The structure of hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid - physical properties
- (HCl), an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, a colorless gas with a pungent odor. Obtained by the action of sulfuric acid on common salt, as a by-product of the chlorination of hydrocarbons, or by the reaction of hydrogen and chlorine. Hydrochloric acid is used for ... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
Hydrochloric acid- - HCl (SC) (hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen chloride) is a solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in water, an antifreeze additive. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor, without suspended particles. ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials
- (hydrochloric acid) solution of hydrogen chloride in water; strong acid. A colorless liquid fuming in air (technical hydrochloric acid is yellowish due to impurities of Fe, Cl2, etc.). Maximum concentration (at 20 .C) 38% by mass, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
HYDROCHLORIC ACID- (Acidum muriaticum, Acid, hydrochloricum), a solution of hydrogen chloride (HC1) in water. In nature, it occurs in the water of some sources of volcanic origin, and is also found in gastric juice (up to 0.5%). Hydrogen chloride can be obtained ... Big Medical Encyclopedia
HYDROCHLORIC ACID- (hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid) a strong monobasic volatile acid with a pungent odor, an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride; the maximum concentration is 38% by mass, the density of such a solution is 1.19 g/cm3. Used in... ... Russian encyclopedia of labor protection
HYDROCHLORIC ACID- (hydrochloric acid) HCl aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, strong monobasic acid, volatile, with a pungent odor; impurities of iron, chlorine stain it yellowish. The concentrated S. to sell contains 37% ... ... Great Polytechnic Encyclopedia
Exist., Number of synonyms: 1 acid (171) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
Modern Encyclopedia
Hydrochloric acid- HYDROGENIC ACID, aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride HCl; a fuming liquid with a pungent odor. Hydrochloric acid is used to obtain various chlorides, pickling metals, processing ores, in the production of chlorine, soda, rubber, etc. ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (hydrochloric acid), a solution of hydrogen chloride in water; strong acid. A colorless liquid "fuming" in air (technical hydrochloric acid is yellowish due to impurities of Fe, Cl2, etc.). Maximum concentration (at 20°C) 38% by mass,… … encyclopedic Dictionary
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- Stories, Mikhail Prishvin. Prishvin Mikhail Mikhailovich (1873-1954) - Prishvin Mikhail Mikhailovich (1873-1954) - Russian writer, whose philosophical and lyrical prose is associated mainly with the themes of nature, with folk life and ... audiobook
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Hydrochloric acid, also known as food additive E507, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas. It is found in the human body as the main component of gastric juice, maintaining a pH of 1-2 in the stomach (the stomach has uniquely evolved to cope with high acidity).
HCl is an important and widely used chemical. The most common applications are in metal pickling, oil acidizing, food production, calcium chloride production and ore processing.
Production of E507
Hydrochloric acid is produced most commonly by four main methods: chlorination of organic chemicals; combination of hydrogen and chlorine; the process of obtaining a salt of sulfuric acid; during production as a by-product.
Most hydrochloric acid is obtained from the chlorination of organic chemicals. Completely dry (anhydrous) gaseous hydrochloric acid does not destroy steel or, therefore, it can be stored and transported in compressed steel cylinders.
Use in the food industry
The food industry uses E507 in the processing of various products. Its main application is in Food Industry lies in the production of corn syrups, especially those with a high content of . It is also often found in, is part of, fructose.
Hydrochloric acid can also be used to acidify corn and to adjust the pH of intermediates and final products.
The most common use is the production of soft drinks, which account for 70-75% of demand.
E507 is also used in other areas of the food industry, including the production of hydrolyzed vegetable and. It is used to acidify crushed bones, to make gelatin, and as an acidifier for foods such as sauces and preserves.
Hydrochloric acid is often used in the production of:
- artificial sweeteners;
- and choline chloride (both used primarily as additives in animal feed);
- citric acid;
- corn starch;
- soft drinks;
- soy sauce.
Application in industry
Most of the hydrochloric acid consumed in industry is used to regenerate ion exchange resins, which are used to remove impurities. It is mainly used for continuous steel pickling operations, but also used in aluminum pickling and metal cleaning.
HCl is used both to remove rust, scale and unwanted carbonate deposits in oil wells to stimulate the flow of crude oil or gas into the well.
Neutralization of hydrochloric acid with limestone (CaCO3) causes the formation of calcium chloride. Calcium chloride is used for dust collection, industrial processing, oil extraction, concrete processing and tire ballasting.
Aqueous hydrochloric acid is used in many different applications. These include the recovery of semi-precious metals from used catalysts, use as a catalyst in synthesis, pH adjustment, regeneration of ion exchange resins used in wastewater treatment and power supply, neutralization of alkaline products or waste products, and brine acidification for use in the production of chlorine and caustic soda. .
Application in everyday life
HCl is one of the strongest cleaners currently available, it is extremely effective and recommended as a cleaner and can be used to clean any product that can withstand its effects.
HCl is used to neutralize making it safe for bathers.
Most often, the pH level is high; The best way lowering the pH is slowly pouring hydrochloric acid directly into the deep end of the pool while the pool pump is on and the water is circulating.
Application in medicine
The pharmaceutical industry uses hydrochloric acid as a catalyst in synthesis, for pH control, for water deionization, and as a reducing agent (for example, in the production of ascorbic acid and para-aminobenzoic acid).
Can also be used for the elderly or people who suffer from acid deficiency in the digestive system
Food Supplement Safety
HCl in concentrated form is a highly corrosive agent and its effects are well known. Special care must be taken when handling this acid. At high concentrations, HCl releases an acid mist into the air. Protective clothing, gloves and goggles should be worn when handling this substance to avoid injury or irritation.
Hydrochloric acid fumes can cause coughing, hoarseness, shortness of breath, laryngeal spasm, airway ulcers, and even fluid in the lungs.
