Landing of the ship Sunrise 2 in the spring of the 65th. "You can live and work in outer space!"

One of greatest events XX century - the first flight and exit of man into outer space. The population of the planet learned from Gagarin that the Earth is round. Leonov became a pioneer. It turned out that the first people in space were from the USSR. On March 18, 1965, Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov made the first spacewalk from the Voskhod-2 spacecraft. This event was followed by the whole country. Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov was outside the Voskhod-2 spacecraft for only 12 minutes, but these minutes have gone down in the history of cosmonautics forever. You will learn about how the preparations for the first spacewalk took place, what difficulties the crew of the spacecraft experienced in this article.

Preparations for the first human spacewalk

The idea that it is possible for a man to go into outer space came to Korolev as early as 1963. The designer suggested that soon such an experience would not only be desirable, but absolutely necessary. He turned out to be right. In the following decades, astronautics developed rapidly. For example, maintaining the normal operation of the ISS in general would have been impossible without external installation and repair work, which once again proves how necessary the first manned spacewalk was. The year 1964 was the beginning of official preparations for this experiment. But then, in 1964, in order to implement such a daring project, it was necessary to seriously consider the design of the ship.

Voskhod-2 spacecraft

As a result, the well-proven Voskhod-1 was taken as the basis. One of its windows was replaced with an exit lock, and the crew was reduced from three to two. The lock chamber itself was inflatable and located outside the ship. After the completion of the experiment, before landing, she had to separate herself from the hull. This is how the Voskhod-2 spacecraft appeared.

Voskhod-2 spacecraft

suit

The created suit became a real miracle of technology. According to the firm belief of its creators, it was a product more complicated than a car

Suit "Berkut"

Especially for Voskhod-2, special spacesuits were developed, which bore the formidable name Berkut. They had an additional sealed shell, and a satchel with a life support system was placed behind the cosmonaut's back. For better light reflection, even the color of the suits was changed: white was used instead of the traditional orange. The total weight of the Berkut was about 100 kg. the suits were very uncomfortable. They were so dense that in order to clench the hand into a fist, it was necessary to apply an effort of almost 25 kilograms. To be able to make any movement in such clothes, he had to constantly train. The work was worn out, but the astronauts stubbornly went to the cherished goal - to make it possible for a man to go into outer space. Leonov, by the way, was considered the strongest and most enduring in the group, which largely predetermined him leading role in the experiment.

Later, cosmonaut Alexei Leonov recalled:

For example, to squeeze a hand in a glove, a force of 25 kg was needed.

The color of the suit has also changed. "Berkut", in order to better reflect the sun's rays, was made white, not orange. A special light filter appeared on his helmet, which was supposed to protect the astronaut's eyes from bright sunlight.

The crew of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft

It was not immediately decided on whom to entrust this responsible mission. Multiple psychological compatibility tests were carried out. After all, the crew must act as a single mechanism.
Belyaev - restrained and cold-blooded and could quickly make a decision in non-standard situations. Leonov, his complete opposite, is hot and impetuous, but very brave and courageous. These two are different person made an excellent tandem for the experiment.
For 3 months, the cosmonauts got acquainted with the structure of the new spacecraft. The spacewalk training was carried out on board the Tu-104 aircraft, in which a full-size model of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft was installed. Every day, Soviet cosmonauts ran cross-country skis or skied, intensively engaged in weightlifting and gymnastics.

Cosmonauts Pavel Belyaev and Alexei Leonov

From the memoirs of Alexei Leonov about preparing for a spacewalk: “On Earth, we carried out tests in a pressure chamber with a vacuum corresponding to an altitude of 60 km ... In reality, when I went into space, it turned out a little differently. The pressure in the suit is about 600 mm, and outside - 10 - 9; it was impossible to simulate such conditions on Earth ... "

At that moment, when Alexei Leonov climbed out of his spaceship on March 18, 1965 and saw himself at an altitude of 500 kilometers above the surface of our planet, he did not feel movement at all. Although in fact he was rushing around the Earth at a speed that was many times higher than the speed of a jet aircraft. A panorama of our planet that no one had seen before opened before Alexei - like a giant canvas, which was saturated with contrasting textures and colors, alive and bright. Alexey Leonov will forever remain the first person who was able to see the Earth in all its splendor.

