What peoples live in western Siberia. indigenous peoples

Siberia is a vast historical and geographical region in the northeast of Eurasia. Today it is located almost entirely within Russian Federation. The population of Siberia is represented by Russians, as well as numerous indigenous peoples (Yakuts, Buryats, Tuvans, Nenets and others). In total, at least 36 million people live in the region.

This article will talk about common features population of Siberia, about the largest cities and the history of the development of this territory.

Siberia: general characteristics of the region

Most often, the southern border of Siberia coincides with the state border of the Russian Federation. In the west it is bounded by the ranges of the Ural Mountains, in the east by the Pacific, and in the north by the Arctic Ocean. However, in the historical context, Siberia also covers the northeastern territories of modern Kazakhstan.

The population of Siberia (as of 2017) is 36 million people. Geographically, the region is divided into Western and Eastern Siberia. The line of demarcation between them is the Yenisei River. The main cities of Siberia are Barnaul, Tomsk, Norilsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Ulan-Ude, Irkutsk, Omsk, Tyumen.

As for the name of this region, its origin is not precisely established. There are several versions. According to one of them, the toponym is closely connected with the Mongolian word "shibir" - it is a swampy area overgrown with birch groves. It is assumed that this is what the Mongols called this area in the Middle Ages. But according to Professor Zoya Boyarshinova, the term came from the self-name of the ethnic group "Sabir", whose language is considered the ancestor of the entire Ugric language group.

The population of Siberia: density and total number

According to the 2002 census, 39.13 million people lived within the region. However, the current population of Siberia is only 36 million inhabitants. Thus, it is a sparsely populated area, but its ethnic diversity is truly enormous. More than 30 peoples and nationalities live here.

The average population density in Siberia is 6 people per 1 square kilometer. But it is very different in different parts region. Thus, the highest population density rates are in the Kemerovo region (about 33 people per sq. km.), and the lowest - in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Republic of Tyva (1.2 and 1.8 people per sq. km., respectively). The most densely populated valleys of large rivers (Ob, Irtysh, Tobol and Ishim), as well as the foothills of the Altai.

The level of urbanization here is quite high. So, at least 72% of the inhabitants of the region live in the cities of Siberia today.

Demographic problems of Siberia

The population of Siberia is rapidly declining. Moreover, the mortality and birth rates here, in general, are almost identical to the national ones. And in Tula, for example, the birth rate is completely astronomical for Russia.

The main reason for the demographic crisis in Siberia is the migration outflow of the population (primarily young people). And the leader in these processes is the Far East federal district. From 1989 to 2010, it "lost" almost 20% of its population. According to surveys, about 40% of Siberian residents dream of moving to other regions for permanent residence. And these are very sad figures. Thus, Siberia, conquered and mastered with such great difficulty, is emptying every year.

Today, the balance of migration in the region is 2.1%. And this figure will only grow in the coming years. Siberia (in particular, its western part) is already very acutely experiencing a shortage of labor resources.

The indigenous population of Siberia: a list of peoples

Siberia in ethnic terms is an extremely diverse territory. Representatives of 36 indigenous peoples and ethnic groups live here. Although Russians prevail in Siberia, of course (about 90%).

The top ten indigenous peoples in the region are:

1. Yakuts (478,000 people).
2. Buryats (461,000).
3. Tuvans (264,000).
4. Khakass (73,000).
5. Altaians (71,000).
6. Nenets (45,000).
7. Evenks (38,000).
8. Khanty (31,000).
9. Evens (22,000).
10. Mansi (12,000).

The peoples of the Turkic group (Khakas, Tuvans, Shors) live mainly in the upper reaches of the Yenisei River. Altaians - concentrated within the Altai Republic. Mostly Buryats live in Transbaikalia and Cisbaikalia (pictured below), and in the taiga Krasnoyarsk Territory- Evenks.

The Taimyr Peninsula is inhabited by Nenets (in the next photo), Dolgans and Nganasans. But in the lower reaches of the Yenisei, the Kets live compactly - a small people who use a language that is not included in any of the known language groups. Tatars and Kazakhs also live in the southern part of Siberia within the steppe and forest-steppe zones.

The Russian population of Siberia, as a rule, considers itself to be Orthodox. Kazakhs and Tatars are Muslims by their religion. Many of the region's indigenous peoples adhere to traditional pagan beliefs.

