Where is the earth's magnetic pole moving? Do you know where the earth's magnetic poles are?

Where does the magnetic pole go?

Where is the compass needle pointing? Anyone can answer this question: of course, to the North Pole! A more knowledgeable person will clarify: the arrow shows the direction not to the geographic pole of the Earth, but to the magnetic one, and that in reality they do not coincide. The most knowledgeable will add that the magnetic pole does not have a permanent "registration" on the map at all. Judging by the results of recent studies, the pole not only has a natural tendency to "wander", but in its wanderings on the surface of the planet it is sometimes able to move at supersonic speed!

Acquaintance of mankind with the phenomenon of terrestrial magnetism, judging by written Chinese sources, happened no later than the 2nd-3rd century BC. BC e. The same Chinese, despite the imperfection of the first compasses, also noticed the deviation of the magnetic needle from the direction to the North Star, i.e. to the geographic pole. In Europe, this phenomenon became known in the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, no later than the middle of the 15th century, as evidenced by navigational instruments and geographical maps of that time (Dyachenko, 2003).

Since the beginning of the last century, scientists have been talking about the shift in the geographical position of the magnetic poles on the surface of the planet after repeated, at intervals of a year, measurements of the coordinates of the true North magnetic pole. Since then, information about these “wanderings” has appeared in the scientific press quite regularly, especially about the North Magnetic Pole, which is now moving steadily from the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to Siberia. Previously, it moved at a speed of about 10 km per year, but in recent years this speed has increased (Newitt et al., 2009).

But this concerns the change in the geographical position of the poles from year to year, but how stable do they behave in real time - within seconds, minutes, days? Judging by the observations of travelers, polar explorers and aviators, the magnetic needle sometimes spins "like crazy", so the stability of the position of the magnetic poles has long been questioned. However, until now, scientists have not tried to quantify it.

In the magnetic observatories of the world, all components of the magnetic induction vector are continuously recorded today, which are used to calculate the average annual values ​​of the magnetic field parameters and create maps of terrestrial magnetism, which are used to detect anomalies during magnetic exploration. The same records make it possible to study the behavior of the magnetic pole at time intervals of less than a year.

What happens to the pole during a quiet period and during magnetic storms? How much can such a storm “shake” the magnetic dipole in the center of the Earth? And, finally, how much more speed is the magnetic pole capable of developing in reality?

The answers to these questions are of not only scientific but also practical interest. After all, together with the shift of the magnetic pole and the expansion of the area of ​​its “wandering”, not only the area of ​​aurora changes, but also the risk of emergencies in extended power lines, interference in the operation of satellite navigation systems and short-wave radio communications increases.

Through magnetic storms

The angular elements of terrestrial magnetism include magnetic declination (Δ), equal to the angle between the north direction of the true (geographic) and magnetic meridians, and magnetic inclination(Ι) is the angle of inclination of the magnetic needle with respect to the horizon. The declination characterizes the magnitude of the "discrepancy" between the geographic and magnetic azimuths, the inclination - the distance of the observer from the magnetic pole. At a value of Ι = 90° (when the magnetic needle is vertical), the observer is at the point of the true magnetic pole. In other cases, the values ​​of Δ and Ι can be used to calculate the coordinates virtual magnetic pole(VMF), which does not necessarily coincide with the true one due to the fact that the representation of the Earth's global magnetic field in the form of a single dipole is still unreasonably simplified in its detailed study.

One of the most effective and illustrative ways to study the behavior of the poles, in our opinion, is the transformation of the values ​​of the elements of terrestrial magnetism into more “integral” and convenient characteristics for comparison - the instantaneous coordinates of the magnetic poles and the local magnetic constant (Bauer, 1914; Kuznetsov et al., 1990; 1997). The advantage of this transformation is that it does not require any assumptions about the true sources of the observed magnetic field, but at the same time allows you to see, in particular, how the magnetic poles can "run up and accelerate" in short (less than a year) time intervals.

It turned out that even on the days of a calm state of the magnetic field during the periods of the autumn or spring equinox, the virtual north magnetic pole may not actually visit the point of its calculated “average daily” position at all! The fact is that during daylight hours the pole does not remain stationary, and its “trajectory” resembles an oval. For example, on quiet days, according to the data of the Klyuchi magnetic observatory (Novosibirsk), the north magnetic pole describes a clockwise loop stretching about 10 km in the direction from the southeast to the northwest.

During a magnetic storm, the oscillations of the Earth's magnetic axis are much stronger, but they also cannot be called chaotic. So, on March 17, 2013, in just a 20-minute interval, the magnetic pole “ran” along an ellipse over 20 km in size, writing out small monograms along the way with a period of several seconds. Interestingly, in certain periods of magnetic field disturbance, the pole can change the direction of its movement, moving counterclockwise.

One of the most powerful magnetic storms occurred on October 29–31, 2003. The degree of “loosening” of the magnetic dipole of the Earth’s core during this storm can be judged from the trajectory of the north magnetic pole, which made a real “voyage” around the surrounding islands, repeatedly deviating to different side for hundreds of kilometers from its "normal", average annual position. For comparison, we note that the path traveled by the north magnetic pole, calculated from the average annual values ​​of declination and inclination based on data from the Canadian Resolute Bay Observatory, over the past 40 years is a line no longer than 500 km long.

At the speed of sound

Today, more than a hundred magnetic observatories operate in the world, the measurement data of which are stored in a single INTERMAGNET database ( InterMagNet –International Real Magnetic Net). And although it usually presents data at a minute interval, most magnetic observatories measure the values ​​​​of the elements of terrestrial magnetism every second. But even calculations based on average minute values ​​based on data from observatories located at different latitudes of the globe make it possible to estimate the patterns and speeds of the movement of the magnetic poles.

Before calculating the speed of the movement of the pole for a certain period of time, it is required to convert the values ​​of declination and inclination into the coordinates of neighboring geographical points that the magnetic pole visited during this time, and then estimate the total length of the great circle arc connecting them, which is the minimum estimate of the path traveled pole. It is minimal - because this arc is the shortest path along the sphere from one point to another. And the general trajectory of the object of our study on the surface of the globe, both during magnetic storms and during the period of “rest”, is not just an arc, but a set of “loops” of various shapes and sizes.

To calculate the velocities of the virtual magnetic poles, we chose March 17, 2013: during this day, both the quiescent and disturbed states of the magnetic field were observed. For each of the 1440 minutes of this day, based on the minute values ​​of the characteristics of terrestrial magnetism, the path traveled by the virtual magnetic pole was calculated, and the speed of its movement was determined.

The results of the calculations impressed even experienced magnetologists: it turned out that at certain moments the magnetic poles can move not only at the speed of a car, but also of a jet aircraft that exceeds the speed of sound!

Interestingly, the obtained velocity estimates depended on the geographic location of the observatories whose data were used for the calculations. Thus, according to the data of mid-latitude and low-latitude observatories, the speeds of movement of virtual magnetic poles (both average and maximum) turned out to be much less than according to the data of observatories located in the Arctic and Antarctic. By the way, the degree of remoteness of the observatory from the true magnetic pole similarly affects the daily spread of the position of the virtual magnetic pole. These data also testify in favor of the fact that the most accurate information about the parameters of the movement of true magnetic poles can be obtained precisely in those areas where these poles really "wander".

Experts point out that Earth's magnetic poles are shifting at a high rate of increase, and the magnetic field weakens. What dangers does this pose, how can this phenomenon threaten humanity, and maybe the whole nature and fauna?
Let's try to briefly understand this issue, calling for help from domestic and foreign sources. After all, the compass needle points to the north - this is how children are taught in geography lessons.

Was there a pole shift earlier in Earth's history?

Yes, it was, scientists say. 786,000 years ago, the Earth's magnetic field changed its direction by 180 degrees. The reversal, apparently, lasted only a hundred years, but looking ahead, we can assume that people then could still be in a certain danger.
Moreover, the Earth's magnetic field repeatedly changed direction - on average every 250,000 years. At that time, if there was a compass, then its arrow, indicating north, would actually show south.

The last long-term reversal of the magnetic poles, called the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal, occurred almost 800,000 years ago. And it happened surprisingly much faster than previously known reversals of the Earth's magnetic field, according to the International Geophysical Journal.
Almost as quickly there was a brief change in the magnetic field 41,000 years ago. At that time, the north magnetic pole went 200 years to the south pole, stayed there for 440 years, and then returned to the north. Such short-term excursions are even more frequent than long-term reversals.

The exact date of the last long-term reversal of the magnetic poles

To analyze the magnetic pole shift, the scientists analyzed the deposits of a former lake in the Apennines east of Rome. The dominant directions of the magnetic field of their deposit materials were found and restored. In this study, scientists were able to determine the timing of the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal much more accurately than previously possible. The ratio of two different argon isotopes was used to calculate the age of the deposited layers. It turned out that this event happened only 786 thousand years ago.

Why the Earth's magnetic field changes its direction, researchers can not finally explain until now. "This is due to changes in the planet's outer core," says Maxwell Braun of the German Research Center for Geosciences in Potsdam. There, probably, the Earth's magnetic field is generated. "However, we don't know what controls its long-term behavior."

However, there is such an understanding of the nature of the Earth's magnetic field. The reasons for the formation of the magnetic field are hidden deep in the hot bowels of the Earth: there is a layer of liquid iron that rotates around the 2500 km powerful core of the Earth, which consists of solid metal - iron and nickel. This rotation moves metals about ten kilometers a year and creates a current, which in turn generates a magnetic field around the Earth.
“But the iron masses in the bowels of the earth behave chaotically, a slight turbulence and convection currents form everywhere, which manifests itself on earth in the form of fluctuations in the magnetic field, both weakening the magnetic field and slightly strengthening it in other places. Thus, the magnetic field has already weakened by 5%, and even more in the Atlantic and Brazil.

There is at least circumstantial evidence that the next pole reversal could take place within a few thousand years. The Earth's magnetic field has been weakening for 150 years. Recently, the decrease in field intensity has even accelerated. And the North Magnetic Pole, for example, has already gone from its original value of 1300 km in the direction of Siberia, overcoming about 90 km per day.

What dangers, threats to all living things are the switching of the Earth's magnetic field

For life on Earth, orbiting satellites, and for electrical infrastructure, the Earth's magnetic field is extremely important because it protects them from harmful cosmic radiation. During the turn, the magnetic field becomes much weaker. Reduced protection from cosmic radiation and this can increase the risk of cancer for humans and animals. The impact on satellites will occur in much the same way as during solar storms. Experts fear disruptions in the functioning of the power grid.

Moreover, the magnetic field does not allow molecules of the Earth's gaseous shell to be carried into space, otherwise it would have left what is now observed on Mars.

However, geologists are comfortable with the polarity reversal because the atmosphere is a real shield against high energy radiation towards the earth. In addition, the protective magnetic field does not completely disappear even during a reversal. There is some optimism that the human race has experienced several short-term reversals of the magnetic field, like the one that took place 41,000 years ago.

Currently, scientists have begun intensive research on polar ice, which holds the age-old secrets of the response of materials to changes in the planet's magnetic field. Many believe that earthlings have a glaring lack of knowledge in this matter, which must be quickly eliminated. Maybe that's why, in the Earth's orbit for more than a year, three European satellites began to fly close to each other, which, with their magnetometers, carefully monitor changes in the magnetic field of our planet. And they noted a decrease in the intensity of field weakening in a number of places. True, in other places these changes have increased somewhat.

But astrophysicist Harald Lescha from Munich, who has run computer simulations of the problem, offers unexpected hope to humanity. He says that if the magnetic field of the planet is greatly weakened, then the missing energy can be replaced by the energy of people facing the magnetic field.

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At the beginning of the year, foreign media showed extraordinary interest in the movement of the Earth's magnetic poles and simply burst into fantasies about the "incomprehensible jumps" of the planet's North Magnetic Pole. As it turned out, they were given food for thought by Canadian Geological Survey professor Larry Newit, who, in his own words, gave an interview to a reporter who wanted to hear "how soon the pole leaves Canadian territory." The story of the professor with distortions was placed on the site "National news service", which fans of sensations came across.
In March, the story of the poles stirred up the Russian media in the capital. Domestic correspondents referred to the information of Yevgeny Shalamberidze, an employee of the Central Institute of Military-Technical Information. In this institute, as reported by many journalists, "an unexpected shift of the North magnetic pole by 200 kilometers" was allegedly recorded. This phenomenon was immediately called "polarity reversal" in the mass press.

So, with the sources that sowed so many rumors, we figured it out. It remains to understand what is really happening with the magnetic poles? Does their movement obey the generally accepted theories of pole drift? Is their polarity reversal possible in the near future, and what should earthlings expect if it does happen? With these questions, we turned to the Deputy Director of the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation (IZMIRAN), Professor Vadim Golovkov and the leading researcher of the Central Institute for Military-Technical Information (CIFTI) of the RF Ministry of Defense Evgeny Shalamberidze.

DRIFT ACCELERATION

V. Golovkov was not surprised by the questions asked, the scientist, on the contrary, wanted to dispel the misunderstandings that had arisen. He explained that over the past 150 years, the position of the magnetic poles relative to geographic coordinates has been clearly monitored. Thus, the position of the North Magnetic Pole (NMP) for 2001 was determined by the coordinates of 81.3 degrees north latitude and 110.8 degrees west longitude (the northern island part of Canada, see map).

Really, soonaxis of the NSR not constant. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was only a few kilometers a year, in the 70s it accelerated to 10 kilometers a year, and now is about 40 kilometers per year. That "jump" of 200 kilometers, which was reported with horror by the media, the magnetic pole did not overnight, but over the past ten years. The magnetic pole is moving almost to the north, and if this speed is maintained, the NSR will go beyond the 200-mile Canadian zone in 3 years, and in 50 years it will reach Severnaya Zemlya.

IS REVERSAL POSSIBLE?

From the school bench we know that the Earth's magnetic field in the first approximation is a dipole, a permanent magnet. But besides the main dipole, the planet has so-called local magnetic anomalies, "scattered" unevenly over its surface (Canadian, Siberian, Brazilian, etc.). Each anomaly leads its own specific way of life - they move, intensify, weaken, disintegrate.

The compass needle, which is also a magnet, is oriented relative to the total field of our planet and with one tip points to the North magnetic pole, the other - to the South. So the location of the first is greatly influenced by the Canadian magnetic anomaly, which currently occupies the entire territory of Canada, part of the Arctic Ocean, Alaska and the north of the United States. The anomaly "pulls" the position of the North geomagnetic pole by several degrees. Therefore, the real, total magnetic pole does not coincide with the geographic one, and the north-south compass reference turns out to be not perfectly accurate, but only approximate.
Under the inversion of the Earth's field understand the phenomenon when the magnetic poles change their sign to the opposite. The compass needle after inversion should be oriented diametrically opposite. V. Golovkov said that on the basis of paleomagnetic data (studies of ancient deposits of lava layers with iron-bearing inclusions), it was shown that the inversion of the poles on the scale of the geological time of the Earth is a fairly common phenomenon. However, the polarity reversal does not have any pronounced periodicity, it occurs every few million years, and the last time it took place was about 700 thousand years ago.

Modern science cannot give an exhaustive explanation of inversion. Nevertheless, it was revealed that the intensity of the Earth's dipole field changes twice with a period of about 10 thousand years. For example, at the beginning of our era, its value was 1.5 times greater than now. It is also known that at times when the dipole weakens, the local fields increase.

Modern models of polarity reversal suggest that if the strength of the main field weakens sufficiently and reaches a value of 0.2 - 0.3 of its average value, then the magnetic poles will begin to "shake" under the influence of enhanced anomalous regions, not knowing where to stumble. So, the north pole can "jump" to middle latitudes, to the equatorial ones, and if the equator "jumps over", then an inversion will occur.

V. Golovkov believes that the accelerated movement of the North Magnetic Pole observed today is fully described by modern mathematical models. The scientist is convinced that the pole will not reach Severnaya Zemlya - the Canadian anomaly will simply “not let it in”, and it will drift in the same area without going beyond the anomaly. Inversion, according to V. Golovkov, is really possible at any moment, but this "moment" will not happen sooner than in several millennia.

GALACTIC SCALE CHANGES

Now about the information expressed by Yevgeny Shalamberidze, a leading researcher at the Central Institute for Military-Technical Information (CIVTI) of the Russian Defense Ministry, at a round table devoted to the problem of the growth of aviation accidents and catastrophes.

As Y. Shalamberidze said in an interview to the correspondent of the weekly "Interfax VREMYA", this organization conducts a comprehensive analysis of the results of dozens and even hundreds of domestic and foreign studies of various profiles. They show that one of the main sources of the accelerating drift of the planet's magnetic poles is the entry of the solar system into a certain energy-saturated zone of our Galaxy (as NASA experts put it, the system "plunged" into a hydrogen "bubble"). This area of ​​increased concentration of atomic hydrogen began to fundamentally change the "energy order" of the development and interaction of all bodies of the solar system.

So, according to official data from NASA (including those obtained with the help of the Ullis space probe) and the Joint Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences:

The power of the electromagnetic radiation of Jupiter has increased since the beginning of the 90s by 2 times, and Neptune only in the late 90s - by 30 times,

The energy intensity of the basic electromagnetic frame of the solar system, which forms a bunch of the Sun - Jupiter, has increased by 2 times,

On Uranus, Neptune and the Earth, ongoing processes of drift of the magnetic poles are growing.

Thus, the accelerating drift of the poles on our planet is only an element of the global processes taking place in the Solar and Galactic systems and exerting various influences on all phases of the development of the biosphere and the life of mankind.

WHAT ALREADY "IS WRONG" ON THE EARTH?

Registration data from satellite systems show that since 1994 there has been an inversion of the ocean surface temperature, and almost the entire system of world ocean currents has changed. Over the past 2 years in America, Canada, Western Europe, winter temperature records have been broken. The temperature of the water at the equator rises, and this leads to intensive evaporation of moisture. At the same time, the ice of the North Pole is melting. Few people know that the land in the Arctic and Antarctica is currently experiencing a rapid development of the plant world. And our taiga is advancing to the north. The base of the Earth's radiation belt has shifted, the lower edge of the ionosphere has descended from a height of 300-310 km to 98-100 km. The number of all kinds of catastrophes is constantly increasing.

Total number of disasters\ With damage over 1% of the gross\ With the number of victims\ With the number of deaths

1963-67 16 39 89

1968-72 15 54 98

1973-77 31 56 95

1978-82 55 99 138

1983-87 58 116 153

1988-92 66 139 205

As Professor A.Dmitriev from the Joint Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences testifies, the space that now surrounds the Earth is in constant magnetoelectric "flicker", i.e. we have a magnetoelectric instability. There are conditions for sharp fluctuations in temperature, the emergence of typhoons, hurricanes. The constant introduction of additional energy and matter into the state of the Earth causes complex adaptive processes in the planet itself, it is forced to constantly adapt to new conditions. And that is exactly what we are seeing at the moment.

In order for us to be able to effectively predict the prospects for the drift of the magnetic poles and other basic geophysical forecasts on Earth, it is necessary, as the specialists of the Center for Information and Intervention Studies emphasize, to create specialized state institutions that would begin to coordinate and integrate numerous narrow-industry studies of various organizations, so far completely unrelated between themselves. Only on this basis will it be possible to reasonably foresee what awaits us tomorrow ...

WHAT THEY KNOW IN THE USA AND DO NOT KNOW IN RUSSIA

At the same time, studies of the TsIVTI of the RF Ministry of Defense show that the US ruling circles received primary information about the growing planetary destruction by the middle of the 20th century and began to take them into account comprehensively and covertly in their long-term geostrategy.

Even in the open version of the 1980 government report to the President of the United States "On the state of the world by the year 2000" (where one of the 4 volumes was completely devoted to a detailed and multi-variant forecast of the natural situation on the planet 20 years later) it was clearly indicated that the aggravation of the natural situation in the region of the year 2000 could be caused by: "... a change in the Earth's orbit and its rotation", "...these changes will have consequences for our future...", "...the duration of the consequences (reaction time) can stretch from several days to several millennia".

In 1998, under the Congress, and since 1999 under the US government, special committees were organized to prepare the country for emergency activities in the period up to 2030. Moreover, the leading scientific and government authorities of the United States strictly block the public dissemination of any objective and systemic information about the growing fluctuations of the earth's poles and cataclysms of the planet.

So why does the US geostrategy take into account the latest knowledge in the sciences, while ours, the domestic one, does not? One of the important factors in the uncontrollability of the processes taking place today on Earth is the ignorance or denial by humanity of the very fact of these processes. But even when a person gets their hands on such data, they often do not find a wide audience, or are distorted. Is it not time for us to boldly face the truth and make a difference?

Elena NIKIFOROVA, Columnist for the weekly Interfax TIME

In the subpolar regions of the Earth there are magnetic poles, in the Arctic - the North Pole, and in the Antarctic - the South Pole.

The North Magnetic Pole of the Earth was discovered by the English polar explorer John Ross in 1831 in the Canadian archipelago, where the magnetic needle of the compass took a vertical position. Ten years later, in 1841, his nephew James Ross reached the other magnetic pole of the Earth, which is located in Antarctica.

The North Magnetic Pole is a conditional point of intersection of the imaginary axis of rotation of the Earth with its surface in the Northern Hemisphere, in which the Earth's magnetic field is directed at an angle of 90 ° to its surface.

Although the North Pole of the Earth is called the North Magnetic Pole, it is not. Because from the point of view of physics, this pole is "south" (plus), because it attracts the compass needle of the north (minus) pole.

In addition, the magnetic poles do not coincide with the geographic ones, because they are constantly shifting, drifting.

Academic science explains the presence of magnetic poles near the Earth by the fact that the Earth has a solid body, the substance of which contains particles of magnetic metals and inside which there is a red-hot iron core.

And one of the reasons for the movement of the poles, according to scientists, is the Sun. Streams of charged particles from the Sun entering the Earth's magnetosphere generate electric currents in the ionosphere, which in turn generate secondary magnetic fields that excite the Earth's magnetic field. Due to this, there is a daily elliptical movement of the magnetic poles.

Also, according to scientists, the movement of magnetic poles is influenced by local magnetic fields generated by the magnetization of the rocks of the earth's crust. Therefore, there is no exact location within 1 km of the magnetic pole.

The most dramatic shift of the North magnetic pole up to 15 km per year took place in the 70s (before 1971 it was 9 km per year). The South Pole behaves more calmly, the shift of the magnetic pole occurs within 4-5 km per year.

If we consider the Earth to be integral, filled with matter, with an iron hot core inside, then a contradiction arises. Because hot iron loses its magnetism. Therefore, such a core cannot form terrestrial magnetism.

And at the earth's poles, no magnetic substance has been found that would create a magnetic anomaly. And if magnetic matter can still lie under the thickness of ice in Antarctica, then at the North Pole - no. Because it is covered by the ocean, water, which has no magnetic properties.

The movement of the magnetic poles cannot be explained at all by the scientific theory of an integral material Earth, because the magnetic substance cannot change its occurrence so quickly inside the Earth.

The scientific theory about the influence of the Sun on the movement of the poles also has contradictions. How can solar charged matter get into the ionosphere and to the Earth if there are several radiation belts behind the ionosphere (7 belts are now open).

As is known from the properties of the radiation belts, they do not release from the Earth into space and do not let any particles of matter or energy into the Earth from space. Therefore, it is absurd to talk about the influence of the solar wind on the earth's magnetic poles, since this wind does not reach them.

What can create a magnetic field? It is known from physics that a magnetic field is formed around a conductor through which an electric current flows, or around a permanent magnet, or by the spins of charged particles that have a magnetic moment.

From the listed reasons for the formation of a magnetic field, the spin theory is suitable. Because, as already mentioned, there is no permanent magnet at the poles, there is no electric current either. But the spin origin of the magnetism of the earth's poles is possible.

The spin origin of magnetism is based on the fact that elementary particles with non-zero spin such as protons, neutrons and electrons are elementary magnets. Taking the same angular orientation, such elementary particles create an ordered spin (or torsion) and magnetic field.

The source of the ordered torsion field can be located inside the hollow Earth. And it can be plasma.

In this case, at the North Pole there is an exit to the earth's surface of an ordered positive (right-handed) torsion field, and at the South Pole - an ordered negative (left-handed) torsion field.

In addition, these fields are also dynamic torsion fields. This proves that the Earth generates information, that is, it thinks, thinks and feels.

Now the question arises why the climate has changed so dramatically at the Earth's poles - from a subtropical climate to a polar climate - and ice is constantly forming? Although recently there has been a slight acceleration in the melting of ice.

Huge icebergs appear out of nowhere. The sea does not give birth to them: the water in it is salty, and icebergs, without exception, consist of fresh water. If we assume that they appeared as a result of rain, then the question arises: “How can insignificant precipitation - less than five centimeters of precipitation per year - form such ice giants, which are, for example, in Antarctica?

The formation of ice on the earth's poles once again proves the Hollow Earth theory, because ice is a continuation of the process of crystallization and covering the earth's surface with matter.

Natural ice is a crystalline state of water with a hexagonal lattice, where each molecule is surrounded by the four closest molecules to it, which are at the same distance from it and are located at the vertices of a regular tetrahedron.

Natural ice is of sedimentary-metamorphic origin and is formed from solid atmospheric precipitation as a result of their further compaction and recrystallization. That is, the formation of ice does not come from the middle of the Earth, but from the surrounding space - the crystalline earth frame that envelops it.

In addition, everything that is at the poles has an increase in weight. Although the increase in weight is not that big, for example, 1 ton weighs 5 kg more. That is, everything that is at the poles undergoes crystallization.

Let's go back to the issue of magnetic poles not matching geographic poles. The geographic pole is the place where the earth's axis is located - an imaginary axis of rotation that passes through the center of the Earth and intersects the earth's surface with coordinates of 0 ° north and south longitude and 0 ° north and south latitude. The earth's axis is tilted 23°30" to its own orbit.

Obviously, at the beginning, the earth's axis coincided with the earth's magnetic pole, and in this place an ordered torsion field appeared on the earth's surface. But along with an ordered torsion field, a gradual crystallization of the surface layer occurred, which led to the formation of matter and its gradual accumulation.

The formed substance tried to cover the point of intersection of the earth's axis, but its rotation did not allow it to be done. Therefore, a trough was formed around the intersection point, which increased in diameter and depth. And along the edge of the gutter, at a certain point, an ordered torsion field was concentrated, and at the same time a magnetic field.

This point with an ordered torsion field and a magnetic field crystallized a certain space and increased its weight. Therefore, it began to play the role of a flywheel or pendulum, which provided and now ensures the continuous rotation of the earth's axis. As soon as there are small failures in the rotation of the axis, the magnetic pole changes its position - it approaches the axis of rotation, then it moves away.

And this process of ensuring the continuous rotation of the earth's axis is not the same at the earth's magnetic poles, so they cannot be connected by a straight line through the center of the earth. To make it clear, for example, let's take the coordinates of the earth's magnetic poles for several years.

North Magnetic Pole - Arctic
2004 - 82.3° N sh. and 113.4°W d.
2007 - 83.95 ° N sh. and 120.72° W. d.
2015 - 86.29° N sh. and 160.06° W d.

South Magnetic Pole - Antarctica
2004 - 63.5 ° S sh. and 138.0° E. d.
2007 - 64.497 ° S sh. and 137.684° E. d.
2015 - 64.28 ° S sh. and 136.59° E. d.

"Our universal mother Earth is a great magnet!" - said the English physicist and physician William Gilbert, who lived in the 16th century. More than four hundred years ago, he correctly concluded that the Earth is a spherical magnet and its magnetic poles are the points where the magnetic needle is oriented vertically. But Gilbert was mistaken in believing that the Earth's magnetic poles coincide with its geographic poles. They don't match. Moreover, if the positions of the geographic poles are constant, then the positions of the magnetic poles change over time.

1831: The first determination of the coordinates of the magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere

In the first half of the 19th century, the first searches for magnetic poles were undertaken on the basis of direct measurements of the magnetic inclination on the ground. (Magnetic inclination - the angle by which the compass needle deviates under the influence of the Earth's magnetic field in the vertical plane. - Note. ed.)

The English navigator John Ross (1777–1856) set sail in May 1829 on the small steamer Victoria from the coast of England, heading for the Arctic coast of Canada. Like many daredevils before him, Ross hoped to find a northwest sea route from Europe to East Asia. But in October 1830, the Victoria was frozen in ice near the eastern tip of the peninsula, which Ross named Boothia Land (after the expedition's sponsor, Felix Booth).

Sandwiched in the ice off the coast of Butia Land, the Victoria was forced to stay here for the winter. Captain's mate on this expedition was John Ross' young nephew James Clark Ross (1800–1862). At that time, it was already common to take with you on such trips all the necessary instruments for magnetic observations, and James took advantage of this. During the long winter months, he walked along the coast of Butia with a magnetometer and made magnetic observations.

He understood that the magnetic pole must be somewhere nearby - after all, the magnetic needle invariably showed very large inclinations. By plotting the measured values ​​on a map, James Clark Ross soon realized where to look for this unique point with a vertical magnetic field. In the spring of 1831, he, along with several members of the crew of the Victoria, walked 200 km towards the western coast of Boothia and on June 1, 1831, at Cape Adelaide with coordinates 70 ° 05 ′ N. sh. and 96°47′ W found that the magnetic inclination was 89°59'. So for the first time the coordinates of the magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere were determined - in other words, the coordinates of the South magnetic pole.

1841: The first determination of the coordinates of the magnetic pole in the Southern Hemisphere

In 1840, the matured James Clark Ross embarked on the ships Erebus and Terror on his famous journey to the magnetic pole in the Southern Hemisphere. On December 27, Ross's ships first encountered icebergs and on New Year's Eve 1841 crossed the Antarctic Circle. Very soon, the Erebus and the Terror found themselves in front of pack ice that stretched from edge to edge of the horizon. On January 5, Ross made the bold decision to go forward, straight onto the ice, and go as deep as he could. And after a few hours of such an assault, the ships unexpectedly entered a space freer from ice: the pack ice was replaced by separate ice floes scattered here and there.

On the morning of January 9, Ross unexpectedly discovered an ice-free sea ahead of him! This was his first discovery on this journey: he discovered the sea, which was later called by his own name - the Ross Sea. To the starboard of the course was mountainous, snow-covered land, which forced Ross's ships to sail south and which seemed to never end. Sailing along the coast, Ross, of course, did not miss the opportunity to open the southernmost lands for the glory of the British kingdom; This is how Queen Victoria Land was discovered. At the same time, he was worried that on the way to the magnetic pole, the coast could become an insurmountable obstacle.

Meanwhile, the behavior of the compass became more and more strange. Ross, who had rich experience in magnetometric measurements, understood that the magnetic pole was no more than 800 km away. No one had ever come so close to him before. It soon became clear that Ross's fear was not in vain: the magnetic pole was clearly somewhere to the right, and the coast stubbornly directed the ships further and further south.

As long as the path was open, Ross did not give up. It was important for him to collect at least as much magnetometric data as possible at different points along the coast of Victoria Land. On January 28, the expedition was in for the most amazing surprise of the entire journey: a huge awakened volcano rose on the horizon. Above it hung a dark cloud of smoke, tinged with fire, which burst from the vent in a column. Ross gave the name Erebus to this volcano, and the neighboring one, extinct and somewhat smaller, gave the name Terror.

Ross tried to go even further south, but very soon a completely unimaginable picture arose before his eyes: along the entire horizon, where the eye could see, a white stripe stretched, which, as it approached it, became higher and higher! As the ships got closer, it became clear that in front of them on the right and left was a huge endless wall of ice 50 meters high, completely flat on top, without any cracks on the side facing the sea. It was the edge of the ice shelf that now bears the name of Ross.

In mid-February 1841, after sailing 300 kilometers along the ice wall, Ross made the decision to stop further attempts to find a loophole. From that moment on, only the road home remained ahead.

Ross's expedition is by no means a failure. After all, he was able to measure the magnetic inclination at very many points around the coast of Victoria Land and thereby establish the position of the magnetic pole with high accuracy. Ross indicated the following coordinates of the magnetic pole: 75 ° 05' S. latitude, 154°08′ e. e. The minimum distance separating the ships of his expedition from this point was only 250 km. It is the Ross measurements that should be considered the first reliable determination of the coordinates of the magnetic pole in Antarctica (the North Magnetic Pole).

Magnetic Pole coordinates in the Northern Hemisphere in 1904

73 years have passed since James Ross determined the coordinates of the magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere, and now the famous Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen (1872-1928) has undertaken the search for the magnetic pole in this hemisphere. However, the search for the magnetic pole was not the only goal of the Amundsen expedition. The main goal was to open the northwestern sea route from the Atlantic to the Pacific. And he achieved this goal - in 1903-1906 he sailed from Oslo, past the coast of Greenland and Northern Canada to Alaska on a small fishing vessel "Joa".

Subsequently, Amundsen wrote: “I wanted my childhood dream of a northwestern sea route to be connected on this expedition with another, much more important scientific goal: finding the current location of the magnetic pole.”

He approached this scientific task with all seriousness and carefully prepared for its implementation: he studied the theory of geomagnetism with leading German experts; I bought magnetometers there. Practicing to work with them, Amundsen traveled all over Norway in the summer of 1902.

By the beginning of the first winter of his journey, in 1903, Amundsen reached King William Island, which was located very close to the magnetic pole. The magnetic inclination here was 89°24′.

Deciding to spend the winter on the island, Amundsen simultaneously created a real geomagnetic observatory here, which performed continuous observations for many months.

The spring of 1904 was devoted to observations "in the field" in order to determine the coordinates of the pole as accurately as possible. Amundsen was successful in discovering that the position of the magnetic pole had shifted markedly northward from the point at which it had been found by the James Ross expedition. It turned out that from 1831 to 1904 the magnetic pole moved 46 km to the north.

Looking ahead, we note that there is evidence that over this 73-year period, the magnetic pole did not just move north a little, but rather described a small loop. Somewhere around 1850, he first stopped his movement from the northwest to the southeast, and only then began a new journey to the north, which continues today.

Magnetic Pole Drift in the Northern Hemisphere from 1831 to 1994

The next time the location of the magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere was determined in 1948. A multi-month expedition to the Canadian fjords was not needed: after all, now the place could be reached in just a few hours - by air. This time the magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere was found on the shores of Lake Allen on Prince of Wales Island. The maximum inclination here was 89°56′. It turned out that since the time of Amundsen, that is, since 1904, the pole "left" to the north by as much as 400 km.

Since then, the exact location of the magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere (South Magnetic Pole) has been determined by Canadian magnetologists regularly with a frequency of about 10 years. Subsequent expeditions took place in 1962, 1973, 1984, 1994.

Not far from the location of the magnetic pole in 1962, on Cornwallis Island, in the town of Resolute Bay (74°42′ N, 94°54′ W), a geomagnetic observatory was built. Nowadays, a trip to the South Magnetic Pole is just a fairly short helicopter ride from Resolute Bay. Not surprisingly, with the development of communications in the 20th century, this remote town in northern Canada has become increasingly visited by tourists.

Let's pay attention to the fact that, speaking about the Earth's magnetic poles, we are actually talking about some averaged points. Ever since the Amundsen expedition, it has become clear that even for one day the magnetic pole does not stand still, but makes small “walks” around a certain midpoint.

The reason for such movements, of course, is the Sun. Streams of charged particles from our luminary (solar wind) enter the Earth's magnetosphere and generate electric currents in the Earth's ionosphere. Those, in turn, generate secondary magnetic fields that perturb the geomagnetic field. As a result of these perturbations, the magnetic poles are forced to make their daily walks. Their amplitude and speed naturally depend on the strength of the perturbations.

The route of such walks is close to an ellipse, and the pole in the Northern Hemisphere makes a detour clockwise, and in the Southern Hemisphere - against. The latter, even on days of magnetic storms, moves away from the midpoint by no more than 30 km. The pole in the Northern Hemisphere on such days can move away from the midpoint by 60–70 km. On quiet days, the sizes of diurnal ellipses for both poles are significantly reduced.

Magnetic Pole Drift in the Southern Hemisphere from 1841 to 2000

It should be noted that historically, measuring the coordinates of the magnetic pole in the Southern Hemisphere (the North Magnetic Pole) has always been quite difficult. Its inaccessibility is largely to blame. If from Resolute Bay to the magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere can be reached by a small airplane or helicopter in a few hours, then from the southern tip of New Zealand to the coast of Antarctica one has to fly more than 2000 km over the ocean. And after that, it is necessary to conduct research in the difficult conditions of the ice continent. To properly appreciate the inaccessibility of the North Magnetic Pole, let's go back to the very beginning of the 20th century.

For a long time after James Ross, no one dared to go deep into Victoria Land in search of the North Magnetic Pole. The first to do this were members of the expedition of the English polar explorer Ernest Henry Shackleton (1874-1922) during his voyage in 1907-1909 on the old whaling ship Nimrod.

On January 16, 1908, the ship entered the Ross Sea. Too thick pack ice off the coast of Victoria Land for a long time did not make it possible to find an approach to the shore. Only on February 12, it was possible to transfer the necessary things and magnetometric equipment to the shore, after which the Nimrod headed back to New Zealand.

The polar explorers who remained on the coast took several weeks to build more or less acceptable dwellings. Fifteen daredevils learned to eat, sleep, communicate, work and generally live in incredibly difficult conditions. A long polar winter lay ahead. Throughout the winter (in the Southern Hemisphere it begins at the same time as our summer), the members of the expedition were engaged in scientific research: meteorology, geology, measuring atmospheric electricity, studying the sea through cracks in the ice and the ice itself. Of course, by the spring people were already quite exhausted, although the main goals of the expedition were still ahead.

On October 29, 1908, one group, led by Shackleton himself, set off on a planned expedition to the South Geographic Pole. True, the expedition was never able to reach it. On January 9, 1909, only 180 km from the South Geographic Pole, in order to save the hungry and exhausted people, Shackleton decides to leave the expedition flag here and turn the group back.

The second group of polar explorers, led by the Australian geologist Edgeworth David (1858–1934), independently of Shackleton's group, set out on a journey to the magnetic pole. There were three of them: David, Mawson and McKay. Unlike the first group, they had no experience in polar exploration. Having left on September 25, by the beginning of November they were already behind schedule and, due to food overruns, were forced to sit on strict rations. Antarctica taught them harsh lessons. Hungry and exhausted, they fell into almost every crevasse in the ice.

On December 11, Mawson nearly died. He fell into one of the countless clefts, and only a reliable rope saved the explorer's life. A few days later, a 300-kilogram sleigh fell into the crevasse, almost dragging three people exhausted from hunger. By December 24, the health of the polar explorers had seriously deteriorated, they suffered simultaneously from frostbite and sunburn; McKay also developed snow blindness.

But on January 15, 1909, they nevertheless achieved their goal. Mawson's compass showed a deviation of the magnetic field from the vertical of only 15 '. Leaving almost all the luggage in place, they reached the magnetic pole in one throw of 40 km. The magnetic pole in the southern hemisphere of the Earth (the North magnetic pole) has been conquered. Hoisting the British flag on the Pole and taking pictures, the travelers shouted “Hurrah!” three times. King Edward VII and declared this land the property of the British crown.

Now they had only one thing to do - stay alive. According to the calculations of the polar explorers, in order to be in time for the departure of the Nimrod on February 1, they had to cover 17 miles a day. But they were still four days late. Fortunately, "Nimrod" itself was delayed. So soon the three brave explorers were enjoying a hot dinner on board the ship.

So David, Mawson, and McKay were the first people to set foot on the magnetic pole in the Southern Hemisphere, which happened to be at 72°25′S that day. latitude, 155°16′ e. (300 km from the point measured at the time by Ross).

It is clear that there was not even any talk of any serious measuring work here. The vertical inclination of the field was recorded only once, and this served as a signal not for further measurements, but only for a speedy return to the shore, where the warm cabins of the Nimrod awaited the expedition. Such work in determining the coordinates of the magnetic pole cannot even be compared closely with the work of geophysicists in Arctic Canada, for several days conducting magnetic surveys from several points surrounding the pole.

However, the last expedition (the expedition of 2000) was carried out at a fairly high level. Since the North Magnetic Pole had long since left the mainland and was in the ocean, this expedition was carried out on a specially equipped ship.

Measurements showed that in December 2000 the North Magnetic Pole was opposite the coast of Adélie Land at 64°40'S. sh. and 138°07′ E. d.

Fragment from the book: Tarasov L. V. Terrestrial magnetism. - Dolgoprudny: Publishing House "Intellect", 2012.