Tissues of different human organs under a microscope. Human tissues and organs under a microscope (15 photos)
Bone
The bone tissue that forms the bones of the skeleton is very strong. It maintains the shape of the body (constitution) and protects the organs located in the cranium, chest and pelvic cavities, participates in mineral metabolism. The tissue consists of cells (osteocytes) and an intercellular substance in which nutrient channels with vessels are located. The intercellular substance contains up to 70% of mineral salts (calcium, phosphorus and magnesium).
In its development, bone tissue goes through fibrous and lamellar stages. In various parts of the bone, it is organized in the form of a compact or spongy bone substance.
Cartilage tissue consists of cells (chondrocytes) and intercellular substance (cartilaginous matrix), which is characterized by increased elasticity. It performs a supporting function, as it forms the bulk of the cartilage.
There are three types of cartilage tissue: hyaline, which is part of the cartilage of the trachea, bronchi, ends of the ribs, articular surfaces of bones; elastic, forming the auricle and epiglottis; fibrous, located in the intervertebral discs and joints of the pubic bones.
Adipose tissue is similar to loose connective tissue. The cells are large and filled with fat. Adipose tissue performs nutritional, shaping and thermoregulatory functions. Adipose tissue is divided into two types: white and brown. In humans, white adipose tissue predominates, part of it surrounds the organs, maintaining their position in the human body and other functions. The amount of brown adipose tissue in humans is small (it is present mainly in a newborn child). The main function of brown adipose tissue is heat production. Brown adipose tissue maintains the body temperature of animals during hibernation and the temperature of newborns.
Muscle cells are called muscle fibers because they are constantly elongated in one direction.
The classification of muscle tissues is carried out on the basis of the structure of the tissue (histologically): by the presence or absence of transverse striation, and on the basis of the mechanism of contraction - voluntary (as in skeletal muscle) or involuntary (smooth or cardiac muscle).
Muscle tissue has excitability and the ability to actively contract under the influence of nervous system and some substances. Microscopic differences make it possible to distinguish two types of this tissue - smooth (non-striated) and striated (striated).
smooth muscle tissue It has cellular structure. It forms the muscular membranes of the walls of internal organs (intestines, uterus, bladder, etc.), blood and lymphatic vessels; its contraction occurs involuntarily.
striated muscle tissue consists of muscle fibers, each of which is represented by many thousands of cells, merged, in addition to their nuclei, into one structure. It forms skeletal muscles. We can shorten them as we wish.
A variety of striated muscle tissue is the heart muscle, which has unique abilities.
During life (about 70 years), the heart muscle contracts more than 2.5 million times. No other fabric has such strength potential. Cardiac muscle tissue has a transverse striation. However, unlike skeletal muscle, there are special areas where the muscle fibers meet. Due to this structure, the contraction of one fiber is quickly transmitted to neighboring ones.
This ensures the simultaneous contraction of large sections of the heart muscle.
nervous tissueNervous tissue consists of two types of cells: nervous (neurons) and glial. Glial cells are closely adjacent to the neuron, performing supporting, nutritional, secretory and protective functions.
Neuron - the basic structural and functional unit nervous tissue. Its main feature is the ability to generate nerve impulses and transmit excitation to other neurons or muscle and glandular cells of the working organs. Neurons may consist of a body and processes. Nerve cells are designed to conduct nerve impulses. Having received information on one part of the surface, the neuron very quickly transmits it to another part of its surface. Since the processes of a neuron are very long, information is transmitted over long distances. Most neurons have processes of two types: short, thick, branching near the body - dendrites and long (up to 1.5 m), thin and branching only at the very end - axons. Axons form nerve fibers.
An amazing creation is a living cell. Another thing is no less surprising: a hundred trillion cells sacrifice their freedom and form a huge community, a kind of "cell state", called human body. Why do they do it? What law of nature do they obey? Nobody knows.
We are more aware of the laws by which this community lives. For example, cells adhere to the principle of division of labor. It manifests itself even at the stage when the embryo is a shapeless lump. Already at this time, its cells are specialized - they begin to perform different tasks, uniting for the sake of this in colonies. Scientists call this process the formation of germ layers. Later, they develop body tissues- so called systems of cells that have a common structure or origin, which perform the same tasks in the body. Let us liken cells to individual bricks, and the human body to a building built from them. Then the fabrics can be compared with its parts: walls, roof, floor.
