Units of measurement e. Units

• 1 General
• 2 History
• 3 SI units
  • 3.1 Basic units
  • 3.2 Derived units
• 4 Non-SI units
• Prefixes

General information

The SI system was adopted by the XI General Conference on Weights and Measures; some subsequent conferences made a number of changes to the SI.

The SI system defines seven major and derivatives units of measure as well as a set. Standard abbreviations for units of measure and rules for writing derived units have been established.

In Russia, GOST 8.417-2002 is in force, which prescribes the mandatory use of SI. It lists the units of measurement, lists their Russian and international names and establishes the rules for their use. According to these rules, only international symbols may be used in international documents and on instrument scales. In internal documents and publications, you can use either international or Russian designations (but not both at the same time).

Basic units: kilogram, meter, second, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela. Within the SI, these units are considered to have independent dimensions, that is, none of the basic units can be obtained from others.

Derived units are derived from basic ones using algebraic operations such as multiplication and division. Some of the derived units in the SI System have their own names.

Prefixes can be used before the names of units of measurement; they mean that the unit of measurement must be multiplied or divided by a certain integer, a power of 10. For example, the prefix "kilo" means multiplication by 1000 (kilometer = 1000 meters). SI prefixes are also called decimal prefixes.

Story

The SI system is based on the metric system of measures, which was created by French scientists and was first widely introduced after the Great French revolution... Before the introduction of the metric system, units of measurement were chosen randomly and independently of each other. Therefore, the conversion from one unit of measurement to another was difficult. In addition, in different places were used different units measurements, sometimes with the same names. The metric system was supposed to become a convenient and unified system of measures and weights.

In 1799, two standards were approved - for the unit of measurement of length (meter) and for the unit of measurement of weight (kilogram).

In 1874, the CGS system was introduced, based on three units of measurement - centimeter, gram and second. Decimal prefixes from micro to mega were also introduced.

In 1889, the 1st General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted a system of measures similar to the GHS, but based on the meter, kilogram and second, since these units were recognized as more convenient for practical use.

Subsequently, basic units were introduced for measuring physical quantities in the field of electricity and optics.

In 1960, the XI General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted the standard, which was first named "International system of units(SI) ".

In 1971, the IV General Conference on Weights and Measures amended the SI, adding, in particular, a unit for measuring the amount of a substance (mol).

Currently, the SI is accepted as the legal system of units of measurement by most countries in the world and is almost always used in the field of science (even in those countries that have not adopted the SI).

SI units

After the designations of SI units and their derivatives, a dot is not put, in contrast to the usual abbreviations.

Basic units

The magnitude	unit of measurement		Designation
	Russian name	international name	Russian	international
Length	meter	meter (meter)	m	m
Weight	kilogram	kilogram	kg	kg
Time	second	second	With	s
Electric current strength	ampere	ampere	A	A
Thermodynamic temperature	kelvin	kelvin	TO	K
The power of light	candela	candela	cd	cd
Amount of substance	mole	mole	mole	mol

Derived units

Derived units can be expressed in terms of basic ones using mathematical operations of multiplication and division. For convenience, some of the derived units have been assigned their own names; such units can also be used in mathematical expressions to form other derived units.

The mathematical expression for the derived unit of measurement follows from the physical law by which this unit of measurement is determined or the definition of the physical quantity for which it is entered. For example, speed is the distance that a body travels per unit of time. Accordingly, the unit of measure for speed is m / s (meter per second).

Often, the same unit of measurement can be written in different ways, using a different set of basic and derived units (see, for example, the last column in the table ). However, in practice, established (or simply generally accepted) expressions are used that best reflect physical meaning measured value. For example, N × m should be used to record the moment of force, and m × N or J should not be used.

Derived units with their own names

The magnitude	unit of measurement		Designation		Expression
	Russian name	international name	Russian	international
Flat angle	radian	radian	glad	rad	m × m -1 = 1
Solid angle	steradian	steradian	Wed	sr	m 2 × m -2 = 1
Celsius temperature	degree Celsius	° C	degree Celsius	° C	K
Frequency	hertz	hertz	Hz	Hz	s -1
Power	newton	newton	N	N	kg × m / s 2
Energy	joule	joule	J	J	N × m = kg × m 2 / s 2
Power	watt	watt	W	W	J / s = kg × m 2 / s 3
Pressure	pascal	pascal	Pa	Pa	N / m 2 = kg? M -1? S 2
Light flow	lumen	lumen	lm	lm	cd × sr
Illumination	luxury	lux	OK	lx	lm / m2 = cd × sr × m -2
Electric charge	pendant	coulomb	Cl	C	A × s
Potential difference	volt	volt	V	V	J / C = kg × m 2 × s -3 × A -1
Resistance	ohm	ohm	Ohm	Ω	B / A = kg × m 2 × s -3 × A -2
Capacity	farad	farad	F	F	Cl / V = ​​kg -1 × m -2 × s 4 × А 2
Magnetic flux	weber	weber	Wb	Wb	kg × m 2 × s -2 × A -1
Magnetic induction	tesla	tesla	T	T	Wb / m 2 = kg × s -2 × A -1
Inductance	Henry	henry	Mr.	H	kg × m 2 × s -2 × A -2
Electrical conductivity	Siemens	siemens	Cm	S	Ohm -1 = kg -1 × m -2 × s 3 A 2
Radioactivity	becquerel	becquerel	Bq	Bq	s -1
Absorbed dose ionizing radiation	Gray	gray	Gr	Gy	J / kg = m 2 / s 2
Effective dose of ionizing radiation	sievert	sievert	Sv	Sv	J / kg = m 2 / s 2
Catalyst activity	rolled	katal	cat	kat	mol × s -1

Non-SI units

Some units of measurement that are not included in the SI system, according to the decision of the General Conference on Weights and Measures, are "allowed for use in conjunction with SI".

unit of measurement	International name	Designation		Quantity in SI units
		Russian	international
minute	minute	min	min	60 s
hour	hour	h	h	60 min = 3600 s
day	day	days	d	24 h = 86 400 s
degree	degree	°	°	(N / 180) glad
angular minute	minute	′	′	(1/60) ° = (P / 10 800)
angular second	second	″	″	(1/60) ′ = (P / 648,000)
liter	liter (liter)	l	l, L	1 dm 3
ton	tonne	T	t	1000 kg
neper	neper	Np	Np
white	bel	B	B
electron-volt	electronvolt	eV	eV	10 -19 J
atomic mass unit	unified atomic mass unit	a. eat.	u	= 1,49597870691 -27 kg
astronomical unit	astronomical unit	a. e.	ua	10 11 m
nautical mile	nautical mile	mile		1852 m (exact)
knot	knot	knots		1 nautical mile per hour = (1852/3600) m / s
ar	are	a	a	10 2 m 2
hectare	hectare	ha	ha	10 4 m 2
bar	bar	bar	bar	10 5 Pa
angstrom	ångström	Å	Å	10 -10 m
barn	barn	b	b	10 -28 m 2

Any dimension associated with finding numerical values physical quantities, with the help of them, the laws of the phenomena that are being investigated are determined.

Concept physical quantities, For example, forces, weights, etc., is a reflection of the objectively existing characteristics of inertia, extension and so on inherent in material objects. These characteristics exist outside and independently of our consciousness, not depending on the person, the quality of the means and methods that are used in measurements.

Physical quantities that characterize a material object under given conditions are not created by measurements, but only determined with the help of them. Measure any quantity this means to determine its numerical ratio with any other homogeneous quantity, which is taken as a unit of measurement.

Based on this, measuring the comparison process is called set value with some of its value, which is taken as unit of measurement.

The formula for the relationship between the quantity for which the derived unit is set and the quantities A, B, C, ... units they are installed independently, general view:

where k- numerical coefficient (in the given case k = 1).

The formula for linking a derived unit with basic or other units is called formuladimensions, and exponents dimensions For convenience in the practical use of units, such concepts as multiples and sub-multiples have been introduced.

Multiple unit- a unit that is an integer number of times more than a systemic or non-systemic unit. A multiple unit is formed by multiplying the base or derived unit by 10 to the corresponding positive power.

Fractional unit- a unit that is an integer number of times less than a systemic or non-systemic unit. Fractional unit is formed by multiplying the base or derived unit by the number 10 in the corresponding negative power.

Definition of the term "unit of measure".

Unification of measurement units engaged in a science called metrology. Literally translated, it is the science of measurement.

Looking into the International Vocabulary of Metrology, we find out that unit is a real scalar quantity, which is defined and accepted by convention, with which it is easy to compare any other quantity of the same kind and express their ratio using a number.

The unit of measurement can be considered as a physical quantity. However, there is a very important difference between a physical quantity and a unit of measurement: the unit of measurement has a fixed, conventionally accepted numerical value. This means that the units of measurement for the same physical quantity are possible different.

For instance, weight can have the following units: kilogram, gram, pound, pood, centner. The difference between them is clear to everyone.

The numerical value of a physical quantity is represented by the ratio of the measured value to the standard value, which is unit of measure... The number with the unit of measurement is named number.

There are basic and derived units.

Basic units set for such physical quantities that are selected as basic in a specific system of physical quantities.

Thus, the International System of Units (SI) is based on the International System of Units, in which the main quantities are seven quantities: length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of matter and luminous intensity. This means that in SI, the basic units are the units of the quantities that are indicated above.

Size of basic units are established by agreement within the framework of a specific system of units and are fixed either by means of standards (prototypes), or by the method of fixing the numerical values ​​of fundamental physical constants.

Derived units are determined through the basic method of using those connections between physical quantities that are established in the system of physical quantities.

There are a huge number of different systems of units. They differ both in the systems of quantities on which they are based and in the choice of the basic units.

Usually, the state, with the help of laws, establishes a certain system of units preferred or mandatory for use in the country. In the Russian Federation, the main units are the SI units.

Systems of units of measure.

Metric systems.

• MKGSS,

Systems of natural units of measure.

• Atomic system of units,
• Planck units,
• Geometrized system of units,
• Lorenz - Heaviside units.

Traditional systems of measures.

• Russian system of measures,
• English system of measures,
• French system of measures,
• Chinese system of measures,
• Japanese system of measures,
• Already outdated (Ancient Greek, Ancient Roman, Ancient Egyptian, Ancient Babylonian, Hebrew).

Units of measurement grouped by physical quantities.

• Mass units (mass),
• Temperature units (temperature),
• Distance units (distance),
• Area units (area),
• Volume units (volume),
• Units of measurement of information (information),
• Time units (time),
• Pressure units (pressure),
• Heat flow units (heat flow).

Electric current (I) is the directional movement of electric charges (ions in electrolytes, conduction electrons in metals).
A necessary condition for the flow of electric current is the closedness of the electric circuit.

Electric current is measured in amperes (A).

The derived current units are:
1 kiloampere (kA) = 1000 A;
1 milliampere (mA) 0.001 A;
1 microampere (μA) = 0.000001 A.

A person begins to feel a current of 0.005 A passing through his body. A current greater than 0.05 A is dangerous to human life.

Electric voltage (U) called the potential difference between two points electric field.

Unit differences electrical potentials is a volt (V).
1 V = (1 W): (1 A).

The derived voltage units are:

1 kilovolt (kV) = 1000 V;
1 millivolt (mV) = 0.001 V;
1 microvolt (μV) = 0.00000 1 V.

Resistance of a section of an electrical circuit called a value that depends on the material of the conductor, its length and cross-section.

Electrical resistance is measured in ohms (ohms).
1 ohm = (1 V): (1 A).

Derived resistance units are:

1 kiloOhm (kOhm) = 1000 Ohm;
1 megaohm (megohm) = 1,000,000 ohm;
1 milliohm (mOhm) = 0.001 ohm;
1 microohm (μohm) = 0.00000 1 ohm.

The electrical resistance of the human body, depending on a number of conditions, ranges from 2000 to 10,000 ohms.

Specific electrical resistance (ρ) called the resistance of a wire with a length of 1 m and a cross-section of 1 mm2 at a temperature of 20 ° C.

The reciprocal of specific resistance is called electrical conductivity (γ).

Power (P) called the value characterizing the speed at which the transformation of energy occurs, or the speed at which the work is done.
The power of the generator is a quantity that characterizes the speed at which mechanical or other energy is converted into electrical energy in the generator.
The consumer's power is a quantity that characterizes the speed at which the transformation takes place electrical energy in separate sections of the chain into other useful forms of energy.

The SI system unit of power is watt (W). It is equal to the power at which 1 joule of work is performed in 1 second:

1W = 1J / 1sec

Derived units of measurement of electrical power are:

1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 W;
1 megawatt (MW) = 1,000 kW = 1,000,000 W;
1 milliwatt (mW) = 0.001 W o1i
1 horsepower (hp) = 736 W = 0.736 kW.

Units of measurement of electrical energy are:

1 watt-second (W sec) = 1 J = (1 N) (1 m);
1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3, b 106 W sec.

Example. The current consumed by an electric motor connected to a 220 V network was 10 A for 15 minutes. Determine the energy consumed by the engine.
W * sec, or, dividing this value by 1000 and 3600, we get energy in kilowatt-hours:

W = 1980000 / (1000 * 3600) = 0.55kW * h

Table 1. Electrical quantities and units

STATE SUPPORT SYSTEM
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

UNITS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

GOST 8.417-81

(ST SEV 1052-78)

USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS

Moscow

DEVELOPED USSR State Committee for Standards CONTRACTORSYu.V. Tarbeev, Dr. Tech. sciences; K.P. Shirokov, Dr. Tech. sciences; P.N. Selivanov, Cand. tech. sciences; ON THE. EryukhinaINTRODUCED USSR State Committee for Standards Member of Gosstandart OK. IsaevAPPROVED AND COMMITTED INTO ACTION Resolution of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated March 19, 1981 No. 1449

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF SSR

State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements UNITSPHYSICALVELICHIN State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Units of physical quantities

GOST 8.417-81 (ST SEV 1052-78)

By the decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated March 19, 1981 No. 1449, the introduction period was established

from 01.01 1982

This standard establishes units of physical quantities (hereinafter referred to as units) used in the USSR, their names, designations and rules for the application of these units. The standard does not apply to units used in scientific research and in the publication of their results, if they do not consider and do not use the results of measurements of specific physical quantities, as well as in units of quantities evaluated according to conventional scales *. * Conventional scales mean, for example, Rockwell and Vickers hardness scales, photosensitivity of photographic materials. The standard corresponds to ST SEV 1052-78 in part general provisions, units of the International System, non-SI units, rules for the formation of decimal multiples and sub-multiples, as well as their names and designations, rules for writing unit designations, rules for the formation of coherent derived SI units (see reference Appendix 4).

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. Units of the International System of Units *, as well as decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them are subject to mandatory use (see Section 2 of this standard). * International system of units (international abbreviated name - SI, in Russian transcription - SI), adopted in 1960 by the XI General Conference on Weights and Measures (GCMW) and refined at subsequent GCMV. 1.2. It is allowed to use on a par with the units of clause 1.1, units that are not included in the SI, in accordance with clauses. 3.1 and 3.2, their combinations with SI units, as well as some decimal multiples and sub-multiples of the above units that have found wide application in practice. 1.3. It is temporarily allowed to use, along with the units of clause 1.1, units that are not included in the SI, in accordance with clause 3.3, as well as some that have become widespread in practice, multiples and sub-multiples of them, combinations of these units with SI units, decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them and with units according to clause 3.1. 1.4. In newly developed or revised documentation, as well as publications, the values ​​of quantities should be expressed in SI units, decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them and (or) in units allowed for use in accordance with clause 1.2. It is also allowed in the specified documentation to use units according to clause 3.3, the expiration date of which will be established in accordance with international agreements. 1.5. The newly approved normative and technical documentation for measuring instruments should provide for their calibration in SI units, decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them, or in units allowed for use in accordance with clause 1.2. 1.6. The newly developed normative and technical documentation on methods and means of verification should provide for the verification of measuring instruments, calibrated in newly introduced units. 1.7. The SI units established by this standard and the units allowed for use in clauses 3.1 and 3.2 should be applied in learning processes all educational institutions, in textbooks and teaching aids... 1.8. Revision of the regulatory, technical, design, technological and other technical documentation in which units are used that are not provided for in this standard, as well as bringing them in line with paragraphs. 1.1 and 1.2 of this standard, measuring instruments calibrated in units to be withdrawn are carried out in accordance with clause 3.4 of this standard. 1.9. With contractual and legal relations on cooperation with foreign countries, with participation in activities international organizations, as well as in technical and other documentation supplied abroad together with export products (including transport and consumer packaging), international designations of units are used. In the documentation for export products, if this documentation is not sent abroad, it is allowed to use Russian designations of units. (New edition, Amendment No. 1). 1.10. In the normative and technical design, technological and other technical documentation for various types of products and products used only in the USSR, preferably Russian designations of units are used. At the same time, regardless of which designations of units are used in the documentation for measuring instruments, when specifying units of physical quantities on the plates, scales and shields of these measuring instruments, international designations of units are used. (New edition, Amendment No. 2). 1.11. In printed publications, it is allowed to use either international or Russian designations of units. Simultaneous use of both types of designations in the same edition is not allowed, with the exception of publications on units of physical quantities.

2. UNITS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

2.1. The basic SI units are given in table. one.

Table 1

The magnitude
Name	Dimension	Name	Designation		Definition
			international
Length					The meter is the length of the path traversed by light in a vacuum during the time interval 1/299792458 S [XVII CGPM (1983), Resolution 1].
Weight		kilogram			A kilogram is a unit of mass equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram [I GKMV (1889) and III GKMV (1901)]
Time					A second is a time equal to 9192631770 periods of radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom [XIII GCMW (1967), Resolution 1]
Electric current strength					Ampere is power equal to strength constant current, which, when passing through two parallel rectilinear conductors of infinite length and negligible circular cross-sectional area, located in vacuum at a distance of 1 m from one another, would cause an interaction force equal to 2 × 10 -7 in each section of a conductor 1 m long N [CIPM (1946), Resolution 2, approved by the IX CIPM (1948)]
Thermodynamic temperature					Kelvin is a unit of thermodynamic temperature equal to 1 / 273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water [X III GCMW (1967), Resolution 4]
Amount of substance					A mole is the amount of matter in a system containing as many structural elements as there are atoms in carbon-12 weighing 0.012 kg. When using a mole structural elements must be specified and can be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons and other particles or specified groups of particles [XIV CMPP (1971), Resolution 3]
The power of light					Candela is the force equal to the luminous intensity in a given direction of a source emitting monochromatic radiation with a frequency of 540 × 10 12 Hz, the luminous intensity of which in this direction is 1/683 W / sr [XVI CGMW (1979), Resolution 3]
Notes: 1. In addition to the Kelvin temperature (designation T) it is also allowed to use the Celsius temperature (designation t) defined by the expression t = T - T 0, where T 0 = 273.15 K by definition. Kelvin temperature is expressed in Kelvin, Celsius temperature - in Celsius (international and Russian designation ° С). A degree Celsius is equal in size to a Kelvin. 2. The interval or temperature difference Kelvin is expressed in Kelvin. The interval or difference in Celsius temperatures can be expressed in both Kelvin and Celsius degrees. 3. The designation of the International Practical Temperature in the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968, if it is necessary to distinguish it from the thermodynamic temperature, is formed by adding the index "68" to the designation of the thermodynamic temperature (for example, T 68 or t 68). 4. The unity of light measurements is ensured in accordance with GOST 8.023-83.

(Modified edition, Amendments No. 2, 3). 2.2. Additional SI units are given in table. 2.

table 2

Name of quantity
	Name	Designation		Definition
		international
Flat angle				Radian is the angle between two radii of a circle, the length of the arc between which is equal to the radius
Solid angle	steradian			The steradian is a solid angle with a vertex in the center of the sphere, cutting out an area on the surface of the sphere, equal area square with side equal to the radius of the sphere

(Modified edition, Amendment No. 3). 2.3. SI derived units should be formed from basic and additional SI units according to the rules for the formation of coherent derived units (see mandatory Appendix 1). SI derived units with special names can also be used to form other SI derived units. Derived units with special names and examples of other derived units are given in table. 3 - 5. Note. SI electrical and magnetic units should be formed in accordance with the rationalized form of the equations of electro magnetic field.

Table 3

Examples of SI derived units, the names of which are formed from the names of basic and additional units

The magnitude
Name	Dimension	Name	Designation
			international
Square		square meter
Volume, capacity		cubic meter
Speed		meter per second
Angular velocity		radians per second
Acceleration		meter per square second
Angular acceleration		radian per second squared
Wave number		meter minus the first degree
Density		kilogram per cubic meter
Specific volume		cubic meter per kilogram
		ampere per square meter
		ampere per meter
Molar concentration		mole per cubic meter
Ionizing particle flux		second to minus first power
Particle flux density		second to minus first degree - meter to minus second degree
Brightness		candela per square meter

Table 4

SI derived units with special names

The magnitude
Name	Dimension	Name	Designation		Expression in terms of basic and additional, SI units
			international
Frequency
Strength, weight
Pressure, mechanical stress, elastic modulus
Energy, work, amount of heat					m 2 × kg × s -2
Power, energy flow					m 2 × kg × s -3
Electric charge (amount of electricity)
Electric voltage, electric potential, electric potential difference, electromotive force					m 2 × kg × s -3 × A -1
Electrical capacity	L -2 M -1 T 4 I 2				m -2 × kg -1 × s 4 × A 2
					m 2 × kg × s -3 × A -2
Electrical conductivity	L -2 M -1 T 3 I 2				m -2 × kg -1 × s 3 × A 2
Magnetic induction flux, magnetic flux					m 2 × kg × s -2 × A -1
Magnetic flux density, magnetic induction					kg × s -2 × A -1
Inductance, mutual inductance					m 2 × kg × s -2 × A -2
Light flow
Illumination					m -2 × cd × sr
Nuclide activity in radioactive source(radionuclide activity)		becquerel
Absorbed dose of radiation, kerma, absorbed dose index (absorbed dose of ionizing radiation)
Equivalent dose of radiation

(Modified edition, Amendment No. 3).

Table 5

Examples of SI derived units, the names of which are formed using the special names given in table. 4

The magnitude
Name	Dimension	Name	Designation		Expression in terms of basic and additional SI units
			international
Moment of power		newton meter			m 2 × kg × s -2
Surface tension		Newton per meter
Dynamic viscosity		pascal second			m -1 × kg × s -1
		pendant per cubic meter
Electrical displacement		pendant per square meter
		volts per meter			m × kg × s -3 × A -1
Absolute dielectric constant	L -3 M -1 × T 4 I 2	farad per meter			m -3 × kg -1 × s 4 × A 2
Absolute magnetic permeability		henry per meter			m × kg × s -2 × A -2
Specific energy		joule per kilogram
Heat capacity of the system, entropy of the system		joule per kelvin			m 2 × kg × s -2 × K -1
Specific heat, specific entropy		joule per kilogram-kelvin		J / (kg × K)	m 2 × s -2 × K -1
Surface energy flux density		watt per square meter
Thermal conductivity		watt per meter-kelvin			m × kg × s -3 × K -1
		joule per mole			m 2 × kg × s -2 × mol -1
Molar entropy, molar heat capacity	L 2 MT -2 q -1 N -1	joule per mole kelvin		J / (mol × K)	m 2 × kg × s -2 × K -1 × mol -1
		watt per steradian			m 2 × kg × s -3 × sr -1
Exposure dose (X-ray and gamma radiation)		pendant per kilogram
Absorbed dose rate		gray per second

3. UNITS NOT INCLUDED IN THE SI

3.1. The units listed in table. 6, are allowed for use without any time limit on a par with SI units. 3.2. Without limiting the term, it is allowed to use relative and logarithmic units, with the exception of the unit neper (see p. 3.3). 3.3. The units shown in table. 7, it is temporarily allowed to apply until the adoption of the relevant international solutions... 3.4. Units, the ratios of which with SI units are given in reference Appendix 2, are withdrawn from circulation within the time frames provided for by the programs of measures for the transition to SI units, developed in accordance with RD 50-160-79. 3.5. In justified cases in industries National economy it is allowed to use units that are not provided for in this standard by introducing them into industry standards in agreement with the State Standard.

Table 6

Non-SI units allowed for use on a par with SI units

Name of quantity					Note
	Name	Designation		Correlation with the SI unit
		international
Weight
	atomic mass unit			1.66057 × 10 -27 × kg (appr.)
Time 1
				86400 s
Flat angle				(p / 180) rad = 1.745329 ... × 10 -2 × rad
				(p / 10800) rad = 2.908882 ... × 10 -4 rad
				(p / 648000) rad = 4.848137 ... 10 -6 rad
Volume, capacity
Length	astronomical unit			1.49598 × 10 11 m (appr.)
	light year			9.4605 × 10 15 m (appr.)
				3.0857 × 10 16 m (appr.)
Optical power	diopter
Square
Energy	electron-volt			1.60219 x 10 -19 J (appr.)
Full power	volt-ampere
Reactive power
Mechanical stress	newton per square millimeter
1 It is also allowed to use other units that have become widespread, for example, week, month, year, century, millennium, etc. 2 It is allowed to use the name "gon" 3 It is not recommended to use it for precise measurements. If it is possible to shift the designation l with the number 1, the designation L is allowed. Note. Units of time (minute, hour, day), flat angle (degree, minute, second), astronomical unit, light year, diopter and atomic mass unit are not allowed to be used with prefixes

(Modified edition, Amendment No. 3).

Table 7

Units temporarily admitted for use

Name of quantity					Note
	Name	Designation		Correlation with the SI unit
		international
Length	nautical mile			1852 m (exact)	In nautical navigation
Acceleration					In gravimetry
Weight				2 × 10 -4 kg (exact)	For precious stones and pearls
Linear density				10 -6 kg / m (exact)	In the textile industry
Speed					In nautical navigation
Rotation frequency	revolution per second
	rpm			1/60 s -1 = 0.016 (6) s -1
Pressure
Natural logarithm of the dimensionless ratio of a physical quantity to a physical quantity of the same name, taken as the initial one					1 Np = 0.8686 ... V = 8.686 ... dB

(Modified edition, Amendment No. 3).

4. RULES FOR THE FORMATION OF DECIMAL MULTIPLE AND PRICE UNITS, AS WELL AS THEIR NAMES AND DESIGNATIONS

4.1. Decimal multiples and sub-multiples, as well as their names and designations, should be formed using the factors and prefixes given in table. eight.

Table 8

Multipliers and prefixes for the formation of decimal multiples and sub-multiples and their names

Factor	Prefix	Prefix designation		Factor	Prefix	Prefix designation
		international				international

4.2. Joining the name of a unit of two or more prefixes in a row is not allowed. For example, instead of the name of the micromicrofarad unit, you should write picofarad. Notes: 1 Due to the fact that the name of the basic unit - kilogram contains the prefix "kilo", to form multiple and sub-multiple units of mass, a sub-multiple unit of gram (0.001 kg, kg) is used, and prefixes must be attached to the word "gram", for example, milligram (mg, mg) instead of microkilograms (m kg, μkg). 2. Fractional unit of mass - "gram" is allowed to be used without attaching a prefix. 4.3. The prefix or its designation should be written together with the name of the unit to which it is attached, or, accordingly, with its designation. 4.4. If the unit is formed as a product or ratio of units, the prefix should be attached to the name of the first unit included in the work or in the relation. It is allowed to use the prefix in the second multiplier of the product or in the denominator only in justified cases when such units are widespread and the transition to units formed in accordance with the first part of the paragraph is associated with great difficulties, for example: ton-kilometer (t × km; t × km), watt per square centimeter (W / cm 2; W / cm 2), volt per centimeter (V / cm; V / cm), ampere per square millimeter (A / mm 2; A / mm 2). 4.5. The names of multiples and sub-multiples of a unit raised to a power should be formed by attaching a prefix to the name of the original unit, for example, to form the names of a multiple or sub-multiple of a unit of area - a square meter, which is the second degree of a unit of length - a meter, the prefix should be attached to the name of this last unit: square kilometer, square centimeter, etc. 4.6. The designations of multiples and sub-multiples of a unit raised to a power should be formed by adding the appropriate exponent to the designation of a multiple or sub-multiple of this unit, and the indicator means raising a multiple or sub-multiple to a power (together with a prefix). Examples: 1.5 km 2 = 5 (10 3 m) 2 = 5 × 10 6 m 2. 2.250 cm 3 / s = 250 (10 -2 m) 3 / (1 s) = 250 × 10 -6 m 3 / s. 3.0.002 cm -1 = 0.002 (10 -2 m) -1 = 0.002 × 100 m -1 = 0.2 m -1. 4.7. Guidelines for choosing decimal multiples and sub-multiples are given in Reference Appendix 3.

5. RULES FOR WRITING THE DESIGNATIONS OF UNITS

5.1. To write the values ​​of quantities, the designation of units by letters or special characters (... °, ... ¢, ... ¢ ¢) should be used, and two types of letter designations are established: international (using Latin letters or Greek alphabet) and Russians (using the letters of the Russian alphabet). The unit designations established by the standard are given in table. 1 - 7. International and Russian designations for relative and logarithmic units are as follows: percentage (%), ppm (o / oo), ppm (pp m, ppm), bel (V, B), decibel (dB, dB), octave (- , oct), decade (-, dec), background (phon, background). 5.2. Letter designations of units should be printed in roman type. In the notation of units, the dot is not used as a sign of abbreviation. 5.3. Unit designations should be used after numeric: values ​​of quantities and placed in a line with them (without wrapping to the next line). A space should be left between the last digit of the number and the designation of the unit, equal to the minimum distance between words, which is determined for each type and size of font in accordance with GOST 2.304-81. Exceptions are designations in the form of a sign raised above the line (clause 5.1), before which no space is left. (Modified edition, Amendment No. 3). 5.4. In the presence of decimal in the numerical value of a quantity, the designation of the unit should be placed after all digits. 5.5. When specifying the values ​​of quantities with maximum deviations, the numerical values ​​with maximum deviations should be enclosed in brackets and the designation of the unit should be placed after the brackets or the designations of the units should be put down after the numerical value of the quantity and after its maximum deviation. 5.6. It is allowed to use the designations of units in the headings of the columns and in the names of the rows (sidebars) of the tables. Examples:

Nominal flow rate. m 3 / h	Upper limit of indications, m 3		Division price of the extreme right roller, m 3, no more
100, 160, 250, 400, 600 and 1000
2500, 4000, 6000 and 10000
Traction power, kW
Overall dimensions, mm:
length
width
height
Track, mm
Clearance, mm

5.7. It is allowed to use the designations of units in the explanations of the designations of quantities to formulas. Placement of unit designations on the same line with formulas expressing dependencies between quantities or between their numerical values ​​presented in alphabetic form is not allowed. 5.8. The letter designations of the units included in the product should be separated by dots on the middle line, like multiplication signs *. * In typewritten texts, it is allowed not to raise the point. It is allowed to separate the letter designations of the units included in the work with spaces, if this does not lead to a misunderstanding. 5.9. In letter designations of unit ratios, only one slash should be used as a division sign: a slash or a horizontal. It is allowed to use the designations of units in the form of a product of the designations of units raised to powers (positive and negative) **. ** If for one of the units included in the ratio, the designation is set in the form of a negative power (for example, s -1, m -1, K -1; s -1, m -1, K -1), apply a slash or horizontal bar not allowed. 5.10. When using a slash, the designations of units in the numerator and denominator should be placed in a string, the product of the designations of units in the denominator should be enclosed in brackets. 5.11. When specifying a derived unit consisting of two or more units, it is not allowed to combine letter designations and names of units, i.e. give designations for some units, and names for others. Note. It is allowed to use combinations of special characters ... °, ... ¢, ... ¢ ¢,% and o / oo with letter designations units, for example ... ° / s, etc.

APPENDIX 1

Mandatory

RULES FOR FORMATION OF COHERENT SI UNITS

Coherent derived units (hereinafter referred to as derived units) of the International System, as a rule, are formed using the simplest equations of communication between quantities (defining equations), in which the numerical coefficients are equal to 1. For the formation of derived units, the quantities in the coupling equations are taken to be equal to SI units. Example. The unit of speed is formed using the equation that determines the speed of a straight-line and uniformly moving point

v = s / t,

Where v- speed; s- the length of the covered path; t- point movement time. Substitution instead of s and t their SI units gives

[v] = [s]/[t] = 1 m / s.

Therefore, the SI unit of speed is the meter per second. It is equal to the speed of a rectilinear and uniformly moving point, at which this point in time 1 s moves at a distance of 1 m. If the relationship equation contains a numerical coefficient other than 1, then to form a coherent derivative of the SI unit, values ​​with values ​​in SI units are substituted into the right side, giving, after multiplying by the coefficient, a total numerical value equal to 1. Example. If the equation is used to form a unit of energy

Where E- kinetic energy; m - mass material point;v is the speed of movement of a point, then a coherent unit of SI energy is formed, for example, as follows:

Therefore, the unit of SI energy is the joule (equal to the Newton meter). In the examples given, it is equal to the kinetic energy of a body with a mass of 2 kg, moving at a speed of 1 m / s, or a body with a mass of 1 kg, moving at a speed

APPENDIX 2

Reference

The ratio of some non-SI units to SI units

Name of quantity					Note
	Name	Designation		Correlation with the SI unit
		international
Length	angstrom
	x-unit			1.00206 × 10 -13 m (appr.)
Square
Weight
Solid angle	square degree			3.0462 ... × 10 -4 sr
Strength, weight
	kilogram-force			9.80665 N (exact)
	kilopond
	gram-force			9.83665 × 10 -3 N (exact)
	ton-force			9806.65 N (exact)
Pressure	kilogram-force per square centimeter			98066.5 Ra (exactly)
	kilopond per square centimeter
	millimeter of water column		mm water Art.	9.80665 Ra (exact)
	millimeter of mercury		mmHg Art.
Voltage (mechanical)	kilogram-force per square millimeter			9.80665 × 10 6 Ra (exact)
	kilopond per square millimeter			9.80665 × 10 6 Ra (exact)
Work, energy
Power	Horsepower
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
	ohm-square millimeter per meter		Ohm × mm 2 / m
Magnetic flux	maxwell
Magnetic induction
	gplbert			(10/4 p) A = 0.795775 ... A
Magnetic field strength				(10 3 / p) A / m = 79.5775 ... A / m
The amount of heat, thermodynamic potential (internal energy, enthalpy, isochoric-isothermal potential), heat of phase transformation, heat chemical reaction	calorie (int.)			4.1858 J (exact)
	thermochemical calorie			4.1840 J (appr.)
	calorie 15-degree			4.1855 J (appr.)
Absorbed radiation dose
Equivalent dose of radiation, equivalent dose indicator
Exposure dose of photon radiation (exposure dose of gamma and X-ray radiation)				2.58 × 10 -4 C / kg (exact)
Nuclide activity in a radioactive source				3,700 × 10 10 Bq (exact)
Length
Angle of rotation				2 p rad = 6.28 ... rad
Magnetomotive force, magnetic potential difference	amperage
Brightness
Square

Revised edition, Rev. No. 3.

APPENDIX 3

Reference

1. The choice of a decimal multiple or sub-multiple of a SI unit is dictated primarily by the convenience of its use. From the variety of multiples and sub-multiples that can be formed using prefixes, a unit is chosen that leads to numerical values ​​of the quantity that are acceptable in practice. In principle, multiples and sub-multiples are chosen so that the numerical values ​​of the quantity are in the range from 0.1 to 1000. 1.1. In some cases, it is advisable to use the same multiple or sub-multiple unit, even if the numerical values ​​are outside the range from 0.1 to 1000, for example, in tables of numerical values ​​for one value or when comparing these values ​​in the same text. 1.2. In some areas, the same multiples or sub-multiples are always used. For example, in drawings used in mechanical engineering, linear dimensions are always expressed in millimeters. 2. Table 1 of this annex shows the recommended multiples and sub-multiples of SI units for use. Presented in table. 1 multiples and sub-multiples of SI units for a given physical quantity should not be considered exhaustive, since they may not cover the ranges of physical quantities in the developing and newly emerging fields of science and technology. Nevertheless, the recommended multiples and sub-multiples of SI units contribute to the uniformity of the presentation of the values ​​of physical quantities related to different areas technology. The same table also contains multiples and sub-multiples of units used on a par with SI units, which have become widespread in practice. 3. For values ​​not covered by the table. 1, multiples and sub-multiples should be used, selected in accordance with paragraph 1 of this appendix. 4. To reduce the likelihood of errors in calculations, decimal multiples and sub-multiples are recommended to be substituted only in the final result, and in the process of calculations all values ​​are expressed in SI units, replacing the prefixes with powers of 10. 5. In table. 2 of this annex shows the common units of some logarithmic quantities.

Table 1

Name of quantity	Designations
	SI units		units not included in the SI	multiples and sub-multiples of non-SI units
Part I. Space and time
Flat angle	rad; glad (radian)	m rad; mkrad	... ° (degree) ... (minute) ... "(second)
Solid angle	sr; cp (steradian)
Length	m; m (meter)		… ° (degree) … ¢ (minute) … ² (second)
Square
Volume, capacity			l (L); l (liter)
Time	s; s (second)		d; day (day) min; min (minute)
Speed
Acceleration	m / s 2; m / s 2
Part II. Periodic and related phenomena
	Hz; Hz (hertz)
Rotation frequency			min -1; min -1
Part III. Mechanics
Weight	kg; kg (kilogram)		t; t (ton)
Linear density	kg / m; kg / m	mg / m; mg / m or g / km; g / km
Density	kg / m 3; kg / m 3	Mg / m 3; Mg / m 3 kg / dm 3; kg / dm 3 g / cm 3; g / cm 3	t / m 3; t / m 3 or kg / l; kg / l	g / ml; g / ml
Movement amount	kg × m / s; kg × m / s
Momentum moment	kg × m 2 / s; kg × m 2 / s
Moment of inertia (dynamic moment of inertia)	kg × m 2, kg × m 2
Strength, weight	N; N (newton)
Moment of power	N × m; N × m	MN × m; MN × m kN × m; kN × m mN × m; mN × m m N × m; μN × m
Pressure	Ra; Pa (pascal)	m Pa; μPa
Voltage
Dynamic viscosity	Pa × s; Pa × s	mPa × s; mPa s
Kinematic viscosity	m 2 / s; m 2 / s	mm 2 / s; mm 2 / s
Surface tension		mN / m; mN / m
Energy, work	J; J (joule)		(electron-volt)	GeV; GeV MeV; MeV keV; keV
Power	W; W (watt)
Part IV. Heat
Temperature	TO; K (kelvin)
Temperature coefficient
Heat, amount of heat
Heat flow
Thermal conductivity
Heat transfer coefficient	W / (m 2 × K)
Heat capacity		kJ / K; kJ / K
Specific heat	J / (kg × K)	kJ / (kg × K); kJ / (kg × K)
Entropy		kJ / K; kJ / K
Specific entropy	J / (kg × K)	kJ / (kg × K); kJ / (kg × K)
Specific amount of heat	J / kg; J / kg	MJ / kg; MJ / kg kJ / kg; kJ / kg
Specific heat of phase transformation	J / kg; J / kg	MJ / kg; MJ / kg kJ / kg; kJ / kg
Part V. Electricity and magnetism
Electric current (strength of electric current)	A; A (ampere)
Electric charge (amount of electricity)	WITH; Cl (pendant)
Spatial density of electric charge	C / m 3; Cl / m 3	C / mm 3; Cl / mm 3 MS / m 3; MCL / m 3 C / s m 3; Cl / cm 3 kC / m 3; kC / m 3 m C / m 3; mC / m 3 m C / m 3; μC / m 3
Surface electric charge density	С / m 2, Kl / m 2	MS / m 2; MCL / m 2 C / mm 2; Cl / mm 2 C / s m 2; Cl / cm 2 kC / m 2; kC / m 2 m C / m 2; mC / m 2 m C / m 2; μC / m 2
Electric field strength		MV / m; MV / m kV / m; kV / m V / mm; V / mm V / cm; In / cm mV / m; mV / m m V / m; μV / m
Electrical voltage, electrical potential, electrical potential difference, electromotive force	V, V (volts)
Electrical displacement	C / m 2; Cl / m 2	C / s m 2; Cl / cm 2 kC / cm 2; kC / cm 2 m C / m 2; mC / m 2 m С / m 2, μC / m 2
Electric displacement flux
Electrical capacity	F, F (farad)
Absolute dielectric constant, electric constant		m F / m, μF / m nF / m, nF / m pF / m, pF / m
Polarization	С / m 2, Kl / m 2	S / s m 2, C / cm 2 kC / m 2; kC / m 2 m С / m 2, mC / m 2 m C / m 2; μC / m 2
Electric moment of the dipole	С × m, Kl × m
Electric current density	A / m 2, A / m 2	MA / m 2, MA / m 2 A / mm 2, A / mm 2 A / s m 2, A / cm 2 kA / m 2, kA / m 2,
Linear density of electric current		kA / m; kA / m A / mm; A / mm A / s m; A / cm
Magnetic field strength		kA / m; kA / m A / mm; A / mm A / cm; A / cm
Magnetomotive force, magnetic potential difference
Magnetic induction, magnetic flux density	T; Tl (tesla)
Magnetic flux	Wb, Wb (weber)
Magnetic vector potential	T × m; T × m	kT × m; kT × m
Inductance, mutual inductance	H; Mr (henry)
Absolute magnetic permeability, magnetic constant		m H / m; μH / m nH / m; nH / m
Magnetic moment	A × m 2; A m 2
Magnetization		kA / m; kA / m A / mm; A / mm
Magnetic polarization
Electrical resistance
Electrical conductivity	S; See (siemens)
Specific electrical resistance	W × m; Ohm × m	G W × m; GOm × m M W × m; MOhm × m k W × m; kΩ × m W × cm; Ohm × cm m W × m; mΩ × m m W × m; μΩ × m n W × m; nOhm × m
Specific electrical conductivity		MS / m; MSm / m kS / m; kS / m
Reluctance
Magnetic conductivity
Impedance
Impedance modulus
Reactance
Active resistance
Admittance
Admittance module
Reactive conductivity
Conductance
Active power
Reactive power
Full power			V × A, B × A
Part VI. Light and associated electromagnetic radiation
Wavelength
Wave number
Radiation energy
Radiation flux, radiation power
Luminous energy (radiant intensity)	W / sr; W / Wed
Energy brightness (radiance)	W / (sr × m 2); W / (sr × m 2)
Energy illumination (irradiance)	W / m 2; W / m 2
Energetic luminosity (irradiance)	W / m 2; W / m 2
The power of light
Light flow	lm; lm (lumen)
Light energy	lm × s; lm × s		lm × h; lm × h
Brightness	cd / m 2; cd / m2
Luminosity	lm / m 2; lm / m 2
Illumination	l x; lux (lux)
Light exposure	lx × s; lx × s
Luminous equivalent of radiation flux	lm / W; lm / W
Part VII. Acoustics
Period
Batch frequency
Wavelength
Sound pressure		m Pa; μPa
Particle Oscillation Speed		mm / s; mm / s
Volumetric velocity	m 3 / s; m 3 / s
Sound speed
Sound energy flow, sound power
Sound intensity	W / m 2; W / m 2	mW / m 2; mW / m 2 m W / m 2; μW / m 2 pW / m 2; pW / m2
Specific acoustic resistance	Pa × s / m; Pa × s / m
Acoustic impedance	Pa × s / m 3; Pa × s / m 3
Mechanical resistance	N × s / m; N × s / m
Equivalent absorption area of ​​a surface or object
Reverberation time
Part VIII Physical chemistry and molecular physics
Amount of substance	mol; mol (mol)	kmol; kmol mmol; mmol m mol; μmol
Molar mass	kg / mol; kg / mol	g / mol; g / mol
Molar volume	m 3 / moi; m 3 / mol	dm 3 / mol; dm 3 / mol cm 3 / mol; cm 3 / mol	l / mol; l / mol
Molar intrinsic energy	J / mol; J / mol	kJ / mol; kJ / mol
Molar enthalpy	J / mol; J / mol	kJ / mol; kJ / mol
Chemical potential	J / mol; J / mol	kJ / mol; kJ / mol
Chemical affinity	J / mol; J / mol	kJ / mol; kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity	J / (mol × K); J / (mol × K)
Molar entropy	J / (mol × K); J / (mol × K)
Molar concentration	mol / m 3; mol / m 3	kmol / m 3; kmol / m 3 mol / dm 3; mol / dm 3	mol / 1; mol / L
Specific adsorption	mol / kg; mol / kg	mmol / kg; mmol / kg
Thermal diffusivity	M 2 / s; m 2 / s
Part IX. Ionizing radiation
Absorbed dose of radiation, kerma, absorbed dose index (absorbed dose of ionizing radiation)	Gy; Gr (gray)	m G y; μGy
Nuclide activity in a radioactive source (radionuclide activity)	Bq; Bq (becquerel)

(Modified edition, Amendment No. 3).

table 2

Name of the logarithmic quantity	Unit designation	Initial value of the quantity
Sound pressure level
Sound power level
Sound intensity level
Difference in power levels
Strengthening, weakening
Attenuation coefficient

APPENDIX 4

Reference

INFORMATION DATA ON COMPLIANCE WITH GOST 8.417-81 ST SEV 1052-78

1. Sections 1 - 3 (clauses 3.1 and 3.2); 4, 5 and compulsory Appendix 1 to GOST 8.417-81 correspond to sections 1 - 5 and the appendix to ST SEV 1052-78. 2. Reference Appendix 3 to GOST 8.417-81 corresponds to the information annex to ST SEV 1052-78.

• Responsible for the support of the classifier: Rostekhregulirovanie
• Reason: Resolution of the Gosstandart of Russia dated December 26, 1994 No. 366 01.01.1996
• Approved: 07.06.2000
• Entered into force: 07.06.2000

The code	Unit name	Symbol		Symbolic designation
		national	international	national	international
International units of measurement included in the ESKK
Units of length
47	Nautical mile (1852 m)	mile	n mile	MILES	NMI
8	Kilometer; thousand meters	km; 10 ^ 3 m	km	KM; THOUSAND M	KMT
5	Decimeter	dm	dm	DM	DMT
4	Centimeter	cm	cm	CM	CMT
39	Inch (25.4 mm)	inch	in	INCH	INH
6	Meter	m	m	M	MTR
41	Ft (0.3048 m)	foot	ft	FOOT	FOT
3	Millimeter	mm	mm	MM	MMT
9	Megameter; million meters	Mm; 10 ^ 6 m	Mm	MEGAM; MLN M	MAM
43	Yard (0.9144 m)	yard	yd	YARD	YRD
Area units
59	Hectare	ha	ha	GA	HAR
73	Square feet (0.092903 m2)	ft2	ft2	FT2	FTK
53	Square decimeter	dm2	dm2	DM2	DMK
61	Square kilometer	km2	km2	KM2	KMK
51	Square centimeter	cm2	cm2	CM2	CMK
109	Ar (100 m2)	a	a	AR	ARE
55	Square meter	m2	m2	M2	MTK
58	One thousand square meters	10 ^ 3 m ^ 2	daa	THOUSAND M2	DAA
75	Square yard (0.8361274 m2)	yard2	yd2	YARD2	YDK
50	Square millimeter	mm2	mm2	MM2	MMK
71	Square inch (645.16 mm2)	in2	in2	INCH2	INK
Volume units
126	Megalith	Ml	Ml	MEGAL	MAL
132	Cubic foot (0.02831685 m3)	ft3	ft3	FT3	FTQ
118	Deciliter	dl	dl	DL	DLT
133	Cubic yard (0.764555 m3)	yard3	yd3	YARD3	YDQ
112	Liter; cubic decimeter	l; dm3	I; L; dm ^ 3	L; DM3	LTR; DMQ
113	Cubic meter	m3	m3	M3	MTQ
131	Cubic inch (16387.1 mm3)	inch3	in3	INCH3	INQ
159	Million cubic meters	10 ^ 6 m3	10 ^ 6 m3	Mln m3	HMQ
110	Cubic millimeter	mm3	mm3	MM3	MMQ
122	Hl	ch	hl	GL	HLT
111	Cubic centimeter; milliliter	cm3; ml	cm3; ml	CM3; ML	CMQ; MLT
Units of mass
170	Kiloton	10 ^ 3 t	kt	CT scan	KTN
161	Milligram	mg	mg	MG	MGM
173	Santigram	cr	cg	SG	CGM
206	Centner (metric) (100 kg); hectokilogram; quintal1 (metric); decitone	c	q; 10 ^ 2 kg	C	DTN
163	Gram	G	g	G	GRM
181	Gross register ton (2.8316 m3)	BRT	-	BRUTT. REGISTER T	GRT
160	Hectogram	yy	hg	Yy	HGM
168	Ton; metric ton (1000 kg)	T	t	T	TNE
162	Metric carat	car	MC	CAR	CTM
185	Lifting capacity in metric tons	t grp	-	T LOADER	CCT
166	Kilogram	kg	kg	KG	KGM
Engineering units
331	Rpm	rpm	r / min	RPM	RPM
300	Physical atmosphere (101325 Pa)	atm	atm	ATM	ATM
306	Gram of fissile isotopes	d D / I	g fissile isotopes	D DIVIDING THE ISOTOPE	GFI
304	Millicury	mCi	mCi	MKI	MCU
243	Watt hour	Wh	W.h	VT.CH	WHR
309	Bar	bar	bar	BAR	BAR
301	Technical atmosphere (98066.5 Pa)	at	at	ATT	ATT
270	Pendant	Cl	C	KL	COU
288	Kelvin	K	K	TO	KEL
280	Degree Celsius	hail. C	hail. C	GRAD CELS	CEL
282	Candela	cd	cd	CD	CDL
330	Revolution per second	rev / s	r / s	OB / S	RPS
297	Kilopascal	kPa	kPa	KPA	KPA
302	Gigabecquerel	GBq	GBq	GIGABK	GBQ
291	KHz	kHz	kHz	KHC	KHZ
230	Kilovar	kvar	kVAR	KVAR	KVR
281	Degree Fahrenheit	hail. F	hail. F	GRAD FARENG	FAN
292	Megahertz	MHz	MHz	MEGAGZ	MHZ
227	Kilovolt-ampere	kV.A	kV.A	KV.A	KVA
323	Becquerel	Bq	Bq	BC	BQL
298	Megapascal	MPa	MPa	MEGAPA	MPA
263	Ampere-hour (3.6 kC)	A.h	A.h	A.Ch	AMH
247	Gigawatt hour (million kilowatt hours)	GWh	GW.h	GIGAVT.CH	Gwh
245	Kilowatt hour	kWh	kW.h	KWh	KWH
212	Watt	W	W	VT	WTT
273	Kilojoule	kj	kJ	KJ	KJO
305	Curie	Key	Ci	KI	CUR
228	Megavolt-ampere (thousand kilovolt-amperes)	MVA	MV.A	MEGAVA	MVA
314	Farad	F	F	F	FAR
284	Lumen	lm	lm	LM	LUM
215	Megawatt; thousand kilowatts	MW; 10 ^ 3 kW	MW	MEGAVT; THOUSAND KW	MAW
274	Ohm	Ohm		OM	OHM
271	Joule	J	J	JJ	JOU
333	Kilometer per hour	km / h	km / h	KM / H	KMH
349	Pendant per kilogram	Cl / kg	C / kg	KL / KG	CKG
264	Thousand ampere hours	10 ^ 3 A.h	10 ^ 3 A.h	THOUSAND A.H	TAH
222	Volt	V	V	V	VLT
223	Kilovolt	kV	kV	Kv	KVT
335	Meter per second squared	m / s2	m / s2	M / C2	MSK
290	Hertz	Hz	Hz	HZ	HTZ
260	Ampere	A	A	A	AMP
246	Megawatt hour; 1000 kilowatt-hours	MWh; 10 ^ 3 kWh	МW.h	MEGAVT.CH; THOUSAND KW.H	MWH
324	Weber	Wb	Wb	WB	WEB
312	Kilobar	kb	kbar	CBAR	KBA
294	Pascal	Pa	Pa	PA	PAL
283	Suite	OK	lx	OK	LUX
310	Hectobar	GB	hbar	GBAR	Hba
308	Millibar	mb	mbar	MBAR	MBR
327	Knot (mph)	knots	kn	UZ	KNT
296	Siemens	Cm	S	SI	SIE
316	Kilogram Per Cubic Meter	kg / m3	kg / m3	KG / M3	KMQ
328	Meter per second	m / s	m / s	M / S	MTS
214	Kilowatt	kw	kW	Kwt	KWT
289	Newton	N	N	N	NEW
Time units
368	Decade	deslet	-	Deslet	DEC
361	Decade	Dec	-	DEC	DAD
364	Quarter	quart	-	QUART	QAN
365	Half a year	half a year	-	Half a year	SAN
362	Month	month	-	MONTH	MON
359	Day	days; days	d	SUT; DN	DAY
355	Minute	min	min	MIN	MIN
356	Hour	h	h	H	HUR
360	A week	week	-	NED	WEE
354	Second	With	s	WITH	SEC
366	Year	G; years	a	YEAR; YEARS	ANN
Economic units
745	Element	ale	CI	ELEM	NCL
781	One hundred packs	100 pack	-	100 UPAK	CNP
732	Ten pairs	10 pairs	-	DES PAR	TPR
599	Thousand cubic meters per day	10 ^ 3 m3 / day	-	THOUSAND M3 / DAY	TQD
730	Two dozen	20	20	2 DES	SCO
733	A dozen pairs	dozen pairs	-	DOZEN COUPLES	DPR
799	Million pieces	10 ^ 6 pcs	10^6	Mln pcs	MIO
796	Thing	PC	pc; one	PC	PCE; NMB
778	Package	pack	-	UPAK	NMP
831	Liter of pure (100%) alcohol	l 100% alcohol	-	L CLEAN ALCOHOL	LPA
657	Product	ed	-	ISD	NAR
865	Kilogram of phosphorus pentoxide	kg P2O5	-	KG PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE	KPP
641	Dozen (12 pcs.)	dozen	Doz; 12	DOZEN	DZN
841	Kilogram of hydrogen peroxide	kg H2O2	-	KG HYDROGEN PEROXIDE	-
734	Package	message	-	SEND	NPL
704	Kit	kit	-	KIT	SET
847	Ton of 90% dry matter	t 90% s / w	-	T 90 PERCENT DRY VESCH	TSD
499	Kilogram per second	kg / s	-	KG / S	KGS
801	Billion pieces (Europe); trillion pieces	10 ^ 12 pcs	10^12	BILL SHT (EUR); TRILL PIECE	BIL
683	One hundred boxes	100 boxes	Hbx	100 BOXES	HBX
740	A dozen pieces	dozen pieces	-	DOZEN PIECES	DPC
802	Quintillion pieces (Europe)	10 ^ 18 pcs	10^18	KVINT PIECE	TRL
821	Alcohol strength by volume	crepe. alcohol by volume	% vol	CREP ALCOHOL BY VOLUME	ASV
533	Ton of steam per hour	t steam / h	-	T PAR / H	TSH
859	Kilogram of potassium hydroxide	kg KOH	-	KG POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE	KPH
852	Kilogram of potassium oxide	kg K2O	-	KG POTASSIUM OXIDE	KPO
625	Sheet	l.	-	SHEET	LEF
798	Thousand pieces	thousand pieces; 1000 pcs	1000	THOUSAND PIECES	MIL
630	One thousand standard conditional bricks	thsd std. conv. kirp	-	THOUSAND STANDS OF CONS	MBE
797	One hundred pieces	100 pieces	100	100 PIECES	CEN
626	One hundred sheets	100 l.	-	100 SHEET	CLF
736	Roll	rudder	-	RUL	NPL
780	A dozen packages	dozen pack	-	DOZEN UPAK	DZP
800	Billion pieces	10 ^ 9 pcs	10^9	BLN PIECES	MLD
863	Kilogram of sodium hydroxide	kg NaOH	-	KG SODIUM HYDROXIDE	KSH
833	Hectoliter of pure (100%) alcohol	GL 100% alcohol	-	GL CLEAN ALCOHOL	HPA
715	Pair (2 pcs.)	steam	pr; 2	STEAM	NPR
861	Kilogram of nitrogen	kg N	-	KG NITROGEN	KNI
598	Cubic meter per hour	m3 / h	m3 / h	M3 / H	MQH
845	Kilogram of 90% dry matter	kg 90% w / w	-	KG 90 PERCENT DRY MATERIAL	KSD
867	Kilogram of uranium	kg U	-	KG URAN	KUR
735	Part	part	-	PART	NPT
820	Alcohol strength by weight	crepe. alcohol by weight	% mds	CREP ALCOHOL BY MASS	ASM
737	A dozen rolls	dozen rolls	-	DOZEN ROLL	DRL
616	Spool	bean	-	BEAN	NBB
596	Cubic Meter Per Second	m3 / s	m3 / s	M3 / S	MQS
National units of measurement included in the ESKK
Units of length
49	Kilometer of conditional pipes	km conv. pipes		KM USL PIPE
20	Conditional meter	conv. m		USL M
48	Thousand conditional meters	10 ^ 3 conv. m		THOUSAND CONS M
18	Running meter	pog. m		POG M
19	Thousand running meters	10 ^ 3 lin. m		THOUSAND POG M
Area units
57	Million square meters	10 ^ 6 m2		MLN M2
81	Square meter of total area	m2 total pl		M2 TOTAL PL
64	Million conditional square meters	10 ^ 6 conv. m2		MLN USL M2
83	Million square meters of total area	10 ^ 6 m2 total pl		MILLION M2. OBS PL
62	Conditional square meter	conv. m2		USL M2
63	Thousand conditional square meters	10 ^ 3 conv. m2		THOUSAND CONS M2
86	Million square meters of living space	10 ^ 6 m2 lived. pl		MLN M2 LIVED PL
82	Thousand square meters of total area	10 ^ 3 m2 total pl		THOUSAND M2 TOTAL PL
56	Million square decimeters	10 ^ 6 dm2		MLN DM2
54	Thousand square decimeters	10 ^ 3 dm2		THOUSAND DM2
89	Million square meters in two millimeters	10 ^ 6 m2 2 mm calc		MLN M2 2MM ISCH
60	Thousand hectares	10 ^ 3 ha		THOUSAND HA
88	Thousand square meters of educational and laboratory buildings	10 ^ 3 m2 area lab. built		THOUSAND M2 UCH. LAB ZDAN
87	Square meter of educational and laboratory buildings	sq. m. lab. built		M2 UCH.LAB ZDAN
85	Thousand square meters of living space	10 ^ 3 m2 lived. pl		THOUSAND M2 LIVED PL
84	Square meter of living space	m2 lived. pl		M2 LIVED PL
Volume units
121	Dense cubic meter	dense m3		DENSITY M3
124	Thousand conditional cubic meters	10 ^ 3 conv. m3		THOUSAND CONS M3
130	Thousand liters; 1000 liters	10 ^ 3 L; 1000 l		YOU SL
120	Million decaliters	10 ^ 6 dl		MILLION DCL
129	Million half liter	10 ^ 6 floor l		MILLION FLOOR L
128	One thousand half liter	10 ^ 3 floor l		THOUSAND FLOOR L
123	Conditional cubic meter	conv. m3		USL M3
127	Thousand dense cubic meters	10 ^ 3 dense m3		THOUSAND DENSES M3
116	Decaliter	dcl		DCL
114	Thousand cubic meters	10 ^ 3 m3		THOUSAND M3
115	Billion cubic meters	10 ^ 9 m3		BILLION M3
119	Thousand decaliters	10 ^ 3 dL		THOUSAND DKL
125	Million cubic meters of gas processing	10 ^ 6 m3 rev. gas		MLN M3 GAS PROCESSING
Units of mass
167	Million carats metric	10 ^ 6 ct		MILLION CAR
178	Thousand tons of processing	10 ^ 3 t rework		THOUSAND TREATMENT
176	Million tons of fuel equivalent	10 ^ 6 t conv. fuel		MLN T CONS FUEL
179	Conditional ton	conv. T		USL T
207	Thousand centners	10 ^ 3 q		THOUSAND C
171	Million tons	10 ^ 6 t		MLN T
177	Thousand tons of one-time storage	10 ^ 3 t lump sum store		THOUSAND T ONE STORAGE
169	Thousand tons	10 ^ 3 t		THOUSAND T
165	Thousand carats metric	10 ^ 3 ct		THOUSAND CAR
175	Thousand tons of fuel equivalent	10 ^ 3 t conv. fuel		THOUSAND T CONS FUEL
172	Ton of fuel equivalent	t conv. fuel		T CONS FUEL
Engineering units
226	Volt-ampere	V.A		V.A
339	Centimeter of water column	cm water. st		CM VOD ST
236	Calorie per hour	cal / h		KAL / H
255	Byte	buy		BYTE
287	Henry	Mr.		GB
250	Thousand kilovolt-ampere reactive	10 ^ 3 kV.A R		THOUSAND SQ.A R
235	Million gigacalories	10 ^ 6 Gcal		MILLION GIGAKAL
313	Tesla	T		TL
256	Kilobyte	kbyte		KB
234	Thousand gigacalories	10 ^ 3 Gcal		THOUSAND GIGAKALS
237	Kilocalorie per hour	kcal / h		Kcal / h
239	Thousand gigacalories per hour	10 ^ 3 Gcal / h		THOUSAND GIGAKAL / H
317	Kilogram per square centimeter	kg / cm ^ 2		KG / CM2
252	Thousand horsepower	10 ^ 3 l. With		THOUSAND HP
238	Gigacalorie per hour	Gcal / h		GIGAKAL / H
338	Millimeter of mercury	mmHg st		MMHG
337	Millimeter of water column	mm water st		MM WOD ST
251	Horsepower	l. With		LS
258	Baud	baud		BAUD
242	Million kilovolt-amperes	10 ^ 6 kV.A		MLN SQ.A
232	Kilocalorie	kcal		Kcal
257	Megabyte	MB		MB
249	Billion kilowatt hours	10 ^ 9 kWh		BLN KWH
241	Million ampere hours	10 ^ 6 A.h		MLN A.H
233	Gigacalorie	Gcal		GIGAKAL
253	Million horsepower	10 ^ 6 l. With		MLN LS
231	Meter per hour	m / h		M / h
254	Bit	bit		BIT
248	Kilovolt-ampere reactive	kV.A R		KV.A R
Time units
352	Microsecond	μs		ISS
353	Millisecond	mls		MLS
Economic units
534	Ton per hour	t / h		T / H
513	Autotone	auto t		AUTO T
876	Conventional unit	conv. units		USL UNIT
918	Author's sheet	l. auto		LIST AUT
873	Thousand vials	10 ^ 3 vial		THOUSAND FLAC
903	Thousand student places	10 ^ 3 scientists. places		THOUSAND LEARNED PLACES
870	Ampoule	ampoules		AMPUL