Natural resources and economics

"Pantry of Russia" - this is how Siberia is often called, meaning the mineral resources of the region, grandiose in scale and diversity. So, there are colossal reserves of oil and gas, copper, lead, platinum, nickel, gold and silver, diamonds, coal and other minerals. About 60% of the all-Russian peat deposits lie in the bowels of Siberia.

Of course, the economy of Siberia is fully focused on the extraction and processing of natural resources in the region. Moreover, not only mineral and fuel and energy, but also forest. In addition, non-ferrous metallurgy and the pulp industry are well developed in the region.

At the same time, the rapid development of the mining and energy industries could not but affect the ecology of Siberia. So, it is here that the most polluted cities of Russia are located - Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk and Novokuznetsk.

History of the development of the region

After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the lands east of the Urals, in fact, turned out to be no man's land. Only the Siberian Tatars managed to organize their own state here - the Siberian Khanate. True, it did not last long.

Ivan the Terrible began to seriously colonize the Siberian lands, and even then - only towards the end of his tsarist reign. Prior to this, the Russians were practically not interested in the lands located beyond the Urals. At the end of the 16th century, the Cossacks, under the leadership of Yermak, founded several fortress cities in Siberia. Among them are Tobolsk, Tyumen and Surgut.

Initially, Siberia was mastered by exiles and convicts. Later, already in the 19th century, landless peasants began to come here in search of free hectares. Serious development of Siberia began only in late XIX century. In many ways, this was facilitated by the laying of the railway line. During the Second World War, large factories and enterprises were evacuated to Siberia Soviet Union and this had a positive impact on the development of the region's economy in the future.

Main cities

There are nine cities in the region, the population of which exceeds the 500,000 mark. This:

• Novosibirsk.
• Omsk.
• Krasnoyarsk.
• Tyumen.
• Barnaul.
• Irkutsk.
• Tomsk.
• Kemerovo.
• Novokuznetsk.

The first three cities on this list are "millionaires" in terms of population.

Novosibirsk is the unspoken capital of Siberia, the third most populated city in Russia. It is located on both banks of the Ob, one of the largest rivers in Eurasia. Novosibirsk is an important industrial, commercial and cultural center of the country. The leading industries of the city are energy, metallurgy and mechanical engineering. The economy of Novosibirsk is based on about 200 large and medium enterprises.

Krasnoyarsk is the oldest of the major cities in Siberia. It was founded back in 1628. It is the most important economic, cultural and educational center of Russia. Krasnoyarsk is located on the banks of the Yenisei, on the conditional border of the Western and Eastern Siberia. The city has a developed space industry, mechanical engineering, chemical industry and pharmaceuticals.

Tyumen is one of the first Russian cities in Siberia. Today it is the most important oil refining center in the country. Oil and gas production contributed to the rapid development of various scientific organizations in the city. Today, about 10% of the able-bodied population of Tyumen works in research institutes and universities.

Finally

Siberia is the largest historical and geographical region of Russia with a population of 36 million people. It is unusually rich in various natural resources, but suffers from a number of social and demographic problems. There are only three million-plus cities within the region. These are Novosibirsk, Omsk and Krasnoyarsk.

More than 125 nationalities live today, of which 26 are indigenous small peoples. The largest in terms of population among these small peoples are the Khanty, Nenets, Mansi, Siberian Tatars, Shors, Altaians. The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees every small people the inalienable right of self-identification and self-determination.

The Khants are called the indigenous, small Ugric West Siberian people living along the lower reaches of the Irtysh and Ob. Their total number is 30,943 people, with most of them 61% living in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and 30% in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The Khanty are engaged in fishing, reindeer herding and taiga hunting.

The ancient names of the Khanty "Ostyaks" or "Ugras" are widely used today. The word "Khanty" comes from the ancient local word "Kantakh", which simply means "man", in documents it appeared in Soviet years. The Khanty are ethnographically close to the Mansi people, and are often united with them under the single name of the Ob Ugrians.

The Khanty are heterogeneous in their composition, among them there are separate ethnographic territorial groups that differ in dialects and names, ways of managing the economy and original culture - Kazym, Vasyugan, Salym Khanty. The Khanty language belongs to the Ob-Ugric languages ​​of the Ural group, it is divided into many territorial dialects.

Since 1937, the modern writing of the Khanty has been developing on the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet. Today, 38.5% of the Khanty speak Russian fluently. The Khanty adhere to the religion of their ancestors - shamanism, but many of them consider themselves Orthodox Christians.

Externally, the Khanty have a height of 150 to 160 cm with black straight hair, a swarthy face and brown eyes. Their face is flat with widely protruding cheekbones, a wide nose and thick lips, reminiscent of a Mongoloid. But the Khanty, unlike the Mongoloid peoples, have a regular eye slit and a narrower skull.

In historical chronicles, the first mentions of the Khanty appear in the 10th century. Modern research showed that the Khanty lived in this territory as early as 5-6 thousand years BC. Later they were seriously pushed northward by the nomads.

The Khanty inherited numerous traditions of the Ust-Polui culture of taiga hunters, which developed at the end of the 1st millennium BC. - the beginning of the 1st millennium AD In the II millennium AD. the northern tribes of the Khanty were influenced by the Nenets reindeer herders and assimilated with them. In the south, the Khanty tribes felt the influence of the Turkic peoples, later Russians.

The traditional cults of the Khanty people include the cult of a deer, it was he who became the basis of the whole life of the people, a vehicle, a source of food and skins. It is with the deer that the worldview and many norms of the life of the people (inheritance of the herd) are connected.

The Khanty live in the north of the plain along the lower reaches of the Ob in nomadic temporary camps with temporary reindeer herding dwellings. To the south, on the banks of the Northern Sosva, Lozva, Vogulka, Kazym, Nizhnyaya, they have winter settlements and summer camps.

Khanty have long worshiped the elements and spirits of nature: fire, sun, moon, wind, water. Each of the clans has a totem, an animal that cannot be killed and used for food, deities of the family and patron ancestors. Everywhere the Khanty revere the bear, the owner of the taiga, they even hold a traditional holiday in his honor. The revered patroness of the hearth, happiness in the family and women in childbirth is the frog. There are always sacred places in the taiga where shamanic rites are held, appeasing their patron.

Mansi

Mansi (the old name for the Voguls, Vogulichi), whose number is 12,269 people, mostly live in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. This very numerous people has been known to Russians since the discovery of Siberia. Even the sovereign Ivan IV the Terrible ordered to send archers to pacify the numerous and powerful Mansi.

The word "Mansi" comes from the ancient Ugric word "mansz", meaning "man, person." The Mansi have their own language, belonging to the Ob-Ugric isolated group of the Ural language family and a fairly developed national epic. The Mansi are close linguistic relatives of the Khanty. Today, up to 60% are used in Everyday life Russian language.

Mansi successfully combine in their public life cultures of northern hunters and southern nomadic pastoralists. Novgorodians were in contact with the Mansi as early as the 11th century. With the advent of the Russians in the 16th century, part of the Vogul tribes went north, others lived next to the Russians and assimilated with them, adopting the language and the Orthodox faith.

Mansi beliefs are the worship of the elements and spirits of nature - shamanism, they have a cult of elders and ancestors, a totem bear. Mansi have the richest folklore and mythology. The Mansi are divided into two separate ethnographic groups of the descendants of the Por Urals and the descendants of the Mos Ugrians, which differ in origin and customs. In order to enrich the genetic material, marriages have long been concluded only between these groups.

Mansi are engaged in taiga hunting, deer breeding, fishing, farming and cattle breeding. Reindeer husbandry on the banks of the Northern Sosva and Lozva was adopted from the Khanty. To the south, with the arrival of the Russians, agriculture, breeding of horses, cattle and small cattle, pigs and poultry was adopted.

In everyday life and original work of the Mansi special meaning have ornaments similar in motifs to the drawings of the Selkups and Khanty. Mansi ornaments are clearly dominated by correct geometric patterns. Often with elements of deer antlers, rhombuses and wavy lines, similar to the Greek meander and zigzags, images of eagles and bears.

Nenets

Nenets, in the old way Yuraks or Samoyeds, in total 44,640 people live in the north of the Khanty-Mansiysk and, accordingly, the Yamalo-Nenets autonomous regions. The self-name of the Samoyedic people "Nenets" literally means "man, person." Of the northern indigenous peoples, they are the most numerous.

The Nenets are engaged in large-scale nomadic reindeer husbandry in. In Yamal, the Nenets keep up to 500,000 deer. The traditional dwelling of the Nenets is a conical tent. Up to one and a half thousand Nenets living south of the tundra on the Pur and Taz rivers are considered forest Nenets. In addition to reindeer herding, they are actively engaged in tundra and taiga hunting and fishing, collecting gifts from the taiga. The Nenets feed on rye bread, venison, sea animal meat, fish, and gifts from the taiga and tundra.

The language of the Nenets belongs to the Ural Samoyedic languages, it is divided into two dialects - tundra and forest, they, in turn, are divided into dialects. The Nenets people have the richest folklore, legends, fairy tales, epic stories. In 1937, linguists created a script for the Nenets based on the Cyrillic alphabet. Ethnographers describe the Nenets as stocky people with a large head, a flat earthy face, devoid of any vegetation.

Altaians

The territory of residence of the Turkic-speaking indigenous people of the Altaians became. They live in an amount of up to 71 thousand people, which allows us to consider them a large people, in the Altai Republic, partly in the Altai Territory. Among the Altaians, there are separate ethnic groups of Kumandins (2892 people), Telengits or Teleses (3712 people), Tubalars (1965 people), Teleuts (2643 people), Chelkans (1181 people).

Since ancient times, the Altaians have worshiped the spirits and elements of nature; they adhere to traditional shamanism, Burkhanism and Buddhism. They live in clans of seoks, kinship is considered through the male line. Altaians have a centuries-old richest history and folklore, tales and legends, own heroic epic.

Shors

The Shors are a small Turkic-speaking people, mainly living in remote areas. mountainous areas Kuzbass. The total number of Shors today is up to 14 thousand people. The Shors have long worshiped the spirits of nature and the elements; their main religion has become centuries-old shamanism.

The ethnos of the Shors was formed in the 6th-9th centuries by mixing the Ket-speaking and Turkic-speaking tribes who came from the south. The Shor language belongs to the Turkic languages, today more than 60% of the Shor people speak Russian. The epic of the Shors is ancient and very original. The traditions of the indigenous Shors are well preserved today in, most of the Shors now live in cities.

Siberian Tatars

In the Middle Ages, it was the Siberian Tatars that were the main population Siberian Khanate. Now the subethnos of the Siberian Tatars, as they call themselves "Seber Tatarlar", according to various estimates, from 190 thousand to 210 thousand people live in the south of Western Siberia. According to the anthropological type, the Tatars of Siberia are close to the Kazakhs and Bashkirs. Chulyms, Shors, Khakasses, and Teleuts can call themselves "Tadar" today.

Scientists believe that the ancestors of the Siberian Tatars are the medieval Kipchaks, who for a long time had contact with the Samoyeds, the Kets, and the Ugric peoples. The process of development and mixing of peoples took place in the south of Western Siberia from the 6th-4th millennium BC. before the emergence of the Tyumen kingdom in the 14th century, and later with the emergence of the powerful Siberian Khanate in the 16th century.

For the most part, Siberian Tatars use the literary Tatar language, but in some remote uluses, the Siberian-Tatar language from the Kypchak-Nogai group of Western Hunnic Turkic languages ​​has been preserved. It is divided into Tobol-Irtysh and Baraba dialects and many dialects.

The holidays of the Siberian Tatars contain features of pre-Islamic ancient Turkic beliefs. It is primarily amal when celebrated during spring equinox New Year. The arrival of the rooks and the beginning field work Siberian Tatars celebrate Karga Putka. Some Muslim holidays, ceremonies and prayers for sending down rain have also taken root here, Muslim burial places of Sufi sheikhs are revered.

Siberia occupies a vast geographical area Russia. Once it included such neighboring states as Mongolia, Kazakhstan and part of China. Today this territory belongs exclusively to the Russian Federation. Despite the huge area, there are relatively few settlements in Siberia. Most of the region is occupied by tundra and steppe.

Description of Siberia

The whole territory is divided into Eastern and Western regions. V rare cases theologians also define the Southern region, which is the mountainous region of Altai. The area of ​​Siberia is about 12.6 million square kilometers. km. This is approximately 73.5% of the total. It is interesting that Siberia is larger in area than Canada.

Of the main natural areas, in addition to the Eastern and Western regions, distinguish the Baikal and the largest rivers are the Yenisei, the Irtysh, the Angara, the Ob, the Amur and the Lena. Taimyr, Baikal and Ubsu-Nur are considered the most significant lake areas.