Cellular communities of the same origin and structure, which perform the same tasks, are called tissues. The human body is made up of four types of tissue: connective, epithelial, muscular and nervous. It shows how the thinnest stained tissue sections look under a microscope.
Connective tissue
Connective tissue
As its name implies, connects the cells of the body. The ability of the cells of this tissue is amazing. Some of them form rigid or elastic fibers, with the help of which they are connected to other cells. The length of the fibers sometimes reaches 1 cm. Sometimes the fibers of this tissue form thick veins - tendons. 
All cells connective tissue their fibrous processes are immersed in a gelatinous mass - an intercellular substance, sometimes very dense. The tough connective tissue is called cartilage. It acts as a shock absorber in the joint. In other parts of the body, calcium salts are interspersed in the intercellular substance. They give the connective tissue strength, and it becomes hard as a stone. This tissue is called bone. It is made up of bones. They support our body and protect its most sensitive parts - the brain and spinal cord, eyes or, forming the chest, heart and lungs.
epithelial tissue
epithelial tissue
Protects the outer and inner surfaces of the body. Outside, the body is covered with skin. In some areas, epithelial cells turn into horny scales. These areas, such as the soles and palms, are most susceptible to mechanical stress. epithelial tissue also lines some body cavities: the nose and its sinuses, middle ear, mouth, larynx, trachea, bronchi and pulmonary vesicles, esophagus and gastrointestinal tract, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder and urethra, and in women, the vagina, uterus and fallopian tubes. All hollow organs are covered with epithelial tissue from the inside. It is lined with closed cavities: the head, chest and abdomen. The epithelium envelops the thinnest layer of cells and organs lying in these cavities, and does not allow, for example, mobile organs, lungs or intestines, to grow together with the chest cavity or abdominal cavity.
epithelial tissue forms the inner lining of blood vessels and the heart. Capillaries - the thinnest blood vessels consist of only one layer of flat epithelial cells. Through the walls of capillaries there is an exchange of substances between blood and tissue fluid. Cells live in tissue fluid, as if in a nutrient solution. Blood supplies this fluid with nutrients and at the same time cleanses it of toxins that accumulate in cells during metabolism.
Special tasks for glandular cells. This is the name of epithelial cells that produce and secrete a special substance - a secret, or bodily juice. glandular cells epithelial tissue nose, mouth, esophagus and gastrointestinal tract are called mucous membranes, and the parts of the body where they are located are called mucous membranes. Other glandular cells form glands of external secretion. These include sweat, sebaceous, lacrimal, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, as well as special male glands - the testes and the prostate gland. The secrets produced by these glands - sweat, sebum, tears, saliva, bile, gastric juice and seminal fluid through the output channels are carried to the surface of a person's skin or mucous membranes.
Muscle
consists of long cells that can contract. Cells nervous tissue in their shape they are similar to a stars with numerous branched rays, to triangles with three main processes or to a spindle. And sometimes they take quite the wrong shape. All nerve cells have one thing in common: they produce or conduct electrical current.
With in-depth studies of microscopy, it becomes important for novice biologists and physicians to study histological samples. They are prepared using a special technology with the dissection of biological tissue into thin sections using a microtome. We will talk about this briefly in this review using the example of a study of the brain under microscope. We will need a binocular or trinocular model with a lower illuminator providing a method of observation in transmitted light (bright field).
Brain is located in the brain region of the skull (bone part of the head) of humans and vertebrates, and is the main organ of the central nervous system. In this center of control of the activity of a living organism, due to the synoptic transmission of nerve impulses, many electrically excitable neurons are combined.
Currently, the brain is not fully understood, many aspects remain unclear, despite a large number of laboratories in anatomy and architectonics, and a huge amount of work done by scientists around the world. It is known that in humans its mass is equal to an average of two percent of the total body weight. He is different complex structure and wide functionality.
Tissues that can be seen in a microslide of the brain under the microscope:
- Connective fibrous fibrous. Forms hard, arachnoid and pia mater. The main cells in its composition are: fibroblasts, synthesizing components of the intercellular substance;
- The cerebrospinal fluid (called "CSF") that performs protective functions and continuously circulating in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles (cavities). It also ensures the maintenance of intracranial pressure favorable for life. It is produced by vascular plexuses - formations that, with a 1000-fold increase, are distinguishable as villi;
- Nerve fibers are visible processes of neurons covered with glia;
- Glial cells.
- A network of elastic blood vessels made up of myocytes.
It will not be possible to prepare a micropreparation without special medical equipment; in this case, it is recommended to use a ready-made sample included in the Anatomy and Physiology kit (Micromed or Levenhuk).
Stages of creating a microsample in a pathoanatomical laboratory:
- Taking biomaterial for diagnosis by a surgeon or pathologist;
- Fixation in formalin or alcohol solution.
- Hematoxylin-eosin staining
- Freeze. Deep cooling contributes to the hardening required for cutting by microtomy;
- Installation between the slide and cover slip.
The microsample is placed in the slider or under the metal clips of the microscope stage. Then it is centered in such a way that light radiation penetrates the preparation from below, passing through the cellular structure upwards towards the optical system. The condenser is adjusted for maximum light transmission. Initially, a “search” lens of the minimum magnification is selected on the revolver, then the degree of approximation is increased step by step to 400x and 1000x.
results research activities are fixed in the form of photographs - for this, a digital camera is inserted into one of the eyepiece tubes of the visual attachment and connected to a computer. Photographing is carried out by software.
Our body can be studied endlessly, and only school textbooks biology is indispensable. For example, did you know what an ophthalmologist sees when your pupils dilate, what does the nervous system look like, a damaged capillary, and cones and rods enlarged under a microscope in the eye?
This model of the brain roughly shows its consistency. This is how a concussion happens.
Memories are the result of these brain cells
This is how the tablet dissolves in the stomach.
This is what an ophthalmologist sees when they dilate your pupils
And this is how rods and cones look in the eye with a strong increase
A scanner that shows doctors your veins in real time
Have you ever wondered what carotid arteries look like?
What does 113 kg of weight look like versus 54 kg
Accelerated process of correcting teeth with braces
This is what our teeth look like inside the jaw (they are much larger than they seem at first glance)
Ovum before fertilization surrounded by spermatozoa
This is what a bacteriophage looks like - a virus that infects bacteria
A mosquito is looking for a capillary to drink blood
We all know from school that an atom is the smallest particle of any element, and we are all made up of molecules that are made up of atoms. But how the atom itself looks like, few have seen. In fact, no one has yet been able to photograph an atom so that it can be examined in detail. Even the most powerful microscopes that have been able to see an atom have a resolution that is limited by the wavelength of visible light (which is larger than the diameter of an atom).
But recently, physicists at Cornell University have developed the Electron Microscope Pixel Array Detector (EMPAD), a device that has made it possible to see an atom with a record resolution of 0.39 Å.
A hydrogen atom looks like this
This is why a toothache is most often accompanied by a headache
And what new and impressive things did you learn about the human body after you graduated from school?
o Osteocytes- Mature cells (incapable of division)
o osteoblasts- young bone-forming bone cells that synthesize the intercellular substance - the matrix. As the intercellular substance accumulates, osteoblasts become immured in it and become osteocytes (located in the periosteum; function - division, growth and regeneration of bone tissue)
o osteoclasts- special macrophages of bone tissue (function - destruction of cells and intercellular spaces of the bone as they age and die - "bone eaters")
- Intercellular substance (matrix) - solid:
o Base substance- jelly-like mass of water, proteins, glycoproteins (mucopolysaccharides)
o Ossein fibers- thin threads (fibrils) formed from a fibrous durable protein - collagen (covered with crystals of salts of hydroxyapatite, sulfate, calcium and magnesium carbonate)
- From the intercellular substance are formed bone plates(bone cells lie between the plates)
o Bone plates form a system of cylinders of increasing diameter around the channels in the bone substance, where the feeding blood vessels and nerves are located - Haversian channels, forming - structural and functional units of compact bone substance – osteons
Osteon – a system of cylinders of increasing diameter, formed from bone plates, with a channel inside
o separate plates lie between osteons and stretch along the bone
o Haversian canals with vessels and nerves are densely branched inside the bones
o Osteons are ordered according to the load
- Bone is formed from bone tissue
bone substance
- Compact (dense) bone substance
o Bone plates are tightly adjacent to each other, forming a continuous layer
- Spongy bone
o Bone plates form crossbars located loosely (between them there is a space filled with red bone marrow) is a porous structure resembling a sponge
o The plates of the spongy and compact substance are oriented in the direction that resists the load, tension and compression, often intersect at an angle of 900 (a rigid and durable structure arises in which the load is evenly distributed over the entire bone)
o With an increase in the load on the bones, the number of cancellous plates increases due to the bone-forming function of the periosteum, and when the direction of the load on the bone changes, the plates are reoriented
o Spongy bone does not have Haversian canals
o Makes up most of the bone substance - completely fills all spongy, flat, and air bones, as well as the ends (epiphyses) of long (tubular) bones under a thin layer of compact substance
o In early childhood, almost all bones of the skeleton consist only of spongy substance and are filled with red bone marrow, which over time degenerates into fatty yellow bone marrow in the diaphysis of long bones
- Functions of the spongy substance- increase in the lightness and strength of the bones of the skeleton; the receptacle of the red bone marrow (hematopoietic organ)
- The skeleton has a mass of 5 - 6 kg, in men it is 10%, and in women 8.5% of the total body weight
- The thigh can withstand a vertical load of 1500 kg, the tibia - 1650 kg, the humerus - 850 kg.
