is limited to existing problem, the client's conceptual and behavioral arsenal can be replenished to a very small extent.

Heron (1993) distinguishes several categories of advisory influences depending on their goals and content (Fig. 14.7).

prescriptive the impact is focused on the behavior of the client outside the scope of the consultative interaction.

informing exposure provides the client with knowledge, information and meaning.

confrontational the impact is aimed at the client's awareness of any restrictive attitudes or behavior.

Facilitators - cathartic, catalytic, supportive.

cathartic the purpose of the impact is to help the client discharge, to give vent to repressed painful emotions (abreaction), mainly such as grief, fear or anger.

catalytic the impact is focused on stimulating self-knowledge, self-managed being, learning and problem solving.

supportive the impact is focused on confirming the significance and value of the client's personality, his qualities, attitudes or actions.

Facilitating interventions are focused on greater autonomy of clients and taking responsibility for themselves (helping in alleviating mental suffering and pain that reduces the power of the “I”, promoting self-learning, confirming their significance as unique beings).

The choice of one or another type and type of influence depends on the type of personality of the client (as well as the type of personality of the consultant) and the specifics of his situation. The ratio of authoritarian and facilitating types of influence is mainly related to the theme of power and control: