The ancient world is the birth of the first civilizations. Technological map of the history lesson "The ancient world - the birth of the first civilizations The ancient world is the birth of the first

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Ancient world- the birth of the first civilizations We use in modern world calendar, hourglass, numbers, alphabet?

• Do we use a calendar, hourglass, numbers, alphabet in the modern world?
• What do you think of the above listed ancient items?
“What achievements of the era of the Ancient World do we still use?”
• What is the Ancient World?
• Could clocks, calendars, letters, numbers appear in primitive society?

What items could appear in the era of the Ancient World?

• What items could appear in the era of the Ancient World?
• What knowledge do we lack?

Civilization is a new, higher stage in the development of mankind, different countries with their own special culture

The main signs of civilization:

• State (king, taxes, army)
• Cities
• Writing

Ancient Rome Ancient Greece

Ancient Egypt

Mesopotamia

Ancient China

ancient india

Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome is located on the Apennine Peninsula. The capital is the city of Rome, founded in 753 BC. on the banks of the Tiber River by the twins Romulus and Remus, sons of the vestal Rhea Sylvia and the god of war Mars.

The city was founded on the top of the Capitol Hill, where later administrative buildings arose: the Senate, the tribune. The Romans were brilliant builders and architects. Rome was built according to an ideal layout. open areas alternated with straight avenues and streets that intersected at right angles, the squares were decorated with statues.

In the history of Rome, there are a lot of events of interest: the life of Gaius Julius Caesar, the uprising of Spartacus, the Punic Wars

Ancient Rome They invented the water mill, Tyronian marks (in modern meaning shorthand), concrete; and the habit of the Romans to salt greens led to the formation of the word "salad".

Multi-story houses.

High-rise buildings appeared in Rome not at all from a good life. The problem of overpopulation was already familiar in those distant times. The only way out was high-rise buildings that were rented out. The poor lived under the roof. They had to climb up to the very roof along the outer staircase, which began right on the street. These apartments were so low and cramped that the only way to walk around the rooms was to bend over.

Ancient Rome Sewerage. The sewage was constantly washed away through an inclined pipe with water from a nearby thermal source. This was the first full-fledged sewage system, also known as the “Cloaca”, the diameter of the main tunnels of which reached 7 meters.

Double-glazed windows.

Of course, glass was not invented by the ancient Romans. But it was they who brought window craft to perfection. The world's first correct construction of a window measuring 1 x 1.7 m was located under the vault of the dressing room of the bath in Pompeii and consisted of a bronze frame with frosted glass. At the same time, the inhabitants of Ancient Rome realized that the main part of the warm air leaves through the window, and if you put two glasses, one after the other with a distance of five centimeters, then the house becomes much warmer.

Ancient Rome triumphal arches- also a Roman architectural innovation, possibly borrowed from the Etruscans. Arches were built for various reasons - both in honor of victories and as a sign of the consecration of new cities. However, their primary meaning is associated with a triumph - a solemn procession in honor of the victory over the enemy. Passing through the arch, the emperor returned to his native city in a new capacity. The arch was the boundary between one's own and the other's.

Egypt - ancient state that existed in the valley of the lower Nile.

The territory of Egypt was a narrow ribbon of fertile soil stretching along the banks of the Nile. On both sides the valley was bordered by mountain ranges.

At first, the country was divided into Upper and Lower Egypt.

The ancient Egyptians grew barley, wheat, grapes, figs and dates, bred large and small cattle.

In 3 thousand BC. imperial power was significantly strengthened and consolidated. This is reflected in the most famous monuments ancient egypt- pyramids.

Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt 1. Ancient Egypt made a huge contribution to world culture. The Egyptians found a more suitable material for writing than clay - papyrus. This is a reed that grows in abundance along the banks of the Nile River. They wrote in drawing-like characters called hieroglyphs. The Egyptians called them "divine speech." They attached important religious and magical significance to the writings.

2. The Egyptians built their dwellings from clay, silt and straw. Later they learned how to make bricks out of clay, burn them in the sun and build houses out of them.

Ancient Egypt

3. The Egyptians grew wheat, barley, flax, from which they wove linen and sewed clothes. Raised cattle. The Egyptians hunted on land from chariots and on water from boats. They hunted hippos with harpoons and ropes.

4. The highest and oldest is the pyramid of Cheops. It reaches 146 meters in height. This is the only wonder of the world that has survived to this day. It has been under construction for 20 years. 100 thousand people worked on its construction and six and a half million tons of stones were used.

Ancient Egypt 5. In Egypt, there were medical schools. Ancient Egyptian doctors were well versed in how the human body works. Belief in an afterlife led the Egyptians to embalm (mummify) the bodies of the dead.

6. The Egyptians wore light clothing made of linen, which was not hot. Both men and women used cosmetics. Wealthy people wore wigs and jewelry made of gold and semi-precious stones.

BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT

ACCORDING TO THE EGYPTIAN BELIEFS, MAN CONSISTED OF THE BODY (HET), SHADOW (HIBET), NAME (RAS) AND INVISIBLE DOUBLE (KA). BELIEF IN THE AFTER LIFE WAS REFLECTED IN THE RELIGION OF THE EGYPTIANS. GOD OF THE SUN - RA,

BELOVED GOD IS OSIRIS. THE MOST COMPLEX PROCEDURE OF EMBALMING WAS CARRIED OUT IN ORDER TO INVEST KA INTO THE MUMMY. THEREFORE THE PRESERVATION OF THE BODY IN THE FORM OF A MUMMY WAS SO IMPORTANT

Ancient China

• They made silk fabric (even books were made from this material, but they were very expensive).
• Invented a cheap material - paper
• Invented the compass
• Learned to grow - tea

Single coin of China

Chinese Wall

Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece was located in the south of the Balkan Peninsula and included the islands of the Aegean and Ionian Seas.

From the 8th century BC The Greeks called themselves Hellenes.

The population of Ancient Greece was engaged in agriculture, gardening (especially the cultivation of grapes and olives), cattle breeding (preference was given to small livestock - goats). And the handicraft was also developed.

In historical times, the territory of the Hellenes was divided into many small states.

The largest policies were Sparta and Athens.

The ancient Greeks believed in many gods: Zeus, Athena, Apollo, Neptune, Hera, Artemis, Hermes and others. Ancient Greece gave the world the Olympic Games.

Ancient Greece

1. Sparta, even in peacetime, looked like a military camp. The sons of citizens of Sparta at the age of 7 entered schools, where they underwent severe hardening. In order to teach the boys to endure the hardships of military service without a murmur, they were cruelly flogged in churches once a year. At the same time, the boys were not even supposed to moan. The greatest attention was paid to the development of strength, endurance, courage, the ability to obey and command. The boys were also taught correct speech(it had to be clear and concise - concise), reading and writing, playing musical instruments, choral singing. The girls were brought up in the family, they were also necessarily developed physically. Boys started at age 20 military service, which lasted until the age of 60.

Ancient Greece

2. In another Greek state - Athens, named after the goddess Athena - the Goddess of war, wisdom, knowledge, arts, crafts, they revered courage and courage, but gave great importance the sciences of the arts. Especially valued oratory - eloquence. He was specially taught to boys in gymnasiums.

Ancient Greece

3. Above all, the ancient Greeks valued scientific knowledge that amazed even their descendants. One of the most famous Greeks - Archimedes - a scientist, mathematician, mechanic, founder of theoretical mechanics and hydrostatics. He made many discoveries: the law of floating of bodies, named after him, invented a propeller for lifting water to land. Pythagoras is a mathematician-geometer, philosopher, religious and political figure. He is credited with studying the properties of integers, proving the Pythagorean theorem, and more. Writers Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides became famous for their plays. The historian Herodotus is called the "father" of history. The great philosophers were Socrates, Plato, Aristotle. Theater also came to us from Greece

Ancient Greece

4. The art of mosaic was born in ancient Greece, where images were made from multi-colored pebbles. In ancient Greece, they were engaged in painting ceramic vessels: amphoras (a sharp-bottomed vessel), kylix (an elegant bowl), craters (a large vessel). The subjects for painting were legends, myths, scenes from Everyday life, competition athletes.

Ancient Greece

Now vases are giants, then dwarfs are vases And each vase with a drawing is a story! A hero in a chariot flies to war. The Argonauts are sailing into a foreign country. Perseus kills the Gorgon Medusa. But Artemis, the goddess of the hunt, shoots someone with a well-aimed bow. And this is Orpheus playing the lyre. And this is a sports trophy.

The ancient Greeks plied the seas, They found time for sports, And they also invented the Olympic Games in ancient days!

ancient greek theater

in Pergamon.

In the city of Olympus, the all-Greek sports competitions - the Olympic Games - were held every 4 years. They celebrated in honor of the god Zeus. Competitions were held in running, wrestling, chariot races. The head of the winner was crowned with a laurel wreath. During the Olympic Games, all hostilities ceased. Artists and poets used to come here. Here the custom was established to read literary works and recite poetry. The Greek states during the Olympics announced the conclusion of important treaties, sealed them with oaths at the altars of the gods.

Mesopotamia

The large cities of Mesopotamia were the centers of states that appeared more than 5 thousand years ago.

During excavations in Mesopotamia, archaeologists found many clay tablets covered with wedge-shaped icons, which turned out to be the oldest writing system on Earth. It turns out that the Sumerians opened the era written history, found a means of expressing speech in the form of symbols. The Sumerians used soft clay tablets as a material for writing, on which they squeezed out badges - “wedges” with a special stick. Each icon represented a whole word. The tablets were fired for strength. The cuneiform script used 700 characters, so few people owned it. The profession of a scribe was highly respected.

Mesopotamia

They established order in society, regulated relations between people. The laws are carved on a basalt slab found by archaeologists in 1901. contained 282 articles. In the laws you can find information about the purpose of their creation, about the features of the economy of Babylon, about the development of society, about slavery, trade, the army, and many others.

The Sumerians invented a wheel, a plow, an irrigation system, a bow for hunting, they first began to grow wheat, flax, peas, grapes, thousands of years ago the Sumerians knew mathematics, astronomy.

Since the X century. BC. they make extensive use of iron.

The development of ancient Indian architecture has some peculiarities. Monuments that existed until the III century BC. e., have not survived to this day, since wood served as a building material. From the III century BC. e. stone is used in construction.

Big stupa №1,

Where are Buddha relics kept?

Cave Temple at Ajanta (Gupta Empire)

ancient india

ancient indian art

buddha statue

Ancient fresco from

Ajanta Temple (under the Guptas)

Decimal digits

Lesson summary:

• What is the era of the ancient world?
• What civilized countries existed in the era of the Ancient World?
• What is the main difference between the era of the Ancient World and the era of the Primitive World?

Lesson summary:

• What surprised you in class?
• What did you buy, feel, think?
• What did you discover new for yourself?
• What was more successful?
• Why do we need this lesson?
Evaluate your work in class
• Green - I was active and satisfied with my work.
• Yellow - I tried, but I didn’t succeed.
• Red - I didn't work well enough.
Draw a circle of the selected color next to the topic of the lesson in " Workbook»

Sections: elementary School

Class: 4

• To explain the world along the line" - to teach to distinguish epochs of world history from each other - using the example of the Ancient World. This skill can be developed through:
  • chronological framework (3 thousand BC and 4 century AD);
  • change in the state of the art;
  • organization of society.
• Along the line of "defining one's attitude to the world" - to teach to explain the importance of the inventions of the Ancient World for modern civilization.

Equipment: hourglass, calendar with the name of the months, numbers, letters of the alphabet, textbook p.53-56, workbook p. 36.38

During the classes

1. Class organization.

Teacher: Hello guys, I'm glad to see you, as well as the guests who came to our lesson. Let's welcome them. Look at each other, smile. Sit down.

2. Message of the topic of the lesson.

Teacher: Today I invite you to continue your fascinating journey through the pages of world history.

Tell me, where did we go last lesson?

Children : In the primitive world. (Slide 2)

Teacher: What interesting things did you learn about this era?

Open the textbook on p.46, look at the "River of Time". In what era do you think we will make our journey today?

Children: In the era of the Ancient World.

Teacher: What era is this?

Children: Second.

Teacher: Who can determine the time period of the era of the Ancient World?

Children: XXX century. BC. - 4 in. AD (written on the board)

Teacher: We will travel to the second era of mankind. And the topic of the lesson is "The Ancient World - the birth of the first civilizations" (written on the board), (Slide 3)

Teacher: Our journey will be accompanied by the Muse of History - Clio. (Clio is a high school student)

You are Clio, the Muse of history. You help to remember that a person can achieve a lot, help to find his destiny. You clearly understand what you want and "infect" others with your confidence. A scroll of parchment and a tablet are your favorite attributes. With their help, you keep a record of achievements and successes, and in a moment of uncertainty, you remind us that we will succeed. So be our muse today!

I don't like verbiage
I acknowledge work.
Here is everyone I always share with
Historians of care.
If you are ready to name yourself
And show your knowledge
I will definitely mark it
And I will be obliged to give the order.

(for correct answers, Clio gives the children orders in the form of the letter U)

3. Statement of the problem.

Teacher: Guys, look at the set of items that I brought to the lesson.

Do we use these items in the modern world?

Children: Yes, all the time.

Teacher: What do you think, are any of these objects ancient or are they all modern?

Children: All ancient. All modern. Some ancient, some modern.

Teacher: We got three versions. What is the question?

Children: Which one of us is right?

Teacher: Do you think the people of the Ancient World could invent something?

Children: Yes, they could.

Teacher: Would you like to know what these inventions were and whether they exist in the modern world?

Teacher: what main question will be in class today?

Children: What achievements of the era of the Ancient World do we still use? (written on the board)

4. Actualization of knowledge.

Teacher: What do clocks, calendars, letters, numbers serve us for?

Teacher: Let's remember what the Ancient World is?

Children: The second era of world history.

Teacher: Could the calendar, letters, numbers appear in the primitive world?

Children: No, because the alphabet is needed for writing, and primitive people did not know writing.

Teacher: What do we need to know in order to answer the main question of the lesson?

Children: Which of these items could appear in the era of the Ancient World?

Teacher: And what knowledge do we lack for this? Do we know anything about the era of the Ancient World?

Children: No.

Teacher: So we need to find out how the era of the Ancient World differs from the Primitive?

Let's put our answers in the table "We know. We don't know" (Slide 4)

5. Search for a solution. Discovery of new knowledge.

Teacher: Let's answer the first question. What is the difference between the era of the Ancient World and the era of the Primitive World?

Let's read the lesson again. What interesting things did you notice in the title of the topic of the lesson? Do you understand all the words?

Can you define the word "civilization"?

Difficult, then let's figure it out together.

Open the textbook on p.53. there is a picture below. "The transition from primitive society to civilization."

Looking at this diagram, try to compose a story according to this plan. (Slide 5)

1. Where did the people of primitive society and civilization live?

2. Who controlled the people?

3. How were messages and knowledge transmitted?

(work in groups) Listen to the answers.

Teacher: Try to name the main features that distinguish civilizations from primitive society?

Children: Cities, a state, writing appear.

Teacher: What is the shape of the pink line?

Children: In the form of a step.

Teacher: Try to give a definition, complete the sentence.

Civilization is:::::::a stage of human development. (Slide 6)

Let's test our guess with a tutorial. Read p.53, paragraph 2, aloud.

So what is civilization?

Children: A new, higher stage in the development of mankind. (Slide 7)

Teacher: So, in the era of the ancient world appear (Slide 8.9) - cities, states, writing. These are the main signs of civilization.

Teacher: Look at the map. 54-55. (Slide 10)

What is indicated on the map by a wide pink line?

Children: The border of the civilized world.

Teacher: What is beyond this boundary?

Children: The world of primitive people.

Teacher: Which world was larger - the world of primitive tribes or the world of ancient civilizations?

Children: The world of primitive tribes is wider.

Teacher: What can we conclude?

Children: Two worlds simultaneously existed on the planet.

Teacher: in the column "We do not know" under the first question we write

Teacher: But the word "civilization" has another definition. Do you want to know which one?

Let's turn to the map again. pp. 54-55 (Slide 12)

Consider the symbols on the map. What is marked with different colors on the map?

Children In: Ancient Civilizations.

Teacher: What civilizations are located in Europe?

Children: Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece.

Teacher: What are the civilizations of the Ancient East?

Children: Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient China, Ancient India.

Teacher: Where exactly was each ancient civilization? Pay attention to the banks of which rivers, seas?

Children: The civilizations of Ancient Europe were located along the banks mediterranean sea, and civilizations ancient east- along the banks of large rivers: the Nile, the Tigris, the Euphrates, the Indus, the Yellow River and the Yangtze.

Teacher: Now let's work in groups. Consider the illustrations that are placed around the map. You will need to write down on a piece of paper - the name of the civilization and the architectural monument for which it became famous.

Who quickly?

Let's see who's ready.

Teacher: Are the architectural structures similar to each other? Why?

Children: No, everyone is different, because different countries, different cultures.

Teacher: - Compare the clothes of people from different ancient civilizations. What can you say about clothes? (Slide 13.14)

Children: the clothes are also different.

Teacher: Compare writing. What conclusion can you draw? (Slide 15.16)

Children: Each country has its own script.

Teacher: We compared architectural structures, clothes, writing with you. So what conclusion can you come to?

Children: Each civilization had its own special culture.

Teacher: So what is civilization? Let's try to give a second definition to this concept. Finish the sentence.

Civilizations are different::::::::..with their own special::::::..(Slide 17)

Teacher: let's check our assumption on the textbook p.53, paragraph 3.

We were right? (Yes) (Slide 18)

In the column "We do not know" we write down the second definition.

Fizminutka.

Teacher: let's play the game "Lotto" now (work in pairs)

In front of you is a piece of paper divided into two columns. There is an envelope containing phrases from two definitions of the new concept of "Civilization". Your task is to correctly decompose these definitions into the desired column. Let's get to work. Let's check (Slide 20)

Teacher: What question of the "Don't know" column have we not answered yet? (Slide 21)

Children: Which of the presented items appeared in the era of the ancient world?

Teacher: We can find the answer on p.56. Consider the table. "Inventions of the Civilizations of the Ancient World"

What objects really came to us from the Ancient World? (the teacher adds:

Ancient Egypt. The Egyptians were the first to create a calendar in which a normal year consists of 365 days. .

Ancient Mesopotamia. Standing on top of the temples, people studied the starry sky, the movement of the Moon and the Sun. It was they who first divided the earth day into 24 hours, an hour into 60 minutes, and a minute into 60 seconds. . Thus was created the system of counting time, which we use now.

Ancient India. Scientists for the first time created signs to represent the numbers that we use 0,1,2:::9.

Ancient China. The masters of ancient China became famous all over the world for their light and elegant silk fabrics. For centuries, they kept the method of their manufacture a secret.

Ancient Greece - Hellas. In its seaside trading cities, an alphabet of vowels and consonants first appeared. Most modern alphabets are based on it.

Ancient Rome. The language of the Romans - Latin (Latin) was known in all his possessions. We are currently using latin words: church, university, empire, calendar, etc. In our calendars, the names of the months come from the names of Roman gods or emperors (March - the god Mars, July - Julius Caesar).

Teacher: But in the era of the ancient world, technology is also developing. Pay attention to p.57.

Compare the technical capabilities of people in the ancient world and the primitive world. p50 and p. 57.

What can you say?

Children: In the ancient world, an iron ax, a wheel, sailing and rowing ships appear.

Teacher: What technical achievements of the Ancient World era helped people to move long distances?

Children: Chariots, sailing and rowing ships.

Teacher: Sailing on sailing and rowing ships, it was possible to make long voyages and not be afraid of overseas travel. Detachments on war chariots could travel long distances and suddenly attack the enemy. If we compare the tools of labor, then an iron ax appears in the ancient world. It took a whole day to cut down a tree with a stone axe, but with an iron axe, it could be done in a few minutes.

Thus, the technical achievements in the ancient world rose to a higher level of development.

Teacher: Let's go back to our table. (Slide 21)

Have we answered the second question?

Teacher: So, we write in question

Teacher: Read the main question of the lesson. Have we received a full answer to it? Prove it.

Teacher: Modern people know not only the achievements of the civilizations of the Ancient World, but also remember the events of those distant times.

Read the article in the textbook on options. 1c.-p.56, 2nd paragraph, 2c.-p.56, 3rd paragraph.

What events made ancient Greece famous?

Children: Olympic Games. (Slide 23)

Teacher: Do we hold the Olympic Games? Who knows when the Winter Olympic Games will be held in Russia?

Children: In Sochi 2014 (Slide 24)

Teacher: What happened in Ancient Rome?

Children: The uprising of slaves led by Spartacus. (Slide 25)

Teacher: All of you, probably, have heard the name of the sports team "Spartak"? Now you know where this name came from. (Slide 26)

Let's return to the main question.

6. Application of knowledge.

Teacher: Let's do the work in the notebook p.38 No. 2.

Complete the crossword puzzle yourself.

Let's check (Slide 27)

The next task number 1 p.36.

Having completed this task, we can summarize our lesson.

7. The result of the lesson.

Teacher: Have we found answers to the main question of the lesson?

What interesting things did you learn in the lesson?

Other children are awarded diplomas "Connoisseur of History".

“Human labor and talent, passion and mind of hundreds of generations have come into our existence from the past. Take away from us what our ancestors have done, and cities and factories will be wiped off the face of the earth, and darkness will fall on the earth.

The great property of a progressive person is not to forget the past and be grateful to those who went ahead"

8. Homework

Prepare reports on architectural monuments that interest you. Complete two tasks in a notebook of your choice.

Do we use a calendar, hourglass, numbers, alphabet in the modern world? What do you think of the above listed ancient items? “What achievements of the era of the Ancient World do we still use?” What is the Ancient World? Could clocks, calendars, letters, numbers appear in primitive society?

What items could appear in the era of the Ancient World? What knowledge do we lack? We know We don't know What are the clock, calendar, letters, numbers for? What is the difference between the era of the Ancient World and the era of the Primitive World? The ancient world - the second era of world history What objects could appear in the era of the ancient world?

Ancient Rome They invented the water mill, Tyronian marks (shorthand in the modern sense), concrete; and the Roman habit of salting greens led to the formation of the word salad. Multi-story houses. High-rise buildings appeared in Rome not at all from a good life. The problem of overpopulation was already familiar in those distant times. The only way out was high-rise buildings that were rented out. The poor lived under the roof. They had to climb up to the very roof along the outer staircase, which began right on the street. These apartments were so low and cramped that the only way to walk around the rooms was to bend over.

Ancient Rome Sewerage. The sewage was constantly washed away through an inclined pipe with water from a nearby thermal source. This was the first full-fledged sewerage, it is also the Cloaca, the diameter of the main tunnels of which reached 7 meters. Double-glazed windows. Of course, glass was not invented by the ancient Romans. But it was they who brought window craft to perfection. The world's first correct construction of a window measuring 1 x 1.7 m was located under the vault of the dressing room of the bath in Pompeii and consisted of a bronze frame with frosted glass. At the same time, the inhabitants of Ancient Rome realized that the main part of the warm air leaves through the window, and if you put two glasses, one after the other with a distance of five centimeters, then the house becomes much warmer.

Ancient Rome Triumphal arches are also a Roman architectural innovation, possibly borrowed from the Etruscans. Arches were built for various reasons - both in honor of victories and as a sign of the consecration of new cities. However, their primary meaning is associated with a triumph - a solemn procession in honor of the victory over the enemy. Passing through the arch, the emperor returned to his native city in a new capacity. The arch was the boundary between one's own and the other's.