However, since it is used in the food industry as a food additive to adjust pH, hydrochloric acid is neutralized or buffered by the food to which it is added. Thus, a person consumes not the acid itself, but the chloride ion in the salts that are formed during the neutralization reaction.
Small amounts of hydrochloric acid that may be stored in foods or drinks will in turn be neutralized and buffered during ingestion and digestion, or after absorption. HCl is also a natural secretory product of the stomach of animals, including humans (about 0.5% concentration in gastric juice).
Its normal production in the stomach is several times the amount that can be obtained from food. Therefore, you should not worry about its safety when taken with food, in established safe quantities.
Receipt. Hydrochloric acid is produced by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water.
Pay attention to the device shown in the figure on the left. It is used to produce hydrochloric acid. During the process of obtaining hydrochloric acid, monitor the gas outlet tube, it should be near the water level, and not be immersed in it. If this is not followed, then due to the high solubility of hydrogen chloride, water will enter the test tube with sulfuric acid and an explosion may occur.
In industry, hydrochloric acid is usually produced by burning hydrogen in chlorine and dissolving the reaction product in water.
physical properties. By dissolving hydrogen chloride in water, even a 40% hydrochloric acid solution with a density of 1.19 g/cm 3 can be obtained. However, commercially available concentrated hydrochloric acid contains about 0.37 mass fractions, or about 37% hydrogen chloride. The density of this solution is approximately 1.19 g/cm 3 . When an acid is diluted, the density of its solution decreases.
Concentrated hydrochloric acid is an invaluable solution, highly fuming in moist air, with a pungent odor due to the release of hydrogen chloride.
Chemical properties. Hydrochloric acid has a number common properties which are characteristic of most acids. In addition, it has some specific properties.
Properties of HCL in common with other acids: 1) Color change of indicators 2) interaction with metals 2HCL + Zn → ZnCL 2 + H 2 3) Interaction with basic and amphoteric oxides: 2HCL + CaO → CaCl 2 + H 2 O; 2HCL + ZnO → ZnHCL 2 + H 2 O 4) Interaction with bases: 2HCL + Cu (OH) 2 → CuCl 2 + 2H 2 O 5) Interaction with salts: 2HCL + CaCO 3 → H 2 O + CO 2 + CaCL 2
Specific properties of HCL: 1) Interaction with silver nitrate (silver nitrate is a reagent for hydrochloric acid and its salts); precipitate will fall white color, which does not dissolve in water or acids: HCL + AgNO3 → AgCL ↓ + HNO 3 2
Application. Great amount hydrochloric acid is consumed to remove iron oxides before coating products from this metal with other metals (tin, chromium, nickel). In order for hydrochloric acid to react only with oxides, but not with metal, special substances are added to it, which are called inhibitors. Inhibitors- Substances that slow down reactions.
Hydrochloric acid is used to obtain various chlorides. It is used to produce chlorine. Very often, a solution of hydrochloric acid is prescribed to patients with low acidity of gastric juice. Hydrochloric acid is found in everyone in the body, it is part of the gastric juice, which is necessary for digestion.
In the food industry, hydrochloric acid is used only in the form of a solution. It is used to regulate acidity in the production of citric acid, gelatin or fructose (E 507).
Do not forget that hydrochloric acid is dangerous for the skin. It poses an even greater danger to the eyes. Influencing a person, it can cause tooth decay, irritation of mucous membranes, and suffocation.
In addition, hydrochloric acid is actively used in electroforming and hydrometallurgy (scale removal, rust removal, leather treatment, chemical reagents, as a rock solvent in oil production, in the production of rubbers, sodium glutamate, soda, Cl 2). Hydrochloric acid is used for Cl 2 regeneration, in organic synthesis (to obtain vinyl chloride, alkyl chlorides, etc.) It can be used as a catalyst in the production of diphenylolpropane, benzene alkylation.
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It is a known proven fact that hydrochloric acid interacts with active metals. At the same time, some substances are able to react to such a compound, while the other part remains intact.
Inactive metals cannot react to a substance: they include gold, silver, mercury.
Hydrochloric acid is a compound of chlorine and hydrogen. By dissolving a gaseous substance called hydrogen chloride in water, this compound is obtained.
Hydrogen ions in this equation play the role of an oxidizing agent, which causes a reaction in active metals.
At the entrance exams in chemistry, you can often find a task to determine substances that can react to hydrochloric acid.
In addition, the task "make an equation" often causes fear in the eyes of graduates.
In order not to be confused with chemical problems, it is recommended to study in more detail the information on the interaction with this compound.
All existing substances can be divided into metals that displace hydrogen from the compound, do not displace hydrogen, as well as active and inactive metals.
The following substances react with hydrochloric acid:
- Chemical bases. Hydrochloric acid can neutralize bases. As you know, they consist of a metal atom, which is affected by acid.
These include sodium hydroxide, barium, aluminum. The neutralization reaction gives the formation of salt and water.
- Metals. If we turn to the electrochemical series, we can see that hydrochloric acid reacts with all elements up to hydrogen in this series.
These include sodium, magnesium, aluminum, lithium, barium, calcium, zinc, iron and other elements. When interacting, they form chlorides and release hydrogen gas.
- Basic and atmospheric oxides. During the reaction, soluble salts and water are formed. HCl interacts with aluminum oxide, copper, zinc, sodium.
- Carbonates. When interacting with calcium carbonates, the following equation will be obtained: CaCO₃ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + CO₂ + H₂O.
It follows from this that it stands out carbon dioxide, as well as water and carbonic acid.
- Strong oxidizers. If the substance interacts with potassium permanganate or manganese dioxide, the output is the release of gaseous chlorine.
- Ammonia. This interaction is marked by the release of strong smoke, so it is recommended to open all windows at the time of the experiments. Then ammonium chloride is released.
In addition to the listed substances and compounds, HCl is also capable of reacting with silver nitrate - during this interaction, a white precipitate of a cheesy type is formed.
Sign of interaction with zinc, iron and other metals
If the school chemistry course was successfully forgotten, you can recall what are the signs of the interaction of metals that react with hydrochloric acid.
So that experimental experiments do not cause an accident, it is recommended to open all windows in advance, arm yourself with protective clothing so that the skin of the hands is closed.
Note! Below we will talk about what signs indicate the reaction of elements with a compound.
In order not to carry out visual experiments, theoretical information can be used.
Consider what happens if you add a little acid to a certain type of metal:
| Metal | Sign of interaction |
| Zinc | If this silver-colored metal is lowered into a test tube with the indicated substance, one can gradually observe the release of a small amount of bubbles and hydrogen. The result is zinc chloride ZnCl₂ |
| Iron | During this interaction, ferric chloride is formed. The reaction is slow, however, if the tube is heated, the process will go faster. |
| Lithium | During the reaction, lithium chloride 2LiCl is formed, hydrogen is released. Small bubbles can be seen on the surface of this alkali metal. |
| Silicon | As a result of such a compound, a complex component called chlorosilane appears. Hydrogen gas is also released. Such a reaction occurs when heated to 350 degrees, and copper acts as a catalyst. |
| Magnesium | With such an interaction, heat is released, the metal begins to melt |
How to write a reaction equation
One of the most common questions in exams control work- draw up an equation for the reaction of HCl, in this case, hydrochloric, with other substances or compounds.
In order not to get confused in the decision, we offer a few tips and cheat sheets for easy memorization:
- Remember letter designation of this substance - hydrochloric acid in chemistry is designated as HCl: if the substance is diluted, this is indicated in brackets next to it.
- As mentioned above, the substance is able to react with active metals that are up to hydrogen in the electrochemical series; in addition, it reacts with bases, oxides, hydroxides and carbonates.
- Chemical bases are designated as OH, oxides - O, hydroxides - OH2, carbonates - CO3.
- The reaction equation will always have a + sign, because in the process of interaction several components are combined.
- HCl can go as the first or second term, after the addition of the metal, the substance goes with the = sign, after which the reaction is described, where the decomposition products are indicated.
- For example, when sulfuric acid reacts with magnesium sulfate, the following equation is obtained: Mg + H2SO4 \u003d MgSO4 + H2.
- Hydrochloric acid and barium hydroxide give the following equation: 2HCl + Ba(OH)2 = BaCl2 + 2H2O.
- In the reaction of the combination of hydrogen, chlorine and chalk, calcium chloride is formed: CaCO3 + 2HCl \u003d CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O.
- A solution of sodium carbonate with acid looks like this: HCl + Na2CO3 \u003d 2NaCl + H2O + CO2.
It is not difficult to make an equation, it is important to initially correctly designate the letter symbols of each element or substance.
What is hydrochloric acid solution? It is a combination of water (H2O) and hydrogen chloride (HCl), which is a colorless thermal gas with a characteristic odor. Chlorides are highly soluble and decompose into ions. Hydrochloric acid is the most well-known compound that forms HCl, so we can talk about it and its features in detail.
Description
Hydrochloric acid solution belongs to the class of strong. It is colorless, transparent and caustic. Although technical hydrochloric acid has a yellowish color, due to the presence of impurities of chlorine, iron and other elements. It "smokes" in the air.
It is worth noting that this substance is also present in the body of every person. In the stomach, to be more precise, at a concentration of 0.5%. Interestingly, this amount is enough to completely destroy the razor blade. The substance will corrode it in just a week.
Unlike the same sulfuric acid, by the way, the mass of hydrochloric acid in solution does not exceed 38%. We can say that this indicator is a “critical” point.
If you start to increase the concentration, then the substance will simply evaporate, as a result of which hydrogen chloride will simply evaporate with water. Plus, this concentration is maintained only at 20 ° C.The higher the temperature, the faster the evaporation.
Hydrochloric acid solution can enter into many reactions. First of all, with metals that stand before hydrogen in a series of electrochemical potentials.
This is the sequence in which the elements go as their intrinsic measure of electrochemical potential (φ0) increases. This indicator is extremely important in the cation reduction half-reactions.
In addition, it is this series that demonstrates the activity of metals, which they exhibit in redox reactions.
So, interaction with them occurs with the release of hydrogen in the form of gas and with the formation of salt. Here is an example of a reaction with sodium, a soft alkali metal: 2Na + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2.
With other substances, the interaction proceeds according to similar formulas. This is how the reaction with aluminum, a light metal, looks like: 2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2.
Reactions with oxides
Hydrochloric acid solution also interacts well with these substances. Oxides are binary compounds of an element with oxygen, having an oxidation state of -2. All known examples are sand, water, rust, dyes, carbon dioxide.
Hydrochloric acid does not interact with all compounds, but only with metal oxides. The reaction also produces a soluble salt and water. An example is the process that occurs between acid and magnesium oxide, an alkaline earth metal: MgO + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O.
This is the name of inorganic compounds in the compositions of which there is a hydroxyl group -OH, in which the hydrogen and oxygen atoms are connected by a covalent bond. And, since the hydrochloric acid solution only interacts with metal hydroxides, it is worth mentioning that some of them are called alkalis.
So the resulting reaction is called neutralization. Its result is the formation of a weakly dissociating substance (i.e. water) and salt.An example is the reaction of a small volume of hydrochloric acid solution and barium hydroxide, a soft alkaline earth malleable metal: Ba(OH)2 + 2HCl = BaCl2 + 2H2O.
Interaction with other substances
In addition to the above, hydrochloric acid can also react with other types of compounds. In particular with:
- Metal salts, which are formed by other, weaker acids. Here is an example of one of these reactions: Na2Co3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2. Shown here is the interaction with a salt formed by carbonic acid (H2CO3).