The Soviet cosmonaut at that moment simply took his breath away:

It's hard to even imagine what it was. Only in space can one feel the greatness and gigantic dimensions. human environment environment - on Earth you will not feel this

IN open space Alexei Leonov began to carry out the observations and experiments envisaged by the program. He made five exits and approaches from the lock chamber, with the very first withdrawal made at a minimum distance - one meter - for orientation in new conditions, and the rest for the full length of the halyard. All this time, the spacesuit was maintained at “room” temperature, and its outer surface was heated in the sun to +60°C and cooled in the shade to -100°C. Pavel BELYAEV, using a camera and telemetry, monitored the work of the co-pilot in space and was ready, if necessary, to provide the necessary assistance to him.

At that moment, when Alexei Leonov saw the Yenisei and the Irtysh, he received a command from the commander of the ship Belyaev to return back. But Leonov did not manage to do this for a very long time. It turned out that his spacesuit in a vacuum was greatly swollen. So much so that the astronaut simply could not squeeze into the hatch of the airlock, and there was no time to consult with the Earth about this situation. Leonov made attempt after attempt, but they all ended in vain, and the supply of oxygen in the spacesuit was only enough for 20 minutes, which inexorably melted away (the astronaut spent 12 minutes in space). In the end, Alexei Leonov decided to simply relieve pressure in his spacesuit and, contrary to the instructions issued, instructing him to enter the airlock with his feet, he decided to "swim" into it face first. Fortunately, he succeeded. And although Leonov spent only 12 minutes in outer space, during this time he managed to get wet as if a whole tub of water had been poured on him - the physical load was so great.

Photo of the first human spacewalk

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Video

Video of the first human spacewalk with video footage inserts

Feature film "Time of the First"

The heroism of the crew members of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft inspired the creative team of Timur BEMKAMBETOV and Yevgeny MIRONOV to create a large-scale production film project, the heroic drama Time of the First, dedicated to one of the most risky expeditions into orbit and Alexei LEONOV's spacewalk

Documentary film by the Roscosmos television studio “Alexey Leonov. Jump into space"

The film is dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the first cosmonaut who went into outer space.

Interesting facts about the first human spacewalk

• Critical situation during exit from orbit. The crew of Voskhod-2 could have been the first crew to die while returning from orbit. Before landing, the automatic orientation system failed. Belyaev manually oriented the ship and turned on the brake engine. As a result, Voskhod landed in the taiga (180 km north of the city Perm). In the TASS report, this was called "landing in the 'reserve area'", which in fact was the remote Permian taiga. After landing, the huge canopy of the parachute, stuck on two tall fir trees, fluttered in the wind. Soon an IL-14 was already circling above them. Radio contact was immediately established from the aircraft and the astronauts were informed that they had been found and help would be sent soon. The astronauts spent the night in the forest. Helicopters could only fly over them and report that “one is chopping wood, the other is putting it on the fire.” Warm clothes and food were dropped from helicopters to the cosmonauts, but Belyaev and Leonov could not be pulled out of the taiga. From the memoirs of Leonov: “When we landed, they didn’t find us right away ... We sat in spacesuits for two days, we didn’t have other clothes. On the third day we were pulled out of there. Because of the sweat, my suit was knee-deep in moisture, about 6 liters. So in the legs and bubbling. Then, already at night, I say to Pasha: "Well, that's it, I'm cold." We took off our suits, stripped naked, wrung out our underwear, put it back on. Then the screen-vacuum thermal insulation was sporulated. They threw away all the hard part, and put the rest on themselves. These are nine layers of aluminized foil, covered with dederon on top. Parachute lines were wrapped around the top like two sausages. And so they stayed there for the night. And at 12 noon a helicopter arrived and landed 9 km away. Another helicopter in a basket lowered Yura Lygin directly towards us. Then Slava Volkov (Vladislav Volkov, future cosmonaut of TsKBEM) and others came to us on skis. They brought us warm clothes, poured brandy, and we gave them our alcohol - and life became more fun. The fire was lit, the boiler was put on. We washed. In about two hours they cut down a small hut for us, where we spent the night normally. There was even a bed
• The day before the start there was a big trouble. Due to the negligence of a security guard, an inflatable airlock, hung out of the ship to check the tightness, unexpectedly fell and broke. There was no spare, and therefore it was decided to use the one on which the astronauts trained for a long time. This incident could have turned out to be fatal, but, fortunately, everything worked out, the reused airlock survived, and the first manned spacewalk successfully took place.