421	Passenger seat (passenger seats)	pass. places		PASS PLACES
540	Man-day	person days		PERSONNEL DAYS
427	Passenger traffic	pass. flow		PASS FLOW
896	Family	families		FAMILIES
751	Thousand rolls	10 ^ 3 roll		THOUSAND RULES
951	One thousand car (car) hours	10 ^ 3 wagons (mash) .h		THOUSAND WAGS (MASH) .H
963	Reduced hour	lead.h		DRIVE.H
978	Channel-ends	channel. end		CHANNEL. The end
975	Sugo-day	sugo. days		SUGO. SUT
967	Million ton-miles	10 ^ 6 t. Miles		MLN T. MILES
792	Person	people		PERSON
547	Couple per shift	pairs / shift		PAIR / CHANGE
839	Set	set		COMPL
881	Conditional bank	conv. bank		USL BANK
562	A thousand spinning spindles	10 ^ 3 strand spindle		THOUSANDS OF LINE BELIEVES
909	Apartment	quart		QUART
644	Million units	10 ^ 6 units		MILLION UNITS
922	Sign	sign		SIGN
877	One thousand conventional units	10 ^ 3 conv. units		THOUSAND CONDITION UNIT
960	Thousand car-ton-days	10 ^ 3 car tpd		THOUSAND VEHICLES.T.DN
954	Wagon-day	wag. days		VAG.SUT
761	Thousand staves	10 ^ 3 stan		THOUSAND STAN
511	Kilogram Per Gigacalorie	kg / Gcal		KG / GIGAKAL
912	A thousand beds	10 ^ 3 beds		THOUSAND BEDS
980	One thousand dollars	10 ^ 3 dollar		THOUSAND DOLLAR
387	Trillion rubles	10 ^ 12 rubles		TRILL RUB
908	Number	nom		NOM
968	Million passenger miles	10 ^ 6 pass. miles		MILLION PASS. MILES
962	Thousand car-place-days	10 ^ 3 car places days		THOUSAND CARS. DN
916	Conditional repair per year	conv. rem / year		CONS REM / YEAR
895	Million conditional bricks	10 ^ 6 conv. kirp		MILLION USL KIRP
414	Passenger-kilometer	pass km		PASS.KM
888	Thousand conditional boxes	10 ^ 3 conv. box		THOUSAND USL BOXES
699	Thousand places	10 ^ 3 seats		THOUSAND PLACES
522	Person per square kilometer	people / km2		PERSON / KM2
869	A thousand bottles	10 ^ 3 booth		THOUSAND BUT
958	Thousand Passenger Miles	10 ^ 3 passenger miles		THOUSAND PASS.MILES
510	Gram per kilowatt hour	g / kWh		H / kW.H
983	Sudo-day	court day		COURT.
535	Ton per day	t / day		T / SUT
424	Million passenger kilometers	10 ^ 6 pass. km		MILLION PASS.KM
907	Thousand seats	10 ^ 3 pos. places		THOUSAND PLACES
965	Thousand kilometers	10 ^ 3 km		THOUSAND KM
538	Thousand tons per year	10 ^ 3 t / year		THOUSAND T / YEAR
546	Thousand visits per shift	10 ^ 3 visits / shifts		THOUSAND VISITS / SHIFTS
775	Thousand tubes	10 ^ 3 tube		THOUSAND TUBES
961	Thousand car hours	10 ^ 3 car hours		THOUSAND CAR.H
537	Thousand tons per season	10 ^ 3 t / s		THOUSAND T / SEZ
449	Tonne-kilometer	t.km		T.KM
556	Thousand heads a year	10 ^ 3 birds / year		THOUSAND GOALS / YEAR
383	Ruble	rub		RUB
970	Million passenger-seat-miles	10 ^ 6 pass. places. miles		MILLION PASS. PLACES. MILES
921	Accounting and publishing sheet	l. uch.-ed		ACCOUNTING SHEET
894	Thousand conditional bricks	10 ^ 3 conv. kirp		THOUSAND USL KIRP
514	Ton of thrust	tons of thrust		T RODS
388	Quadrillion rubles	10 ^ 15 rubles		QUADR RUB
541	Thousand man-days	10 ^ 3 person days		THOUSAND PEOPLE DAYS
971	Forage day	feed. days		FEED. DN
953	Thousand place-kilometers	10 ^ 3seats.km		THOUSAND PLACES KM
871	Thousand ampoules	10 ^ 3 ampoules		THOUSAND AMPOULES
385	One million rubles	10 ^ 6 rub		MLN RUB
966	Thousand tonnage flights	10 ^ 3 tonnage. flight		THOUSAND TONNAGE. FLIGHT
911	Bunk	beds		BEDS
892	Thousand conditional tiles	10 ^ 3 conv. slabs		THOUSAND COND PLATES
868	Bottle	booth		BUT
793	A thousand people	10 ^ 3 people		THOUSAND PEOPLE
544	Million units per year	10 ^ 6 units / year		MILLION UNITS / YEAR
949	Million impression sheets	10 ^ 6 sheet. Print		MILLION SHEETS
886	Million conditional pieces	10 ^ 6 conv. cous		MLN USL KUS
698	Place	places		PLACES
536	Ton per shift	t / shift		T / CHANGE
548	Thousand pairs per shift	10 ^ 3 pairs / shift		THOUSAND COUPLES / SHIFTS
812	Box	box		BOX
915	Conditional repair	conv. rem		CON REM
956	Thousand train kilometers	10 ^ 3 train km		THOUSAND TRAIN.KM
553	Thousand tons of processing per day	10 ^ 3 t rework / day		THOUSAND T OVERRIDE / DAY
450	Thousand ton-kilometers	10 ^ 3 t.km		THOUSAND T.KM
950	Wagon (car) -day	wag (mash) .dn		VAG (MASH) .DN
552	Ton of processing per day	t overwork / day		T OVERCOME / DAY
423	Thousand passenger kilometers	10 ^ 3 passenger km		THOUSAND PASS.KM
924	Symbol	symbol		SYMBOL
782	Thousand packages	10 ^ 3 pack		THOUSAND UPAK
838	Million pairs	10 ^ 6 pairs		MILLION PAR
905	Thousand jobs	10 ^ 3 work. places		THOUSAND SLAVES PLACES
744	Percent	%		PROC
887	Conditional box	conv. box		USL BOX
639	Dose	doses		DOZ
891	Conditional tile	conv. slabs		COND PLATE
545	Shift visit	visit / shift		VISIT / CHANGE
543	Thousand conditional cans per shift	10 ^ 3 conv. bank / shift		THOUSAND USL BANK / CHANGE
893	Conditional brick	conv. kirp		USL KIRP
957	Thousand ton-miles	10 ^ 3 t miles		THOUSAND THOUSAND MILES
977	Channel-kilometer	channel. km		CHANNEL. KM
901	Million households	10 ^ 6 Household		MILLION HOUSEHOLD
976	Pieces in 20-foot equivalent (TEU)	pieces in 20-foot equivalent		PCS IN 20 FEET EQUIV
762	Station	stanz		STANZ
897	Thousand families	10 ^ 3 families		THOUSAND FAMILIES
880	Thousand conditional pieces	10 ^ 3 conv. PC		THOUSAND USL PIECES
923	Word	word		WORD
955	Thousand Train Hours	10 ^ 3 train.h		THOUSAND TRAINS.H
539	Man-hour	person h		PERSONS
661	Channel	channel		CHANNEL
874	Thousand Tubes	10 ^ 3 tubes		THOUSAND TUBES
558	Thousand poultry places	10 ^ 3 poultry places		THOUSAND POULTRY
913	Book fund volume	book volume fund		TOM BOOK FUND
673	Thousand sets	10 ^ 3 sets		THOUSAND COMPL
640	Thousand doses	10 ^ 3 doses		THOUSAND DOSES
643	Thousand units	10 ^ 3 units		THOUSAND UNITS
878	Million conventional units	10 ^ 6 conv. units		MILLION CONDITIONAL UNITS
914	Thousand volumes of book fund	10 ^ 3 vol. book. fund		THOUSAND VOLUME BOOKS FUND
883	Million conditional cans	10 ^ 6 conv. bank		MLN USL BANK
384	Thousand rubles	10 ^ 3 rub		THOUSAND ROUBLES
925	Conditional pipe	conv. pipes		USL PIPE
889	Conditional coil	conv. cat		USL CAT
900	Thousand households	10 ^ 3 house farm		THOUSAND HOUSEHOLD
898	Million families	10 ^ 6 families		MILLION FAMILIES
964	Airplane-kilometer	plane km		AIRCRAFT.KM
979	Thousand copies	10 ^ 3 copies		THOUSAND EKZ
746	PPM (0.1 percent)	ppm		PROMILLE
890	Thousand conditional coils	10 ^ 3 conv. cat		THOUSAND USL CAT
724	Thousand hectares of portions	10 ^ 3 ha port		THOUSAND HA PORTS
542	Thousand man-hours	10 ^ 3 person h		THOUSAND PEOPLE
642	Unit	units		Unit
560	Minimal salary	min. earnings circuit boards		MIN Wages
557	Million goals per year	10 ^ 6 birds / year		MILLION GOAL / YEAR
917	Change	shifts		CHANGE
902	Student place	learned. places		LEARNED PLACES
521	Person per square meter	person / m2		PERSON / M2
479	Thousand sets	10 ^ 3 set		THOUSAND SET
899	The household	house farm		HOUSE
906	Seat	posad. places		LANDING PLACES
515	Deadweight ton	deadweight t		DEADWATE.T
982	Million tons of feed units	10 ^ 6 food units		MLN T FEED UNIT
959	Car-day	car day		AUTOMOBILE.DN
972	Centner of feed units	c feed unit		TS FEED UNIT
882	Thousand conditional cans	10 ^ 3 conv. bank		THOUSAND USL BANK
969	Million tonnage miles	10 ^ 6 tonnage. miles		MILLION TONNAGE MILES
837	Thousand pairs	10 ^ 3 pairs		THOUSAND COUPLES
810	Cell	ball		YCH
516	Tonne-tannid	ttanid		T. TANID
794	Million people	10 ^ 6 people		MILLION PEOPLE
451	Million tonne-kilometers	10 ^ 6 t. Km		MLN T.KM
836	Head	Goal		GOAL
872	Bottle	bottle		FLAC
808	Million copies	10 ^ 6 copies		MLN EKZ
561	Thousand tons of steam per hour	10 ^ 3 t steam / h		THOUSAND T PAR / H
973	Thousand car-kilometers	10 ^ 3 cars km		THOUSAND CARS. KM
981	Thousand tons of feed units	10 ^ 3 food units		THOUSAND FOOD UNIT
386	Billion rubles	10 ^ 9 rub		BLN RUB
554	Centner of processing per day	c revision / day		C OVERVIEW / DAY
885	Thousand conditional pieces	10 ^ 3 conv. cous		THOUSAND USL KUS
937	Million doses	10 ^ 6 doses		MILLION DOSES
920	Printed sheet	l. oven		OVEN SHEET
779	Million packs	10 ^ 6 pack		MLN UPAK
709	Thousand numbers	10 ^ 3 number		THOUSAND NOM
512	Tonne number	so-called		T.NOM
952	Thousand car (car) kilometers	10 ^ 3 wagons (cars) .km		THOUSAND WAG (MASH) .KM
879	Conditional thing	conv. PC		USL PCS
904	Workplace	slave. places		SLAVE PLACES
559	Thousand laying hens	10 ^ 3 chickens. layer		THOUSAND CHICKENS. NESUSH
840	Section	sec		SECC
974	Thousand tonnage-days	10 ^ 3 tonnage. days		THOUSAND TONNAGE. SUT
729	Thousand packs	10 ^ 3 packs		THOUSAND PACH
910	Thousand apartments	10 ^ 3 quarts		THOUSAND QUARTS
550	Million tons per year	10 ^ 6 t / year		MLN T / YEAR
875	Thousand boxes	10 ^ 3 cor		THOUSAND CORS
563	Thousand Spinning Positions	10 ^ 3 strand places		THOUSAND SPACES
776	Thousand conditional tubes	10 ^ 3 conventional tubes		THOUSAND COND TUBES
884	Conditional piece	conv. cous		USL KUS
930	Thousand Plates	10 ^ 3 layer		THOUSAND FORMATIONS
555	One thousand centners of processing per day	10 ^ 3 c rev / day		THOUSAND OVERRIDE / DAY
International units of measurement not included in the ESKK
Units of length
17	Hectometer		hm		HMT
45	Mile (charter) (1609.344 m)		mile		SMI
Area units
79	Square mile		mile2		MIK
77	Acre (4,840 square yards)		acre		ACR
Volume units
137	Pint SC (0.568262 dm3)		pt (UK)		PTI
141	US fluid ounce (29.5735 cc)		fl oz (US)		OZA
149	Dry US gallon (4.404884 dm3)		dry gal (US)		GLD
153	Cord (3.63 m3)		-		Wcd
152	Standard		-		WSD
145	Liquid US gallon (3.78541 dm3)		gal (US)		GLL
154	Thousands board feet (2.36 m3)		-		MBF
143	US liquid pint (0.473176 dm3)		liq pt (US)		PTL
150	US bushel (35.2391 dm3)		bu (US)		BUA
136	Jill SC (0.142065 dm3)		gill (UK)		GII
144	US liquid quart (0.946353 dm3)		liq qt (US)		QTL
138	Quart SC (1.136523 dm3)		qt (UK)		QTI
135	Fluid ounce SC (28.413 cm3)		fl oz (UK)		OZI
139	Gallon SK (4.546092 dm3)		gal (UK)		GLI
148	Dry US quart (1.101221 dm3)		dry qt (US)		QTD
140	Bushel SC (36.36874 dm3)		bu (UK)		BUI
151	US dry barrel (115.627 dm3)		bbl (US)		BLD
142	Jill USA (11.8294 cc)		gill (US)		GIA
147	US dry pint (0.55061 dm3)		dry pt (US)		PTD
146	Barrel (petroleum) USA (158.987 dm3)		barrel (US)		BLL
Units of mass
184	Displacement		-		DPT
193	US centner (45.3592 kg)		cwt		CWA
190	Stone SC (6,350293 kg)		st		STI
189	Grand CK, USA (64.798910 mg)		gn		GRN
200	US drachma (3.887935 g)		-		DRA
194	Long centner SK (50.802345 kg)		cwt (UK)		CWI
191	Quarter SK (12.700586 kg)		qtr		QTR
186	US Pound UK (0.45359237 kg)		lb		LBR
187	US Ounce (28.349523 g)		oz		ONZ
197	Scrupole SK, USA (1.295982 g)		scr		SCR
182	Net register ton		-		NTT
202	Troy US pound (373.242 g)		-		LBT
201	Ounce UK, USA (31.10348 g); troy ounce		apoz		APZ
196	Long tonne UK, USA (1.0160469 t)		lt		LTN
188	Drachma SC (1.771745 g)		dr		DRI
183	Measured (freight) ton		-		SHT
198	Pennyweight UK, USA (1.555174 g)		dwt		Dwt
192	Cental SK (45.359237 kg)		-		CNT
195	Short tonne UK, USA (0.90718474 t)		sht		STN
199	Drachma SC (3.887935 g)		drm		DRM
Engineering units
275	British thermal unit(1,055 kJ)		Btu		BTU
213	Effective power (245.7 watts)		B.h.p.		Bhp
Economic units
638	Gross (144 pcs.)		gr; 144		GRO
853	One hundred international units		-		HIU
835	Gallon of alcohol of specified strength		-		PGL
851	International unit		-		NIU
731	Large gross (12 gross)		1728		GGR
738	Short standard (7200 units)		-		SST