- The outer layer of all bones consists of a compact substance and is covered with a bone-forming periosteum.
The chemical composition of bone tissue(inorganic and organic substances)
- inorganic substances(minerals) -70% dry weight
o Water - 50%
o mineral salts - hydroxyapatites (phosphates), sulfates and carbonates of calcium, magnesium - 22%
ü The skeleton of an adult contains 1200 g of Ca, 530 g of P, 11 Mg and 30 other chemical elements
Meaning not organic matter - give to bones physical properties – hardness and fragility
o is found out in the experiment with the removal of organic substances from the bone by burning (calcination)
o bone is 30 times harder than brick, granite - 2.5 times, strong as cast iron
- organic matter– 30% dry weight
o Squirrels(collagen, ossein) - 14%
o Fat - 16%
o Mucopolysaccharides ( complex biopolymer consisting of proteins and carbohydrates)
Importance of organic matter- give bones physical properties: firmness, elasticity
o It is found out in the experiment to remove mineral salts from the bone by soaking it for 2-3 days in HCl (weak solution of 2-5%); after decalcification, the bone can be tied in a knot
- The combination in the bones of organic and minerals make it both hard, elastic and very strong (comparable to the strength of metal)
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An amazing creation is a living cell. Another thing is no less surprising: a hundred trillion cells sacrifice their freedom and form a huge community, a kind of "cellular state" called the human body. Why do they do it? What law of nature do they obey?
Nobody knows.
We are more aware of the laws by which this community lives. For example, cells adhere to the principle of division of labor. It manifests itself even at the stage when the embryo is a shapeless lump. Already at this time, its cells are specialized - they begin to perform different tasks, uniting for the sake of this in colonies.
Scientists call this process the formation of germ layers. Later, they develop body tissues- so called systems of cells that have a common structure or origin, which perform the same tasks in the body. Let us liken cells to individual bricks, and the human body to a building built from them.
Microscopic structure of bones
Then the fabrics can be compared with its parts: walls, roof, floor.
Cellular communities of the same origin and structure, which perform the same tasks, are called tissues.
The human body is made up of four types of tissue: connective, epithelial, muscular and nervous. It shows how the thinnest stained tissue sections look under a microscope.
Connective tissue
Connective tissue
As its name implies, connects the cells of the body.
The ability of the cells of this tissue is amazing. Some of them form rigid or elastic fibers, with the help of which they are connected to other cells. The length of the fibers sometimes reaches 1 cm. Sometimes the fibers of this tissue form thick veins - tendons.
cartilage tissue
All cells connective tissue their fibrous processes are immersed in a gelatinous mass - an intercellular substance, sometimes very dense.
The tough connective tissue is called cartilage. It acts as a shock absorber in the joint. In other parts of the body, calcium salts are interspersed in the intercellular substance. They give the connective tissue strength, and it becomes hard as a stone. This tissue is called bone. It is made up of bones. They support our body and protect its most sensitive parts - the brain and spinal cord, eyes or, forming the chest, heart and lungs.
epithelial tissue
epithelial tissue
Protects the outer and inner surfaces of the body.
Outside, the body is covered with skin. In some areas, epithelial cells turn into horny scales. These areas, such as the soles and palms, are most susceptible to mechanical stress. epithelial tissue also lines some body cavities: the nose and its sinuses, middle ear, mouth, larynx, trachea, bronchi and pulmonary vesicles, esophagus and gastrointestinal tract, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder and urethra, and in women, the vagina, uterus and fallopian tubes.
All hollow organs are covered with epithelial tissue from the inside. It is lined with closed cavities: the head, chest and abdomen. The epithelium envelops the thinnest layer of cells and organs lying in these cavities, and does not allow, for example, mobile organs, lungs or intestines, to grow together with the chest cavity or abdominal cavity.
epithelial tissue forms the inner lining of blood vessels and the heart.
Capillaries - the thinnest blood vessels consist of only one layer of flat epithelial cells. Through the walls of capillaries there is an exchange of substances between blood and tissue fluid.
Cells live in tissue fluid, as if in a nutrient solution. Blood supplies this fluid with nutrients and at the same time cleanses it of toxins that accumulate in cells during metabolism.
Special tasks for glandular cells. This is the name of epithelial cells that produce and secrete a special substance - a secret, or bodily juice.
The glandular cells of the epithelial tissue of the nose, mouth, esophagus and gastrointestinal tract are called mucous, and the parts of the body where they are located are called mucous membranes.
Other glandular cells form glands of external secretion. These include sweat, sebaceous, lacrimal, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, as well as special male glands - the testes and the prostate gland. The secrets produced by these glands - sweat, sebum, tears, saliva, bile, gastric juice and seminal fluid through the output channels are carried to the surface of a person's skin or mucous membranes.
nervous tissue
Muscle
consists of long cells that can contract.
Cells nervous tissue in their shape they are similar to a stars with numerous branched rays, to triangles with three main processes or to a spindle. And sometimes they take quite the wrong shape.
All nerve cells have one thing in common: they produce or conduct electrical current.
Bone and cartilage, adipose, muscle and nerve tissue
Bone
The bone tissue that forms the bones of the skeleton is very strong. It maintains the shape of the body (constitution) and protects the organs located in the cranium, chest and pelvic cavities, participates in mineral metabolism. The tissue consists of cells (osteocytes) and an intercellular substance in which nutrient channels with vessels are located. The intercellular substance contains up to 70% of mineral salts (calcium, phosphorus and magnesium).
In its development, bone tissue goes through fibrous and lamellar stages.
In various parts of the bone, it is organized in the form of a compact or spongy bone substance.
Spongy bone tissue
cartilage tissue
Cartilage tissue consists of cells (chondrocytes) and intercellular substance (cartilaginous matrix), which is characterized by increased elasticity.
It performs a supporting function, as it forms the bulk of the cartilage.
There are three types of cartilage tissue: hyaline, which is part of the cartilage of the trachea, bronchi, ends of the ribs, articular surfaces of bones; elastic, forming the auricle and epiglottis; fibrous, located in the intervertebral discs and joints of the pubic bones.
cartilage tissue
Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue is similar to loose connective tissue.
The cells are large and filled with fat. Adipose tissue performs nutritional, shaping and thermoregulatory functions.
The structure of bone tissue under a microscope
Adipose tissue is divided into two types: white and brown. In humans, white adipose tissue predominates, part of it surrounds the organs, maintaining their position in the human body and other functions.
The amount of brown adipose tissue in humans is small (it is present mainly in a newborn child). The main function of brown adipose tissue is heat production.
Brown adipose tissue maintains the body temperature of animals during hibernation and the temperature of newborns.
Adipose tissue
Muscle
Muscle cells are called muscle fibers because they are constantly elongated in one direction.
The classification of muscle tissues is carried out on the basis of the structure of the tissue (histologically): by the presence or absence of transverse striation, and on the basis of the mechanism of contraction - voluntary (as in skeletal muscle) or involuntary (smooth or cardiac muscle).
Muscle tissue has excitability and the ability to actively contract under the influence of the nervous system and certain substances.
Microscopic differences make it possible to distinguish two types of this tissue - smooth (non-striated) and striated (striated).
smooth muscle tissue has a cellular structure. It forms the muscular membranes of the walls of internal organs (intestines, uterus, bladder, etc.), blood and lymphatic vessels; its contraction occurs involuntarily.
Smooth muscle tissue under a microscope
consists of muscle fibers, each of which is represented by many thousands of cells, merged, in addition to their nuclei, into one structure.
It forms skeletal muscles. We can shorten them as we wish.
Skeletal muscle tissue under a microscope
A variety of striated muscle tissue is the heart muscle, which has unique abilities.
Cardiac muscle tissue under a microscope
During life (about 70 years), the heart muscle contracts more than 2.5 million times. No other fabric has such strength potential. Cardiac muscle tissue has a transverse striation. However, unlike skeletal muscle, there are special areas where the muscle fibers meet. Due to this structure, the contraction of one fiber is quickly transmitted to neighboring ones.
nervous tissue
Nervous tissue consists of two types of cells: nervous (neurons) and glial.
Glial cells are closely adjacent to the neuron, performing supporting, nutritional, secretory and protective functions.
Types of nervous tissue
The neuron is the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous tissue.
Its main feature is the ability to generate nerve impulses and transmit excitation to other neurons or muscle and glandular cells of the working organs. Neurons may consist of a body and processes. Nerve cells are designed to conduct nerve impulses. Having received information on one part of the surface, the neuron very quickly transmits it to another part of its surface. Since the processes of a neuron are very long, information is transmitted over long distances.
Most neurons have processes of two types: short, thick, branching near the body - dendrites and long (up to 1.5 m), thin and branching only at the very end - axons.
Axons form nerve fibers.
A nerve impulse is an electrical wave traveling at high speed along a nerve fiber.
Depending on the functions performed and structural features, all nerve cells are divided into three types: sensory, motor (executive) and intercalary. The motor fibers that go as part of the nerves transmit signals to the muscles and glands, the sensory fibers transmit information about the state of the organs to the central nervous system.
Lymphoid organs
hematopoiesis
Pericardium
Lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity, head, chest wall, pelvis in cattle
Macro-energetic connections
Gas discharge visualization method
Diagnostic methodology using EMF
The mechanism of regulation in organisms
mechanical fabrics
mitotic cell division
Human tissues and organs under a microscope (15 photos)
Almost all of the images presented here were taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
The electron beam emitted by such a device interacts with the atoms of the desired object, resulting in 3D images of the highest resolution. A magnification of 250,000 times allows you to see details of 1-5 nanometers in size (that is, billionths of a meter).
Max Knoll obtained the first SEM image in 1935, and already in 1965 the Cambridge Tool Company offered its Stereoscan to DuPont.
Now such devices are widely used in research centers.
The images below will take you on a journey through your body, from your head to your intestines and pelvic organs. You'll see what normal cells look like and what happens to them when cancer strikes them, and you'll also get a visual representation of how, say, the first meeting of an egg and sperm occurs.
red blood cells
Here you can say the basis of your blood - red blood cells (RBC) is depicted.
These pretty biconcave cells are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Usually in one cubic millimeter of blood there are 4-5 million such cells in women and 5-6 million in men. People living in the highlands, where there is a lack of oxygen, have even more red cells.
Split human hair
To avoid this kind of hair splitting that is invisible to the ordinary eye, you need to cut your hair regularly and use good shampoos and conditioners.
Purkinje cells
Of the 100 billion neurons in your brain, Purkinje cells are among the largest.
Among other things, they are responsible in the cerebellar cortex for motor coordination. They are detrimental to alcohol or lithium poisoning, as well as autoimmune diseases, genetic abnormalities (including autism), as well as neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, etc.).
Sensitive ear hairs
This is what stereocilia look like, that is, the sensitive elements of the vestibular apparatus inside your ear. Capturing sound vibrations, they control the response mechanical movements and actions.
Blood vessels of the optic nerve
Shown here are retinal blood vessels emerging from a black-stained optic disc.
How to determine bone tissue under a microscope?
This disk is a "blind spot" because there are no light receptors in this area of the retina.
Taste bud of the tongue
There are about 10,000 taste buds on the human tongue, which help to determine the taste of salty, sour, bitter, sweet and spicy.
Plaque
In order to avoid such layers similar to non-threshed spikelets on the teeth, it is advisable to brush your teeth more often.
Thrombus
Remember how beautiful healthy red blood cells looked.
Now look at what they become in the web of a deadly blood clot. In the very center is a white blood cell (leukocyte).
Pulmonary alveoli
Here is a view of your lung from the inside.
Empty cavities are alveoli where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide.
lung cancer cells
And now take a look at how the lungs deformed by cancer differ from healthy ones in the previous picture.
Villi of the small intestine
The villi of the small intestine increase its area, which contributes to better absorption of food.