The dangers of spacewalks

Spacewalks are dangerous in many ways various reasons. The first is the possibility of a collision with space debris. The orbital speed at an altitude of 300 km above the Earth (typical flight altitude of manned spacecraft) is about 7.7 km/s. This is 10 times the speed of a bullet, so kinetic energy a small particle of paint or a grain of sand is equivalent to the same energy of a bullet with 100 times the mass. With each spaceflight, more and more orbital debris is introduced, which is why this problem continues to be the most dangerous.


A potential danger is the possibility of loss or unacceptable removal from the spacecraft, threatening death due to the depletion of the supply of breathing mixture. Also dangerous are possible damage or punctures of spacesuits, the depressurization of which threatens with anoxia and rapid death if the astronauts do not have time to return to the ship in time.

October 20, 1965 International aviation federation(FAI) marked the record for a human stay in open space outside of a ship - 12 minutes and 9 seconds. Alexey Leonov received the highest award FAI- gold medal"Cosmos" for the first exit into the open space in the history of mankind. Crew commander Pavel Belyaev also received a medal and a diploma.

Leonov became the fifteenth person in space, and the first person to take the next fundamental step after Gagarin. To be alone with the abyss, the most hostile space for a person, to look at the stars only through the thin glass of a helmet, to hear the beating of your heart in absolute silence and go back is a real feat. A feat behind which stood thousands of scientists, engineers, workers and millions ordinary people, but it was done by one person - Alexei Leonov.

“Suddenly, SP (Korolev) literally flew out of the reception room, followed by Feoktistov. Seeing me, SP said:
- Okay, let's go with us!
Asking questions on the go was useless. We passed through the transition to the new 67th building.
...
Korolev approached Tereshkova's descent vehicle and through the open hatch began silently carefully examining the internal layout. Then he quickly turned to me and Feoktistov and said:
- Here's a task for you. Instead of one, three should be placed here.
This command was the beginning of the reworking of Vostok into Voskhod. Decisions had to be made truly revolutionary. It is impossible to accommodate three in space suits. Without spacesuits with sin in half, in cramped conditions and not offended, through the efforts of Feoktistov, it was possible. "B.E. Chertok" Rockets and People.

Painting by A. A. Leonov.

The data available to Soviet intelligence about the development by the Americans and preparations for a manned spacewalk made it necessary to seriously rush to create an apparatus that would allow America to get ahead both in the flight of the first multi-seat spacecraft and in the first extravehicular activity. Thus, the Voskhod spacecraft was born.

Boris Evseevich Chertok in his memoirs "Rockets and People" not without reason mentions the transformation of the East into Voskhod. The new ship actually differed little from its predecessor: the same spherical descent vehicle, the same layout (pressurized SA + non-pressurized instrument-aggregate compartment), the same dimensions. The main difference was inside the descent vehicle: to put three people into a balloon, originally designed for one - it was necessary to try. Soviet engineers wanted to get ahead of the Americans not only in terms of timing, but also in terms of technology: American Geminis are being developed with two seats, which means our ship will be three-seater, Geminis provide for complete depressurization for EVA, which means we will have a lock.

Installation of the Voskhod spacecraft on the launch vehicle:

They somehow coped with the placement of three cosmonauts, although for this they had to remove the ejection seat and put three ordinary ones in its place, moreover, turn them 90 degrees, which made it impossible to control the ship manually from the seat. When the automation failed at Voskhod-2, Belyaev had to get out of his chair to manually navigate. Leonov at that time held him by the legs. After orienting before turning on the TDU, I had to miss a few seconds while Belyaev returned to his chair, as a result of which, instead of the hot sunny Kazakh steppe, SA Voskhoda-2 flopped into a snowdrift in a harsh Siberian taiga, where the astronauts had to spend several agonizing days until they were discovered by the search and rescue team.