From an economic point of view, cities such as Novosibirsk, Tyumen, Omsk, Ulan-Ude, Tomsk, etc. can be called the centers of the region.

most high point Belukha Mountain is considered to be Siberian - over 4.5 thousand meters.

Population history

Historians call the Samoyed tribes the first inhabitants of the region. This people lived in the northern part. Due to the harsh climate, reindeer herding was the only occupation. They ate mainly fish from adjacent lakes and rivers. The Mansi people lived in the southern part of Siberia. Their favorite pastime was hunting. The Mansi traded in furs, which were highly valued by Western merchants.

The Turks are another significant population of Siberia. They lived in the upper reaches of the Ob River. They were engaged in blacksmithing and cattle breeding. Many Turkic tribes were nomadic. Buryats lived a little to the west of the mouth of the Ob. They became famous for the extraction and processing of iron.

The most numerous ancient population Siberia was represented by the Tungus tribes. They settled in the territory Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the Yenisei. They made a living by reindeer herding, hunting and fishing. The more prosperous were engaged in handicrafts.

There were thousands of Eskimos on the coast of the Chukchi Sea. These tribes for a long time was the slowest cultural and social development. Their only tools are a stone ax and a spear. They were mainly engaged in hunting and gathering.

In the 17th century, there was a sharp jump in the development of the Yakuts and Buryats, as well as the northern Tatars.

Native people

The population of Siberia today is made up of dozens of peoples. Each of them, according to the Constitution of Russia, has its own right to national identification. Many peoples of the Northern region even received autonomy within the Russian Federation with all the ensuing branches of self-government. This contributed not only to the lightning-fast development of the culture and economy of the region, but also to the preservation of local traditions and customs.

The indigenous population of Siberia mostly consists of Yakuts. Their number varies within 480 thousand people. Most of the population is concentrated in the city of Yakutsk - the capital of Yakutia.

The next largest people are the Buryats. There are more than 460 thousand of them. is the city of Ulan-Ude. The main property of the republic is Lake Baikal. Interestingly, this region is recognized as one of the main Buddhist centers in Russia.

Tuvans are the population of Siberia, which, according to the latest census, numbers about 264 thousand people. In the Republic of Tuva, shamans are still revered.

The population of such peoples as the Altaians and the Khakasses is almost equally divided: 72 thousand people each. The indigenous inhabitants of the districts are adherents of Buddhism.

The Nenets population is only 45 thousand people. They live on Throughout their history, the Nenets were famous nomads. Today, their priority income is reindeer herding.

Also on the territory of Siberia live such peoples as Evenki, Chukchi, Khanty, Shors, Mansi, Koryaks, Selkups, Nanais, Tatars, Chuvans, Teleuts, Kets, Aleuts and many others. Each of them has its own centuries-old traditions and legends.

Population

The dynamics of the demographic component of the region fluctuates significantly every few years. This is due to the mass relocation of young people to the southern cities of Russia and sharp jumps in birth and death rates. There are relatively few immigrants in Siberia. The reason for this is the harsh climate and specific conditions for life in the villages.

According to the latest data, the population of Siberia is about 40 million people. This is more than 27% of the total number of people living in Russia. The population is evenly distributed across the regions. In the northern part of Siberia, there are no large settlements due to poor living conditions. On average, there is 0.5 sq. km of land.

The most populous cities are Novosibirsk and Omsk - 1.57 and 1.05 million inhabitants respectively. Further along this criterion are Krasnoyarsk, Tyumen and Barnaul.

Peoples of Western Siberia

Cities account for about 71% of total strength region. Most of the population is concentrated in the Kemerovo and Khanty-Mansiysk districts. Nevertheless, the Republic of Altai is considered to be the agricultural center of the Western Region. It is noteworthy that the Kemerovo District ranks first in terms of population density - 32 people/sq. km.

The population of Western Siberia is 50% of able-bodied residents. Most of the employment is in industry and agriculture.

The region has one of the lowest unemployment rates in the country, with the exception of Tomsk Oblast and Khanty-Mansiysk.

Today the population of Western Siberia is Russians, Khanty, Nenets, Turks. By religion, there are Orthodox, Muslims, and Buddhists.

Population of Eastern Siberia

The share of urban residents varies within 72%. The most economically developed are the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region. From point of view Agriculture the most important point of the region is the Buryat district.