What is OCEI

Okei - abbreviated name All-Russian classifier units of measure. The classifier is a part Unified system coding and classification of social and technical and economic information in Russia. The All-Russian classifier of units of measurement was introduced on the territory of Russia instead of the All-Union classifier, known as the "System of designations of units and measurements used in ACS". A classifier has been developed on the basis of the international classification of units of measurement of the UN Economic Commission for Europe, the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity and other significant documents. All-Russian classifier of units of measurement is associated with GOST 8.417-81 " State system ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Units of physical quantities ".

Why was OKEI created?

The classifier is intended for use in solving problems of quantitative assessment of social and technical and economic indicators for the implementation of state reporting and accounting, forecasting and development of the economy, carrying out foreign and domestic trade, providing statistical international comparisons, organizing customs control, regulating foreign economic activity. In OKEI, classification objects are units of measurement that are used in these areas of activity.

What is the structure of the code in OKEI

In OKEI, units of measurement are divided into 7 groups: units of length, area, volume, mass, engineering units and time units, as well as economic units. For a number of measurement units, sub-multiples and multiples have been introduced. The All-Russian Classifier of Units of Measurement contains two reference appendices and two sections.

Each position in OKEI structurally consists of three blocks: identification, name and block, where additional features are indicated.

The identification code of the unit of measurement is a three-digit decimal code that was assigned according to the serial-ordinal coding system. In Appendix A and the first section, codes are used that completely coincide with the codes of the international classification. Also in the second section, decimal numerical three-digit codes were used, taken from the reserve of international classification codes.

In OKEI, the formula for the structure of the identification code is as follows: XXX. The name block is the name of the unit of measurement adopted in state reporting and accounting (for the second section), or the name of the unit of measurement according to the international classification (for Appendix A and the first section). The block of additional characteristics is conditional data, letter code designations of units of measurement (national and international).

In order to facilitate the use of the classifier, an alphabetical index of units of measurement is given in Appendix B. In the second column, the number of the application or section in which the unit of measurement is located is indicated. The third column is the unit identification code.

The All-Russian classifier of units of measurement is maintained by VNIIKI of the State Standard of the Russian Federation together with the Computing Center of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, the Center for Economic Conditions under the Government of Russia.