In the city of Olympus, the all-Greek sports competitions - the Olympic Games - were held every 4 years. They celebrated in honor of the god Zeus. Competitions were held in running, wrestling, chariot races. The head of the winner was crowned with a laurel wreath. During the Olympic Games, all hostilities ceased. Artists and poets used to come here. Here the custom was established to read literary works and recite poetry. Greek states during the Olympics Announced the conclusion of important treaties, sealed them with oaths at the altars of the gods.

Ancient Egypt 1. Ancient Egypt made a huge contribution to world culture. The Egyptians found a more suitable material for writing than clay - papyrus. This is a reed that grows in abundance along the banks of the Nile River. They wrote in drawing-like characters called hieroglyphs. The Egyptians called them "divine speech." They attached important religious and magical significance to the writings. 2. The Egyptians built their dwellings from clay, silt and straw. Later they learned how to make bricks out of clay, burn them in the sun and build houses out of them.

Ancient Egypt 3. The Egyptians grew wheat, barley, flax, from which they wove linen and sewed clothes. Raised cattle. The Egyptians hunted on land from chariots and on water from boats. They hunted hippos with harpoons and ropes. 4. The highest and oldest is the pyramid of Cheops. It reaches 146 meters in height. This is the only wonder of the world that has survived to this day. It has been under construction for 20 years. 100 thousand people worked on its construction and six and a half million tons of stones were used.

Mesopotamia They established order in society, regulated relations between people. The laws carved on a basalt slab found by archaeologists in 1901 contained 282 articles. In the laws you can find information about the purpose of their creation, about the features of the economy of Babylon, about the development of society, about slavery, trade, the army, and many others. The Sumerians invented a wheel, a plow, an irrigation system, a bow for hunting, they first began to grow wheat, flax, peas, grapes, thousands of years ago the Sumerians knew mathematics, astronomy. Since the X century. BC. they make extensive use of iron.

Lesson summary: What surprised you at the lesson? What did you buy, feel, think? What did you discover new for yourself? What was more successful? Why do we need this lesson? Evaluate your work in the lesson: Green - I was active and satisfied with my work. Yellow - I tried, but I didn’t succeed. Red - I didn't work well enough. Draw a circle of the selected color next to the topic of the lesson in the Workbook

Textbook material used The world, "Man and humanity" 4th grade. Publishers M.: Balass, 2012. The world around ("Man and humanity"). 4th grade. Guidelines for the teacher. - 2nd ed., - M .: Ballas, 2011 In preparing the presentation, materials from the sites were used: - pictures

Lesson topic: The ancient world - the birth of the first civilizations
Purpose: to introduce students to ancient civilizations
Tasks:

Educational:

Introduce the concept of "civilization"; Introduce the era of the Ancient World; Show the geographical location of ancient civilizations on the map;

Developing:

Contribute to the development of HMF: oral speech, thinking, perception, imagination; Expand your horizons;

Educational:

To form an interest in the history of their homeland; Cultivate love and respect for the environment.

Equipment: textbook, multimedia equipment, blackboard, TPO notebook

During the classes

Org. moment

Hello guys! My name is Svetlana Vladimirovna, and I will give you a lesson on the environment. Have a seat.

Today I invite you to continue your fascinating journey through the pages of world history.

Knowledge update

Tell me, where did you go in the last lessons? (In the primeval world)

Why is the Primitive World called "man's first steps"? (The primitive world is the time of the appearance of the first people and their mastery of the most important human skills)

What inventions and skills did people make in Primitive society? (In the era of the Primitive World, people learned to speak, learned to grow plants, animals, mined and kept fire, made tools from stone, bone, wood)

Guys, look at the slide, it shows the river of time. Tell me, in what era will we make our today's journey? (In the era of the ancient world) - slide number 1

staging problem situation

Guys, look at the slide and answer the questions: slide number 2

1. Do we use all these items in the modern world? (Yes, all the time)

2. Do you think any of these items are ancient or are they all modern?

(Students may make different guesses:

- all modern; - all ancient; - some ancient and some modern)

What question do we have? (Which of us is right? What era do all the objects presented to us belong to?)

Learning new material

Today we have to find out what achievements of the era of the Ancient World we still use?

Look at slide #3

Read the topic of our lesson. (The ancient world - the birth of the first civilizations)

What is civilization? (Assumption) Guys, let's find out the meaning of this word from the text on page 53. Read the text to yourself, give the concept of the word "civilization" (Civilization is a high stage of development; a society with its own culture)

Guys, look at the diagram “Transition from primitive society to civilization” on page 53, tell me, how does primitive society differ from civilization? What happened? (Among the small villages, new cities appeared)

cities states writing

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civilization

villages clans and tribes legends

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primitive society

What did the rulers do to organize and protect people's lives? (They began to write laws, create troops, collect taxes. New organizations appeared that were engaged in managing society - states)

What other important invention was there during the transition to civilization? (Invented writing)

What is writing for? (To convey various information for which oral stories are not enough)

Try to name the main features that distinguish civilizations from primitive society. (People begin to build cities, create a state, invent writing) - slide

What is the main difference between the era of the Ancient World and the era of the Primitive World? (In this era, the first civilizations appeared: cities, states, writing)

Physical education (video file)

Working with the map on pages 54-55

Look at the map on pages 54-55.

Tell me what is special about it? (Page 54 is a map of the Ancient World, and page 55 is a map from the 3rd millennium BC to the 5th century AD. The ancient world had a low population density per unit area)

What is indicated on the map by a wide pink line? (Border of the civilized world)

What is outside this border? (What is left is the world of primitive people)

Where did ancient civilizations originate, in which hemisphere? (In the east)

Which world is larger - the world of primitive tribes or the world of ancient civilizations? (the world of primitive tribes is wider)

What is marked with different colors on the map? (Ancient Civilizations)

Right. Many civilizations of the Old World were born in the river valleys (Tigris and Euphrates, Nile, Indus), why do you think? (Rivers played such a huge role in their people's lives - a means of transportation, water for agriculture, needs, protection from enemies)

What civilizations are located in Europe? (Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece)

Let's take a closer look at these civilizations.

Ancient Rome was founded in 753 BC. e. in Central Italy on the site of the most ancient generations. The inhabitants of Rome created the most powerful state of antiquity and conquered different countries. In 70 - 80 years of our era, the Flavian amphitheater was built in Rome, called the Colosseum (from the Latin "huge"). The Roman Colosseum is a huge bowl with stepped rows of seats, closed on the outside of the annular side. The Colosseum is the largest amphitheater of the ancient era. It accommodates about 50 thousand spectators.

The next civilization is Ancient Greece. In ancient Greece, the letter of the ancient navigators - the Phoenicians, was improved, and for the first time created from vowels and consonants. Confessing the cult of health and physical strength, the Greeks held sports competitions in honor of the god Zeus, who lived on Mount Olympus. Therefore, probably any word that contains the word "Olympus" is immediately associated with Ancient Greece.

Name the civilizations located in the Ancient East? (Ancient Egypt, Western and middle Asia or Ancient Mesopotamia, Ancient India, Ancient China)

5 thousand years ago, on the banks of the Nile River, a great kingdom appeared - Ancient Egypt. This is a country that is located in the middle of the largest desert on Earth - the Sahara. The priests of ancient Egypt invented the calendar, which people still use today. How did it happen? The answer is simple! To get a good harvest from the fields, you need to know exactly when the Nile flood will begin, and when the water recedes; when to sow and when it is time to harvest. It was then when people learned to reap a big harvest, and many of them could already do not, but, for example, build houses. All obeyed the pharaoh. His power was so great that people worshiped him as a living god. On the western bank of the Nile tower the grandiose pyramids of the pharaohs. The pyramids were once lined with smoothly polished white limestone slabs. Now the pyramids are considered interesting place for tourists. The ancient Greeks considered the pyramids to be the first of the 7 wonders of the world.

Buddhist stupa. The first stupas appeared in India in pre-Buddhist times and initially served as monuments on the graves of rulers.

Ishtar Gate. The main city gates were named after the goddess Ishtar. A solemn procession passed through this gate during the most important holiday - the New Year. She was the main female deity. Her fans referred to her as "Virgo"

Chinese Wall. The largest monument of architecture. Passes through northern China for 8851.8 km. Construction began in the 3rd century BC. e. to protect the state from the raids of the nomadic people. The height of the Great Wall of China is approximately 5 meters

Guys, we have now examined architectural structures. Are these structures similar to each other? (no they don't look alike)

Why? (Countries are different, so the culture is different)

Right. Culture leaves its mark on different countries. At different countries their traditions and customs.

Compare the clothes of people from different ancient civilizations. What can you say? (different clothes) (slide show)

Compare writing? (each country has its own script) (slide show)

The language of the ancient Egyptians is known to researchers by a large number surviving inscriptions of hieroglyphic writing, made on stone and papyri. Since it is a "dead" language, at the dawn of Egyptology there was a problem of deciphering it. Ancient India. The most commonly used material for writing was a palm leaf, dried, softened, incised and divided into strips. For the book, several such strips were connected. In most of India, ink was obtained from black soot or, and Ancient Rome wrote with a reed pen. AT ancient times The Romans wrote on stone, metal and canvas. Whitewashed wooden boards were also used for announcements and documents. So that the writing would not be erased when several boards were stacked, each of them was set in a wooden frame. Paper or parchment served as writing material for the manufacture of books. The paper was prepared from thin strips of the core of Egyptian papyrus. Ancient China. In ancient China, they usually wrote on long and thin wooden or bamboo strips, which were then connected with a cord or belt. They wrote with ink with a brush, and erroneously written characters were cleaned with a metal knife. From the middle of the first millennium BC. e. the ancient Chinese also wrote on silk. Ancient Greece. When in the IX - VIII centuries. BC e. the Greeks had an alphabetic writing, they began to write on palm leaves, linden bast, linen fabrics and even on lead scrolls. However, papyrus remained the main material. Later, in Rome and Greece, wooden tablets covered with wax or plastered began to be used. They were widely used in schools. Old text on wax could be erased and a new one written. If the texts were long and placed on several tablets, they were linked.