These are outgrowths of irregular cylindrical shape up to 1.2 mm high. The basis of the villi is loose connective tissue. In the center, like a rod, there is a wide lymphatic capillary, or milky sinus, and on the sides of it there are blood vessels and capillaries.
Through the lactiferous sinus, fats enter the lymph, and then into the blood, and proteins and carbohydrates enter the bloodstream through the blood capillaries of the villi. On closer examination, you can see food residues in the grooves.
Human ovum with coronal cells
Here you see a human egg.
The egg is covered with a glycoprotein coat (zona pellicuda), which not only protects it, but also helps to capture and hold the sperm. Two coronal cells are attached to the shell.
Spermatozoa on the surface of the egg
The picture captures the moment when several spermatozoa are trying to fertilize the egg.
Human embryo and spermatozoa
It looks like a war of the worlds, but in fact, you have an egg in front of you 5 days after fertilization.
Some spermatozoa are still held on its surface. The image was taken using a confocal (confocal) microscope. The egg and sperm nuclei are purple, while the sperm flagella are green. Blue areas are nexuses, intercellular gap junctions that communicate between cells.
Human Embryo Implantation
You are present at the beginning of a new life cycle.
A six-day-old human embryo is implanted in the endometrium, the lining of the uterine cavity. We wish him good luck!
Via 15 Beautiful Microscopic Images from Inside the Human Body
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| LABEL (MATURE) BONE 1 - osteon |
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| LABEL (MATURE) BONE staining with thionin and picric acid 1 - osteon (two osteons for demonstration |
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| LABEL (MATURE) BONE staining with thionin and picric acid 1 - osteon |
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| LABEL (MATURE) BONE staining with thionin and picric acid 1 - osteon |
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| ROUGH FIBER (IMMATURE) BONE hematoxylin-eosin stain 1 - intercellular substance of the bone |
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| OSTEOCYTES staining with hematoxylin |
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CARTILAGE, DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD
Answers:
1. mineral salts - sodium chloride, potassium chloride, etc.
play an important role in the distribution of water between cells and
intercellular substance. Separate chemical elements:
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, iron, magnesium, zinc, iodine,
phosphorus are involved in the creation of vital organic
connections.
Meaning and functions of water:
1) Universal solvent
2) Transportation: water provides transport (movement) of substances in the body.
3) Thermoregulatory - protects the body from overheating and hypothermia.
4) Necessary for the hydrolysis and oxidation of proteins, carbohydrates, fats (high molecular weight organic compounds).
5) The functions of water are largely determined chemical nature(the dipole nature of the structure of molecules, the polarity of molecules and the ability to form hydrogen bonds).
The value of water in the body is very high.
Water needed to dissolve most chemical compounds located in the body. Processing of various nutrients and the release of decomposition products are possible only with a sufficient amount of water. Water makes up about 65% of the mass in the body. A person excretes a significant amount of water together with urine, sweat, and also in the form of water vapor contained in the exhaled air.
Bird tissues
These losses should be replenished by the daily introduction of 1-2 liters of water into the body. However, this amount depends on the work performed by a person and the ambient temperature. For example, in summer, when sweating increases, the body needs more water than in winter, when sweating decreases.
Water - the predominant component of all living organisms.
Sources in the human body water and mineral salts mainly food and drink.
2. Textile is a group of cells and intercellular substance,
united general structure, function and origin.
There are four main types of tissue in the human body:
epithelial(cover), connective, muscular and nervous,
Muscle
This tissue is formed muscle fibers.
In their cytoplasm are the thinnest threads capable of contraction. Distinguish between smooth and striated muscle tissue. The striated fabric is called because its fibers have a transverse striation, which is an alternation of light and dark areas-stripes.
smooth muscle tissue is part of the walls of internal organs (stomach, intestines, bladder, blood vessels).
striated muscle tissue subdivided into skeletal and cardiac.
Skeletal muscle tissue consists of elongated fibers, reaching a length of 10-12 cm.
Cardiac muscle tissue, like skeletal tissue, has a transverse striation. However, unlike skeletal muscle, there are special areas where the muscle fibers meet. Due to this structure, the contraction of one fiber is quickly transmitted to neighboring ones.
This ensures the simultaneous contraction of large sections of the heart muscle.
Publication date: 2015-01-24; Read: 463 | Page copyright infringement
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