Every year the population of Eastern Siberia becomes less and less. V Lately there is a sharp negative trend in migration and birth rates. It is also the lowest in the country. In some areas, it is 33 square meters. km per person. The unemployment rate is high.

V ethnic composition includes such peoples as Mongols, Turks, Russians, Buryats, Evenks, Dolgans, Kets, etc. Most of the population is Orthodox and Buddhists.

The population of Siberia is about 24 million people. The largest cities of Siberia are Novosibirsk 1 million 390 thousand, Omsk 1 million 131 thousand, Krasnoyarsk 936.4 thousand, Barnaul 597 thousand, Irkutsk 575.8 thousand, Novokuznetsk 562 thousand people, Tyumen 538 thousand people. Ethnically, the main part of the population is Russian, however, many other ethnic groups and nationalities live in this territory, such as Buryats, Dolgans, Nenets, Komi, Khakasses, Chukchi, Evenks, Yakuts, etc.

The peoples of Siberia differed greatly in language, economic structure and social development. Yukaghirs, Chukchis, Koryaks, Itelmens, Nivkhs, as well as Asian Eskimos were at the earliest stage of social organization. Their development went in the direction of patriarchal-tribal orders, and some features were already evident (patriarchal family, slavery), but elements of matriarchy were still preserved: there was no division into clans and tribal exogamy.

Most of the peoples of Siberia were at various levels of the patriarchal-tribal system. These are Evenks, Kuznetsk and Chulym Tatars, Kotts, Kachintsy and other tribes of Southern Siberia. Remnants of patriarchal-clan relations were also preserved among many tribes that embarked on the path of class formation. These are the Yakuts, the ancestors of the Buryats, the Daurs, the Duchers, the Khanty-Mansiysk tribes. Only the Siberian Tatars, defeated by Yermak, had their own statehood.

Population of Eastern Siberia

The total urban population is 71.5%. The most urbanized Irkutsk region. and Krasnoyarsk Territory. The rural population dominates autonomous regions: in the Buryat Ust-Orda district there is no urban population at all, in the Buryat Aginsk district it is only 32%, and in the Evenki district - 29%.

The current migration growth of the population of the AFER is negative (-2.5 people per 1,000 inhabitants), which leads to depopulation of the region's population. Moreover, negative migration from the Taimyr and Evenk Autonomous Regions is an order of magnitude higher than the average and creates the prospect of complete depopulation of these regions.
The population density in the region is extremely low, four times lower than the Russian average. In the Evenki district, it is three people per 100 km 2 - a record low level in the country. And only in the south - in the forest-steppe Khakassia, the population density is close to the average Russian one.

The economically active population of Eastern Siberia was 50%, which is close to the national average. About 23% of the working population was employed in industry (in Russia, respectively, 22.4% and 13.3%). The level of general unemployment is very high (in the Republics of Buryatia and Tyva, as well as in the Chita region.

The level of unemployment in the EMEA is quite high, and the proportion of hidden unemployment is high in its composition.
The ethnic composition of the population of Eastern Siberia was formed as a result of centuries-old mixing of the indigenous Turkic-Mongolian and Russian Slavic population with the participation of small small peoples of Siberia, including those living in the taiga regions and in the Far North.

The peoples of the Turkic group live in the upper reaches of the Yenisei - Tuvans, Khakasses. Representatives of the Mongolian group, the Buryats, live in the mountains and steppes of the Cis-Baikal and Transbaikalia, and Evenks belonging to the Tungus-Manzhur language group live in the taiga regions of the central part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The Taimyr Peninsula is inhabited by the Nenets, Nganasans, and the Yurk-speaking Dolgans (related to the Yakuts). In the lower reaches of the Yenisei, a small people lives, the Kets, who have an isolated language that does not belong to any of the groups. All these peoples, with the exception of the extremely small Kets and Nganasans, have their own national-territorial formations - republics or districts.

Most of the population of Eastern Siberia adheres to the Orthodox faith, with the exception of the Buryats and Tuvans, who are Buddhists (Lamaists). The small peoples of the North and the Evenks retain traditional pagan beliefs.

Population of the West Siberian region

The total urban population is 71%. The most urbanized are the Kemerovo region, where the number of urban residents reaches 87%, and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - 91%. At the same time, in the Republic of Altai, 75% of the population are rural residents.
The area varies in population density. Very high population density in the Kemerovo region. - about 32 people / km 2. The minimum density in the polar Yamal-Nenets district is 0.7 people / km 2.