ЇWhat conclusion can be drawn? (Each civilization has its own special culture)

ЇOpened page 56 in the textbook. What objects really came to us from the Ancient World? (children's answers in pictures)

Consolidation of the material covered

Work in TPO, page 36 No. 1:

The era of the ancient world is the birth of the first civilizations. The first cities began to appear. To organize and protect life different people, it was necessary to have laws, maintain an army, collect taxes. This is how states came into being.

Crossword solution - slide

Write in the crossword the names of ancient civilizations that are inventions of the following achievements:

A calendar in which a year is equal to 365 days Usual images of numbers from 0 to 9 (India) Silk fabrics (China) Names of months (Rome) Alphabet of vowels and consonants (Greece) Time (Mesopotamia)
Outcome

Ї What is the era of the Ancient World? (The time of the emergence of the first civilizations, cities and states that passed on their achievements to us)

What is civilization? (This is the highest stage in the development of society; the transition from the primitive state to a higher stage of development)

What interesting things did you learn in the lesson?

Homework

TPO - page 39, no. 4; reports on the topic "Development of technology in the era of the Ancient World"

- Let's see how the transition from primitive society to civilization takes place. Recall what we know about primitive society.

Civilization Primitive society

Where did primitive people live? (In the caves)

Was it comfortable to live like this? (No, why?

What did people build? (Houses)

Could one person build a house for himself? (Not)

What were the people doing? (They united, worked together)

What was the name of the place where there were several dwellings? (Village)

Could strangers settle with these people in this village? (No, why? (Joint work, the fight against predators, the development of coherent speech rallied people closer to each other)

What began to be created by people who lived in the same village and worked together? (Birth) Why? (Only a whole family was able to engage in agriculture, cattle breeding. The harvest gathered in the field belonged to the whole family)

And if several clans lived in the same area, what were they called? (Tribe)

Who managed all the affairs of the tribe? (Council of Elders)

Guys, how did we learn about the life of primitive society: how did they live, what did they do? (According to rock paintings, according to objects found, according to epics and legends that have come down to us)

This is the beginning of the development of the culture of human society.

Will society develop if the tribes do not exchange the products of their labor? (No, why?

Already in the 4th millennium BC, most people led a sedentary lifestyle: it was convenient to engage in handicrafts, agriculture, and cattle breeding. The tribes exchanged with each other the products of their labor and, to the same, convenient waterway facilitated the exchange of goods.

Among the small villages, the first ... (cities) began to appear.

In the city among the people there were some richer and some poorer; people had to be organized somehow, to protect their lives, to collect taxes.

A new force has appeared, busy managing society - the state.

What else do you think is an important condition for the development of civilization? (Writing)

Why did the need for writing appear, would they continue to work on the rocks, tell epics, legends? (It was necessary to write laws protecting the rights of people, to count taxes, to memorize the best time sowing and harvesting). To convey these messages and others, oral stories were not enough, and it was difficult to keep everything in memory.

So there were first civilizations.

Working from drawings (p. 61)

Open the textbook on page 65, study the legend.

What is indicated by the thick red line on the map?

What is outside?

In which hemisphere did the first civilizations arise? (In the east)

Where did ancient civilizations originate in?

What is the climate like in these areas where the first civilizations arose?

What is marked with different colors?

What civilizations are located in Europe?

What are the civilizations of the Ancient East?

Where exactly was each ancient civilization located?

Look at the illustrations along the edges of the map.

What is it? Compare them. What can you say?

Maybe you read something about these architectural monuments?

How did one civilization differ from another?

Check (collective) by groups:

What civilizations have you read about? (Ancient China)

Look at the illustrations, maybe they will help you.

So what is civilization? Another meaning of this word? (Country, with its own special culture)

Let's go to the dictionary and check our guess.

What is rich in the era of the Ancient World?

The time of the existence of the era of the Ancient World?
(From the third millennium BC to the 4th century AD)

Solve the crossword puzzle, enter the names of ancient civilizations (During the check - on the civilization board: Egypt, ...).

Let's go back to our question that was posed at the beginning of the lesson. Who can answer? (They are the first technical and cultural achievements that brought people to a civilized society).

- At the end of the lesson I want to read the words of the writer Rudols Its: “Human labor and talent, passion and intelligence of hundreds of generations have come into our existence from the past. Take away from us what our ancestors did, and cities and factories will be wiped off the face of the earth, and darkness will fall on the earth.

The great property of a progressive person is not to forget the past and be grateful to those who went ahead!”