- Strong oxidizers. With manganese dioxide, for example. Or with potassium permanganate. These reactions are accompanied by the release of chlorine. Here is one example: 2KMnO4 + 16HCl → 5Cl2 + 2MnCl2 + 2KCl + 8H2O.
- ammonia. It is hydrogen nitride with the formula NH3, which is a colorless but pungent gas. The consequence of its reaction with a solution of hydrochloric acid is a mass of thick white smoke, consisting of small crystals of ammonium chloride. Which, by the way, is known to everyone as ammonia (NH4Cl). The interaction formula is as follows: NH3 + HCl → NH4CL.
- Silver nitrate - inorganic compound(AgNO3), which is a salt of nitric acid and silver metal. Due to the contact of a hydrochloric acid solution with it, a qualitative reaction occurs - the formation of a cheesy precipitate of silver chloride. which does not dissolve in nitric acid. It looks like this: HCL + AgNO3 → AgCl↓ + HNO3.
Getting a substance
Now we can talk about what they do to form hydrochloric acid.
First, by burning hydrogen in chlorine, the main component, gaseous hydrogen chloride, is obtained. which is then dissolved in water. The result of this simple reaction is the formation of a synthetic acid.
This substance can also be obtained from off-gases. These are chemical waste (side) gases. They are formed by a variety of processes. For example, when chlorinating hydrocarbons. The hydrogen chloride in their composition is called off-gas. And the acid thus obtained, respectively.
It should be noted that in last years the share of the off-gas substance in the total volume of its production is increasing. And the acid formed as a result of burning hydrogen in chlorine is displaced. However, in fairness, it should be noted that it contains fewer impurities.
Application in everyday life
Many cleaning products that householders use regularly contain a certain amount of hydrochloric acid solution. 2-3 percent, and sometimes less, but it's there. That is why, putting plumbing in order (washing tiles, for example), you need to wear gloves. Highly acid products can harm the skin.
Another solution is used as a stain remover. It helps to get rid of ink or rust on clothes. But in order for the effect to be noticeable, it is necessary to use a more concentrated substance. A 10% hydrochloric acid solution will do. He, by the way, perfectly removes scale.
It is important to store the substance correctly. Keep acid in glass containers and in places where animals and children cannot reach. Even a weak solution that gets on the skin or mucous membranes can cause a chemical burn. If this happens, immediately rinse the areas with water.
In the field of construction
The use of hydrochloric acid and its solutions is a popular way to improve many building processes. For example, it is often added to concrete mix to increase frost resistance. In addition, this way it hardens faster, and the resistance of the masonry to moisture increases.
Hydrochloric acid is also used as a limestone cleaner. Its 10% solution is the best way to deal with dirt and marks on red brick. It is not recommended to use it for cleaning others. The structure of other bricks is more sensitive to the action of this substance.
In medicine
In this area, the substance under consideration is also actively used. Dilute hydrochloric acid has the following effects:
- Digests proteins in the stomach.
- Stops the development of malignant tumors.
- Helps in the treatment of cancer.
- Normalizes acid-base balance.
- Serves as an effective tool in the prevention of hepatitis, diabetes, psoriasis, eczema, rheumatoid arthritis, cholelithiasis, rosacea, asthma, urticaria and many other ailments.
Did you come up with the idea to dilute the acid and use it inside in this form, and not as part of medicines? This is practiced, but it is strictly forbidden to do this without medical advice and instructions. Having calculated the proportions incorrectly, you can swallow an excess of hydrochloric acid solution, and simply burn your stomach.
By the way, you can still take medications that stimulate the production of this substance. And not just chemicals. The same calamus, peppermint and wormwood contribute to this. You can make decoctions based on them yourself, and drink them for prevention.
Burns and poisoning
As effective as this remedy is, it is dangerous. Hydrochloric acid, depending on the concentration, can cause chemical burns of four degrees:
- There is only redness and pain.
- There are blisters with a clear liquid and swelling.
- Necrosis is forming upper layers skin. Blisters fill with blood or cloudy contents.
- The lesion reaches the tendons and muscles.
If the substance somehow got into the eyes, it is necessary to rinse them with water, and then with a soda solution. But in any case, the first thing to do is to call an ambulance.
The ingestion of acid inside is fraught with acute pains in the chest and abdomen, swelling of the larynx, vomiting bloody masses. As a result, severe pathologies of the liver and kidneys.
And the first signs of poisoning in pairs include a dry frequent cough, choking, damage to the teeth, burning in the mucous membranes and abdominal pain. The first emergency aid is washing and rinsing the mouth with water, as well as access to fresh air. Only a toxicologist can provide real help.
About hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless or yellowish liquid without suspended or emulsified particles.
Hydrochloric acid is a solution of gaseous hydrogen chloride HCl in water. The latter is a hygroscopic colorless gas with a pungent odor. The commonly used concentrated hydrochloric acid contains 36-38% hydrogen chloride and has a density of 1.19 g/cm3.
Such an acid smokes in air, as gaseous HCl is released from it; when combined with air moisture, tiny droplets of hydrochloric acid are formed. It is a strong acid and reacts vigorously with most metals. However, metals such as gold, platinum, silver, tungsten and lead are practically not etched with hydrochloric acid.
Many base metals dissolve in acid to form chlorides, such as zinc:
Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2
Pure acid is colorless, while technical acid has a yellowish tint caused by traces of compounds of iron, chlorine and other elements (FeCl3). Often a dilute acid containing 10% or less hydrogen chloride is used. Diluted solutions do not emit gaseous HCl and do not smoke in either dry or humid air.
The use of hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid is widely used in industry for extracting metals from ores, pickling metals, etc. It is also used in the manufacture of soldering liquid, in the deposition of silver, and as an integral part of aqua regia.
The scale of the use of hydrochloric acid in industry is less than that of nitric acid. This is due to the fact that hydrochloric acid causes corrosion of steel equipment. In addition, its volatile vapors are quite harmful and also cause corrosion of metal products.
This must be taken into account when storing hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid is stored and transported in rubber-lined tanks and barrels, i.e.
in vessels, the inner surface of which is covered with acid-resistant rubber, as well as in glass bottles and polyethylene utensils.
Hydrochloric acid is used to produce chlorides of zinc, manganese, iron and other metals, as well as ammonium chloride.
Hydrochloric acid is used to clean the surfaces of metals, vessels, wells from carbonates, oxides and other sediments and contaminants.
In this case, special additives are used - inhibitors that protect the metal from dissolution and corrosion, but do not delay the dissolution of oxides, carbonates and other similar compounds.HCl is used in the industrial production of synthetic resins, rubbers. It is used as a raw material in the production of methyl chloride from methyl alcohol, ethyl chloride from ethylene, and vinyl chloride from acetylene.
Hydrochloric acid poisoning
HCl is poisonous. Poisoning usually occurs by mist formed when the gas interacts with water vapor in the air. HCl is also absorbed on the mucous membranes with the formation of acid, which causes severe irritation.
With prolonged work in an HCl atmosphere, catarrhs of the respiratory tract, tooth decay, ulceration of the nasal mucosa, and gastrointestinal disorders are observed. Permissible content of HCl in the air of working premises is not more than 0.005 mg/l.
For protection use a gas mask, goggles, rubber gloves, shoes, apron.
At the same time, our digestion is impossible without hydrochloric acid, its concentration in gastric juice is quite high. If the acidity in the body is lowered, then digestion is disturbed, and doctors prescribe such patients to take hydrochloric acid before eating.
The use of hydrochloric acid in everyday life
Concentrated "hodgepodge" is mixed with water in any proportion for domestic needs. A strong solution of this inorganic acid easily cleans earthenware plumbing from limescale and rust, while a weaker solution can remove rust stains, ink, and berry juice from fabrics.
If you look closely, the toilet duck cleaner says that hydrochloric acid comes into the composition, so you need to work with it in rubber gloves and protect your eyes from splashing into them.
In addition, the life of no person is unthinkable without this acid - it is contained in the stomach and it is thanks to it that the food that has entered the stomach is dissolved (digested).
In addition, this acid serves as the first barrier against pathogenic bacteria that enter the stomach - they die in an acidic environment.
Well, people suffering from gastritis with high acidity, this acid is also well known. They even reduce its effect so that it does not destroy the walls of the stomach, with the help of special drugs that interact with it and reduce its concentration.
The most popular are preparations containing magnesium and aluminum oxides, for example, Maalox. However, there are extreme people who drink baking soda, although it has already been proven that this leads to only temporary relief.
Hydrochloric acid: properties, applications and production
Hydrochloric (hydrochloric) acid - very strong, dangerous Chemical substance, which has a fairly wide application in many areas of human life.
Brine is hydrogen chloride (HCL, odorless thermal gas) combined with water (H2O). The boiling point depends on the concentration of the solution. The substance is flammable, storage condition: only in dry rooms.
Used in medicine, in the field of dentistry, for teeth whitening. If the stomach secretes an insufficient amount of juice (enzyme), hydrochloric acid solution is used as aid. In chemical laboratories, chlorine is a popular reagent for biochemistry experiments, sanitary standards and diagnostics.
Hydrochloric acid has gained wide popularity in the industry: dyeing fabrics, leather, metal soldering, descaling, oxides, is part of the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, as an oxidizing agent, and so on.
Properties of the chemical spectrum
Acid interacts with many metals, salts. It is considered quite strong and is on a par with chamois. The main reaction manifests itself in all groups of metals located to the left of hydrogen (magnesium, iron, zinc - electrical potentials).
As a result of such an impact, the formation of salts is obtained with the release of H into the air.
Hydrogen chloride solution in dilute form reacts with salts, but only with those formed by less strong acids. Known to all sodium and calcium carbonate, after interaction with it, they decompose into water and carbon monoxide.
Nitric acid- a qualitative reaction to saline solution. To obtain it, it is necessary to add silver nitrate to this reagent, as a result, a white precipitate will form, from which a nitrogen substance is obtained.With the help of this mixture of water and hydrogen, many interesting experiments are carried out. For example, dilute it with ammonia. As a result, you will get white smoke, thick, having the consistency of small crystals. Methylamine, aniline, manganese dioxide, potassium carbonate are reagents that are also affected by acid.
How hydrochloric acid is produced in the laboratory
The production of the substance is large-scale, the sale is free. In the conditions of laboratory experiments, a solution is produced by the action of high concentration sulfuric acid on ordinary kitchen salt (sodium chloride).
There are 2 methods for dissolving hydrogen chloride in water:
- Hydrogen is burned in chlorine (synthetic).
- Associated (off-gas). Its essence is in carrying out organic chlorination, dehydrochlorination.
The chemical properties of hydrochloric acid are quite high.
The substance lends itself well to synthesis during the pyrolysis of waste from organochlorine. This happens as a result of the breakdown of hydrocarbons with a complete lack of oxygen. You can also use metal chlorides, which are the raw materials of inorganic substances. If there is no concentrated sulfuric acid (electrolyte), take diluted.
Potassium permanganate is another way to get a salt solution.
With regard to the extraction of the reagent in natural conditions, then most often this chemical mixture can be found in the waters of volcanic waste. Hydrogen chloride is a component of the minerals sylvin (potassium chloride, looks like bones for games), bischofite. All these are methods to extract the substance in industry.
In humans, this enzyme is found in the stomach. A solution can be either an acid or a base. One of the most common methods of extraction is called sulfate.
How and why is it used
Perhaps, this is rightfully one of the important substances that is found and necessary in almost all branches of human life.
Application area localization:
- Metallurgy. Surface cleaning from oxidized areas, rust dissolution, pre-soldering treatment, tinning. Hydrochloric acid helps to extract small inclusions of metals from ores. Zirconium and titanium are obtained using the method of converting oxides into chlorides.
- Industry food technology. A low concentration solution is used as a food additive. Gelatin, fructose for diabetics contain a pure emulsifier. Ordinary soda also has a high content of this substance. On the packaging of goods you will see it under the name E507.
- The field of medicine. With an insufficient indicator of the acidic environment in the stomach and problems with the intestines. Low Ph leads to cancer. Even with proper nutrition, vitamins in abundance, the danger does not disappear, it is necessary to carry out tests to obtain juice from the gastric tract, because in an insufficiently acidic environment, useful substances are practically not absorbed, digestion is disturbed.
- Salt solution is used as an inhibitor - protection against dirt and infections, antiseptic action. For the manufacture of adhesive mixtures, ceramic products. It flushes heat exchangers.
- The procedure for purifying drinking water is also not complete without the participation of chlorine.
- Production of rubber, bleaching of fabric bases.
- You can care for your lenses with this solution.
- Mouthwash at home
- The substance is an excellent conductor of electricity.
Instructions for use
Hydrochloric acid can be used internally in medicine only as directed by a doctor. You cannot self-medicate.
The instruction is simple: the usual way to prepare a solution as a preparation is to stir until it completely disappears in water before use. 15 drops of medicine are prescribed for half a 200 gram glass. Take only during meals, 4 times a day.
Do not overdo it, this is not a panacea for diseases, it is important to consult a specialist. In case of an overdose, ulcerative formations occur on the mucous membrane of the esophagus.
Side effects and contraindications
Refrain from taking if you have a disposition to allergic reactions, this can adversely affect the overall functions of the body.
Severe poisoning and burns
In case of contact with the skin of the product in a concentrated form, you can get a severe toxicological burn. The penetration of excess steam into the respiratory tract (larynx, throat) contributes to the induction of poisoning.
There is a strong choking cough, sputum may be with blood. Vision becomes cloudy, I want to constantly rub my eyes, mucous membranes are irritated. The iris does not react to bright light.
Burning with hydrochloric acid is not as scary as sulfuric, but the vapors that can enter the digestive tract can lead to serious consequences of alkali intoxication.
The first sign (symptom) is the presence of elevated body temperature. Characteristic features of the action of this substance on the esophagus is visible in the following: wheezing in the lungs, vomiting, physical weakness, inability to take a deep breath, swelling of the airways.
If a large amount is ingested, the picture of toxicology is terrible: the volume of vomit increases, cyanosis of the face and arrhythmia are formed. The chest is compressed (asphyxia), followed by swelling of the larynx and death from pain shock.
With these symptoms, there is a certain classification of first aid actions.
It is very important to distinguish the stages of intoxication:
- If a person has been poisoned by vapors, it is urgent to take him out to clean air. Wash the throat with a solution of sodium bicarbonate, apply a compress to the eyes. Get to the hospital immediately.
- If the action of the acid is directed to the skin of a child or an adult, it is important to properly treat the burnt area. Rinse the skin for 15 minutes, and apply a burn ointment.
- If the solution harms the internal organs, an urgent cleansing of the stomach by probing and hospitalization is necessary.
Hydrochloric acid analogues in preparations
Since the allowable norm of a substance is used in medicine, it is contained in such medicines:
- Magnesium Sulfate.
- Calcium chloride.
- Reamberin.
Remember that for human consumption, hydrogen chloride acid is used exclusively in diluted form.
Reviews of patients after the use of preparations containing hydrogen chloride
There are few opinions on the effectiveness of drugs containing a substance. Given the fact that the drug itself is available in pharmacies, and everything in order to make it. The price is small.
Reviews can be heard, both positive and negative. The human body is individual, you should not engage in self-treatment, because health cannot be bought for any means.
Hydrochloric acid is one of the strongest acids, an extremely popular reagent.
- Hydrochloric acid is an inorganic substance, monobasic acid, one of the strongest acids. Other names are also used: hydrogen chloride, hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid. Pure acid is a colorless and odorless liquid. Technical acid usually contains impurities that give it a slightly yellowish tint. Hydrochloric acid is often referred to as "fuming" because it releases hydrogen chloride vapor, which reacts with atmospheric moisture to form an acid mist. It dissolves very well in water. At room temperature, the maximum possible mass content of hydrogen chloride is -38%. An acid with a concentration greater than 24% is considered concentrated. Hydrochloric acid actively reacts with metals, oxides, hydroxides, forming salts - chlorides. HCl interacts with salts of weaker acids; with strong oxidizing agents and ammonia. To determine hydrochloric acid or chlorides, a reaction with silver nitrate AgNO3 is used, as a result of which a white cheesy precipitate precipitates.
Safety
The substance is very caustic, corrosive to skin, organic materials, metals and their oxides. In the air, it emits hydrogen chloride vapors, which cause suffocation, burns to the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes and nose, damage the respiratory system, and destroy teeth. Hydrochloric acid belongs to the substances of the 2nd degree of danger (highly dangerous), the MPC of the reagent in the air is 0.005 mg/l. It is possible to work with hydrogen chloride only in filter gas masks and protective clothing, including rubber gloves, an apron, safety shoes. If acid is spilled, it is washed off large quantity water or neutralized with alkaline solutions. Victims of acid should be taken out of the danger zone, rinse the skin and eyes with water or soda solution, call a doctor. It is allowed to transport and store the chemical reagent in glass, plastic containers, as well as in metal containers covered with a rubber layer from the inside. The container must be hermetically sealed.
Receipt
Commercially, hydrochloric acid is produced from hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas. Hydrogen chloride itself is produced in two main ways: - by the exothermic reaction of chlorine and hydrogen - in this way a high-purity reagent is obtained, for example, for the food industry and pharmaceuticals; - from associated industrial gases - an acid based on such HCl is called off-gas.
It's curious
It is to hydrochloric acid that nature "entrusted" the process of splitting food in the body. The concentration of acid in the stomach is only 0.4%, but this is enough to digest a razor blade in a week!
The acid is produced by the cells of the stomach itself, which is protected from this aggressive substance by the mucous membrane. However, its surface is updated daily to repair damaged areas. In addition to participating in the process of digestion of food, acid also performs a protective function, killing pathogens that enter the body through the stomach.
Application
In medicine and pharmaceuticals - to restore the acidity of gastric juice in case of its insufficiency; with anemia to improve the absorption of iron-containing drugs. - In the food industry, this is a food additive, acidity regulator E507, as well as an ingredient in seltzer (soda) water. Used in the manufacture of fructose, gelatin, citric acid.
In the chemical industry - the basis for the production of chlorine, soda, sodium glutamate, metal chlorides, for example, zinc chloride, manganese chloride, iron chloride; synthesis of organochlorine substances; catalyst in organic synthesis.
Most of the hydrochloric acid produced in the world is used in metallurgy to clean workpieces from oxides. For these purposes, an inhibited technical acid is used, which contains special inhibitors (retarders) of the reaction, due to which the reagent dissolves oxides, but not the metal itself. Metals are also poisoned with hydrochloric acid; they are cleaned before tinning, soldering, galvanizing. - Leather is treated before tanning. - In the mining industry, it is in demand for cleaning boreholes from deposits, for processing ores and rock formations. - In laboratory practice, hydrochloric acid is used as a popular reagent for analytical studies, for cleaning vessels from hard-to-remove contaminants.
It is used in the rubber, pulp and paper industry, in ferrous metallurgy; for cleaning boilers, pipes, equipment from complex deposits, scale, rust; for cleaning ceramic and metal products.
What is hydrochloric acid and what is it used for?
It is a natural component of gastric juice/gastric acid. It is produced by cells in the stomach and plays an important role in protecting our body from infections. (one)
Gastric juice helps us break down the food we eat so that the body can absorb all the necessary nutrients and get rid of unnecessary waste.
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by parietal (or acid-secreting) cells through a secretory network called tubules into a part of the stomach called the lumen. This process is called "heavy energy burden", which means that it requires a significant amount of energy. (2)
The body is willing to spend a lot of resources on the production of hydrochloric acid due to the fact that it is necessary to protect against deficiency. nutrients, increased intestinal permeability, candidiasis and much more.
Hypochlorhydria is the medical term for low stomach acid. (3)
The complete absence of hydrochloric acid, especially in the stomach, is called achlorhydria (or zero acidity of the stomach), which is associated with a number of serious health disorders such as chronic gastritis or gastric carcinoma, pernicious anemia, pellagra, and alcoholism. (4)
Signs that your body may not be producing enough stomach acid include loss of appetite, feeling full immediately after eating a small meal, pain and burning sensation, gas, constipation, and diarrhea.
Reasons for deficiency
What is the reason for the low production of hydrochloric acid and gastric juice?
Low stomach acid is a very common problem among people living in Western industrialized countries. This is facilitated the following reasons:
- Regular intake of antacids to alleviate the symptoms of heartburn. Recent studies have shown that this drug often masks unresolved physiological problems and may lead to additional complications. (5)
- Unbalanced diet, a large number of semi-finished products in the diet.
- chronic stress.
- Reception of antibiotics and a number of other medicines.
- Lack of physical activity or overly intense exercise. (6)
- Alcoholism, smoking and exposure to other toxins.
- Aging (it is estimated that about 30-40 percent of men and women over 60 years of age suffer from atrophic gastritis, a condition in which acid is not produced or produced in extremely small quantities. Among people over 80 years of age, the incidence of this disease is even higher).
- Food allergy/intolerance.
- Eating disorders, nutritional deficiencies or extreme diets and severe calorie reduction. (7, 8)
- Pregnancy and hormonal changes can also lead to changes in stomach acid production and cause gastrointestinal problems.
Although our body produces it on its own, hydrochloric acid is also a synthetic chemical that is used in many laboratories and industrial settings.
There are dozens of different uses for hydrochloric acid, which plays an important role in many industries ranging from construction to food production.
The most important uses for hydrochloric acid include the production of steel, cleaning agents and chemical solvents (more on this below).
Useful properties for humans
- Protects against candidiasis
- Supports Skin Health
Supports digestion and fights heartburn/acid reflux
How exactly does hydrochloric acid help digestion?
In the stomach, hydrochloric acid helps break down the food you eat, especially proteins, and absorb nutrients.
Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that is involved in the breakdown of protein. However, to simplify the work of pepsin, hydrochloric acid is needed.
The acidic gastric juice is also needed to signal the release of bile from the liver and enzymes from the pancreas.
It promotes digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, fats and essential nutrients such as vitamins A and E.How to understand that the body does not produce enough hydrochloric acid and the acidity of the stomach is low?
You may experience bloating, gas, belching, heartburn, and acid reflux. It may seem paradoxical, but acid reflux/heartburn is not always caused by high stomach acid.
In some cases, the cause may be inflammation and even low levels of gastric juice.
Heartburn occurs due to a malfunction of the check valve located in the upper part of the stomach, which normally prevents acid from entering the esophagus. (nine)
With inflammation in the GI tract or insufficiently acidic stomach pH, this valve stops opening and closing properly. When gastric juice reaches the esophagus, symptoms such as pain, burning, coughing, hoarseness, sore throat, asthma attacks, and so on occur.
Can high levels of hydrochloric acid in the stomach cause ulcers or heartburn?
Hydrochloric acid does not harm the stomach itself, as it is protected by a secret that promotes the formation of a thick layer of mucus. In addition, the gastric mucosa contains sodium bicarbonate, which helps to neutralize the action of hydrochloric acid.