The economically active population of Western Siberia was 50%, slightly above the national average. About 21% of the working population was employed in industry, and about 13.2% in agriculture.

The level of general unemployment in Western Siberia was below the Russian average only in the Tyumen region. In other regions, it exceeded the national average. In terms of the level of registered unemployment, all regions were in the worst position relative to the average Russian indicator (1.4%), except for the Novosibirsk region. Most registered unemployed in the Tomsk region - 2.1% of the economically active population. In the oil-producing Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug, their number is 1.5 times higher than the average for Russia.

The ethnic composition of the population of Western Siberia is represented by Slavic (mainly Russians), Ugric and Samoyedic (Khanty, Mansi, Nenets) and Turkic (Tatars, Kazakhs, Altaians, Shors) peoples. The Russian population numerically predominates in all regions of the ZSER. The Nenets, who are part of the Samoyedic language group of the Uralic family, live mainly in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and are its indigenous people. The Khanty and Mansi, who are part of the Ugric group of the Ural family, live in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Turkic peoples- Kazakhs and Tatars live in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, and Altaians and Shors live in the mountainous regions of Altai and Mountain Shoria in the Kemerovo region.

The Russian population of Western Siberia is mainly Orthodox, believing Tatars and Kazakhs are Muslims, Altaians and Shors are partly Orthodox, some adhere to traditional pagan beliefs.



Video lesson “Eastern Siberia. Population and Economy” will introduce you to the indigenous peoples of Eastern Siberia, their way of life and culture. In addition, the teacher will tell you about the largest cities of the East Siberian region and their role in the political and economic life. From the lesson you will learn about the main sectors of the economy of Eastern Siberia, the geography of their location in the region.

Largest cities: Krasnoyarsk (1.03 million people), Irkutsk (600 thousand people), Ulan-Ude (412 thousand people).

Economy.

Main areas of specialization:

1. non-ferrous metallurgy

2. coal industry

3. electric power industry

4. chemical industry

5. timber industry

6. fur trade

The economy of the East Siberian region is formed on the basis of its own natural resources. Eastern Siberia, despite its still insufficient geological knowledge, is distinguished by exceptional wealth and a wide variety of natural resources. Most of the hydropower resources and general geological coal reserves are concentrated here, there are unique deposits of non-ferrous, rare and noble metals (copper, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, gold, platinum, etc.), many types of non-metallic raw materials (mica, asbestos, talc, graphite, magnesite, fluorspar, etc.), large reserves of oil and natural gas have been discovered. Eastern Siberia holds the first place in the Russian Federation in terms of timber reserves.

Geological reserves of coal reach 3.7 trillion. tons, which is more than half of the coal resources of Russia and twice the coal resources of the United States. The most studied and developed are the Kansk-Achinsk, Minusinsk and Irkutsk coal basins. The Taimyr, Tunguska and Ulugkhemsky basins have not yet been sufficiently explored and, all the more so, developed.

The Kansk-Achinsk coal basin extends along the Trans-Siberian railway for a distance of about 800 km. The total geological reserves of coal in it are 640 billion tons. The main deposits of this basin are: Berezovskoye, Irsha-Borodino, Nazarovskoye, Bogotolskoye, Abanskoye, Uryupskoye. The coals are brown, lie in thick layers (up to 100 m) and close to the surface, which allows them to be mined in an open way.

The Minusinsk coal basin has geological coal reserves of 32.5 billion tons. It is located along the banks of the upper reaches of the Yenisei and its tributary, the Abakan, in the Minusinsk basin. Coals - stone, their extraction can be carried out mainly by the mine method.

The reserves of the Irkutsk coal basin are estimated at 76.2 billion tons. The best quality bituminous coals of this basin occur in the Cheremkhovskoye, Novo-Metelkinskoye and Azeyskoye deposits.

Rich coal deposits are discovered on the territory of Tuva. The Ulugkhem basin stands out here with geological reserves of about 18 billion tons of coal, which is a good energy fuel and is characterized by a low content of ash and sulfur. However, due to the lack of transport links with the industrial centers of Eastern Siberia, the basin has so far only a local significance. Transbaikalia has significant coal reserves. In Buryatia, the most large deposits are Gusinoozerskoye, Nikolskoye, Tugunskoye. Coals are brown with a high yield of volatile combustible substances, as a result of which they can ignite spontaneously during long-term storage. The coals of the Chita region, for the most part, also belong to the brown ones. The main deposits are Kharanorskoye, Chernovskoye, Tarbagataiskoye. In the Bukachacha deposit, black coals.

The Tunguska coal basin occupies a large part (1 million sq. km.) of the Siberian platform between the Lena and Yenisei rivers. It is still poorly studied, and due to the inaccessibility and remoteness from industrial centers, it is not exploited (only coal is mined for the needs of Norilsk). However, according to estimates, the geological reserves of coal in the Tunguska basin are very large and amount to about 2299 billion tons. The Taimyr coal basin with total reserves of 235 billion tons is located in the northern part of the Taimyr Peninsula. climatic conditions and poor development of the transport network. Within the Krasnoyarsk Territory there is also a part of the Lena coal basin - the Anabar-Khatanga coal-bearing region with deposits of brown coal.

Oil was discovered in the 1960s near Ust-Kut near the village of Markovo. In subsequent years, oil and natural gas resources were discovered not only in the north Irkutsk region, but also in Evenkia, the Nizhne-Angarsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, however, they are not yet commercially mined. There are also minor reserves of oil shale.

In terms of the wealth of hydropower resources, Eastern Siberia occupies the first place in Russia. The basis for the development of the electric power industry is the coals of the Kansk-Achinsk basin and the hydro potential of the rivers, primarily the Angara and Yenisei. The region provides more than 13% of the total Russian electricity production. It is also important that a significant share of energy is produced at hydroelectric power plants, which means that it has a relatively low cost. Energy-intensive industries are developing on the basis of cheap energy.

The main branch of specialization in Eastern Siberia is non-ferrous metallurgy. 1/3 of Russian non-ferrous metals are produced here. First of all, it is aluminum (3/4 of Russian production), as well as nickel and copper. In addition, Eastern Siberia is one of the main gold mining regions.

Pulp and paper production is also energy intensive. This production uses local forest and water resources. The basic branch of the formation of the economy is the electric power industry. The basis of the energy economy of the East Siberian region is made up of powerful hydroelectric power plants - Sayano-Shushenskaya and Krasnoyarskaya on the Yenisei, as well as Bratskaya, Ust-Ilimskaya and the smaller Irkutskaya - on the Angara. On the basis of cheap brown coal, state district power plants (thermal power plants of district significance) operate - Nazarovskaya and Berezovskaya.

Rice. 2. Krasnoyarsk HPP ()

Aluminum production is located near the hydroelectric power station (a source of cheap electricity). The main centers are Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Shelekhov, Sayanogorsk. The production of copper, nickel, cobalt and other rare non-ferrous metals is represented in Norilsk.

Rice. 3. Metallurgical plant in Norilsk ()

The only oil refinery in Eastern Siberia is located in Angarsk. The most important centers of the timber industry are Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Ust-Ilimsk, and Lesosibirsk.

Spring wheat is grown on steppe areas with fertile soils in the southern part of the region. Half-fine-fleeced sheep are grazed on mountain pastures.

National composition The population of Eastern Siberia is relatively homogeneous. 80% of the population are Russians who began to develop the territory of Siberia from late XVI century.

Homework:

P. 58, question 2.

1. Name and find on the map the main industrial centers of Eastern Siberia.

2. List the peoples of Eastern Siberia. Name the largest cities in the region.

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography of Russia. population and economy. Grade 9: textbook for general education. uch. / V. P. Dronov, V. Ya. Rom. - M.: Bustard, 2011. - 285 p.

2. Geography. Grade 9: atlas. - 2nd ed., corrected. - M.: Bustard; DIK, 2011 - 56 p.

Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A. T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.

2. Ethnography: textbook / ed. Yu. V. Bromley, G. E. Markova. — M.: graduate School, 1982. - S. 320. Chapter 10. "Peoples of Siberia".

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography: a guide for high school students and university applicants. - 2nd ed., corrected. and dorab. - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.

Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination

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4. State final certification of 9th grade graduates in a new form. Geography. 2013. Tutorial/ V. V. Barabanov. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2013. - 80 p.

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8. Thematic tests to prepare for final certification and USE. Geography. - M.: Balass, Ed. House of RAO, 2005. - 160 p.

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