Heartburn and stomach ulcers are usually caused by dysfunction of the mucus layer in the stomach or a check valve.
Also, the risk of developing an ulcer or heartburn increases when taking certain drugs, especially antacids, antihistamines, and proton pump inhibitors (for example, "omeprazole").
All these drugs slow down the production of acid in the stomach. They neutralize excess acid that is already present in the stomach, but in the long run this can adversely affect health.
Has an antimicrobial effect and protects against increased intestinal permeability
How does hydrochloric acid affect bacteria in the gut?
Hydrochloric acid helps maintain a very acidic environment in the digestive system, making it difficult for dangerous microbes to survive. (eleven)
Gastric juice acts as a barrier between harmful microorganisms and the gastrointestinal tract. Gastric juice protects us from various types of thrush, fungus and bacterial infections.
Some studies also suggest that hydrochloric acid helps break down food allergens into smaller molecules, reducing the chance of an adverse or autoimmune reaction. In addition, hydrochloric acid is useful for the prevention of leaky gut syndrome, as it is needed in the proper amount (along with pepsin) for protein digestion.Over time, when there is a lack of hydrochloric acid, small particles are not completely broken down, which can lead to damage to the intestinal mucosa, causing autoimmune reactions and widespread symptoms.
In some studies, scientists have also found a link between low stomach acid and increased levels of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which causes stomach and duodenal ulcers.
Protects against candidiasis
Fungal and yeast overgrowth can occur if the intestinal pH is too alkaline or not acidic enough. (12)
When the growth of such a fungus gets out of control, candidiasis (or thrush) occurs. It can spread through the intestines as well as to other parts of the body, including the genitals, mouth, and toenails.
Symptoms of this disease vary from person to person and can include malnutrition, strong cravings for certain foods, weight gain, fluid retention, and confusion. Good healthy bacteria and a properly functioning immune system are essential to fight this persistent infection.
Caprylic acid: for the treatment of thrush (candidiasis) and not only
Supports Skin Health
Believe it or not, common skin problems such as rosacea, acne, eczema, and dermatitis are associated with low stomach acid levels and increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the intestinal mucosa. (thirteen)
How does hydrochloric acid affect the skin?
Some studies have found that taking hydrochloric acid and vitamin B supplements can reduce symptoms of skin inflammation, such as rosacea and redness, in people with low stomach acid. Researchers also suggest that there is a link between bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine and rosacea. (fourteen)
An overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine occurs due to low stomach acid, as this condition allows pathogenic bacteria, which normally die in the stomach, reproduce in the small intestine, where they should not survive. This increases inflammation, which leads to increased sensitivity and skin irritation.
Promotes nutrient absorption (especially protein and vitamin B12)
Failure to break down protein foods into usable amino acids can not only lead to increased intestinal permeability, but also lead to protein deficiencies and widespread disease. This condition can cause symptoms such as general weakness, mood and skin health issues, hair loss, and more.
In addition, hydrochloric acid facilitates the absorption of other micronutrients, including vitamin B12, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron, selenium, and boron. (fifteen)
Vitamin B12 is normally absorbed only in a highly acidic environment, so low stomach acid can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency. For this reason, proton pump inhibitors have been associated with an increased risk of low level vitamin B12. (sixteen)
Hydrochloric acid can interfere with the absorption of essential minerals. Therefore, its deficiency is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures. (17)
Dosage of nutritional supplements
betaine hydrochloride(betaine) is one type of supplement that can be a source of hydrochloric acid for people with low stomach acid (hypochlorhydria). (eighteen)
This supplement can be very beneficial for many. However, people with active ulcers and those taking steroids, pain relievers, or anti-inflammatory drugs should stop taking it. Also, taking hydrochloric acid supplements is not recommended for pregnant and breastfeeding women. (nineteen)
As a rule, one 650-milligram tablet of hydrochloric acid in combination with pepsin before each meal is sufficient. You can add another tablet when you need to subdue unpleasant symptoms.
Start with a small dosage - usually one capsule per day (before the largest meal of the day). For the greatest effect, hydrochloric acid with pepsin should be taken before meals, while the dish should contain enough protein.
Side effects
To possible side effects hydrochloric acid is:
- Irritating to eyes, skin and mucous membranes. May cause severe burns, ulceration and scarring.
- Inhalation may cause damage to the nose and respiratory tract. This can lead to irritation and inflammation of the nasal cavity, as well as breathing problems.
- Eye damage. Sometimes it can be irreversible and affect vision.
- Retinal edema.
- When administered orally, irritation of the mucous membranes, esophagus and stomach is possible.
- Gastritis, chronic bronchitis, dermatitis and photosensitivity.
- Enamel discoloration and tooth erosion.
Conclusion
Hydrochloric acid is a natural component of gastric juice/gastric acid. It is produced by cells in the stomach and plays an important role in digestive processes and supporting the immune system.
It aids digestion, fights heartburn and acid reflux, is antimicrobial, protects against leaky gut and thrush, supports skin health, and promotes nutrient absorption.
Hydrochloric acid is also produced synthetically for use in many laboratories and industries. It is used in the production of cleaning products, steel, photographic materials, textiles, rubber and much more.
There are many reasons why your body may not be producing enough hydrochloric acid (stomach acid).
In some cases, the cause of low stomach acid may be regular use of antacids to relieve heartburn symptoms, an unbalanced diet, a large number of processed foods in the diet, chronic stress, frequent use of antibiotics, lack of physical activity, alcoholism, smoking, aging, food allergies, eating disorders and pregnancy .
In order for the body to produce the correct amount of hydrochloric acid (not too much, not too little), it is necessary to eat a diet that does not cause inflammation/acid reflux; control stress; get enough sleep and avoid taking unnecessary drugs/supplements that reduce stomach acid.