The descent vehicles of the Voskhods are now stored in the RKK Energia Museum, which is not so easy to get to, therefore, in the absence of my own photographs, I will use those found on the Internet.
Here is the interior of Voskhod-1:

Photo by I. Marinin.

Three seats are visible (the middle one is shifted down due to the parachute container), as well as the Vzor orientator and the dashboard, identical to those in the Vostoks.

Here is a diagram taken from the Internet, which shows the main components of the ship and the difference in the placement of seats from the East.

A solid cylinder attached to the descent vehicle from the front is striking. This is a backup solid propellant TDU. The fact is that Voskhods were launched into a higher orbit than Vostok: 177.5 km * 408 km against Vostok's 180.7 km * 234.6 km, so in the event of a failure of the main TDU, they could not, like Vostok, deorbit by natural deceleration about the upper layers of the atmosphere in a reasonable time.

Another difference of the new ship was the soft landing system (due to the lack of ejection seats, the crew landed inside the SA): a block of solid propellant engines was installed on the central line of the parachute system, which were triggered at the moment the probe touched the ground.

For obvious reasons, there are no photographs of Voskhod-1 in space from the outside, but a film recording from the inside has been preserved:

At Voskhod-2, it was impossible to do without spacesuits, because during the flight the EVA was planned. Therefore, the crew of the second Sunrise consisted of two people. More problems delivered the gateway. It was impossible to integrate it into the ball of the descent vehicle in any way, and placed outside in a separate compartment, it did not fit under the head fairing. The solution has been found. Those who have recently admired the technology of inflatable modules presented as know-how and the test sample of such a module on the ISS should not forget that the experience of using such a design was in the Soviet cosmonautics. The inflatable airlock of Voskhod-2, when folded, somehow fit under the fairing, and when deployed it turned into a full-fledged compartment, although, of course, cramped.

Alas, due to a malfunction of the camera trigger mounted on Leonov's spacesuit, it was not possible to photograph Voskhod-2 in space from the outside. But there is a photo of Leonov himself in the airlock:

And in the Moscow Museum of Cosmonautics, a technological duplicate of the gateway is exhibited, which I photographed:

The original Voskhod-2 descent module is kept in the RKK Energia Museum. For clarity, another duplicate of the airlock was attached to it, and even with an astronaut dummy in a spacesuit:

Photo by I. Marinin.

Interior of SA Voskhod-2:

Photo by I. Marinin.

How the world's first extravehicular activity took place can be seen on a video filmed by a movie camera installed on the airlock from the outside:

It is curious that due to high level secrecy, the Americans had no idea what the Voskhod ship and its launch vehicle looked like. Therefore, when the film “You Only Live Twice” was filmed, in the episode with the launch of the Soviet ship Voskhod-16, they showed a video recording of the launch of the Titan-2 rocket with the Gemini ship, and Voskhod-16 itself in the film does not look like real Voskhods at all:

And there was actually no Voskhod-16. Three more flights were planned under the program, during which interesting experiments were planned: a surgical operation on an animal under conditions space flight, EVA with testing the cosmonaut's knapsack movement system and the creation of artificial gravity by rotating the bundle of the Voskhod-5 spacecraft and the third stage of the launch vehicle with a cable (implemented by the Americans during the Gemini program).
But these three flights were canceled and the Voskhod program was closed. The main reason for this was the terrible unreliability of the ship. The absence of an emergency rescue system and the absence of spacesuits in the triple version of Voskhod threatened to kill the crew in case of any failure of the launch vehicle or in case of depressurization of the descent vehicle. It was also necessary to transfer all forces to the development of the Soyuz spacecraft for the lunar program.

I do not pretend to the truth, but it is possible that the distraction of attention to the Sunrise was one of the reasons for the loss of the USSR in the lunar race. The American Gemini program was nevertheless carried out as a necessary preparatory step for the lunar program, and our Voskhod was a completely independent project, main goal which was to overtake the Americans in the flight of multi-seat ships and in the first EVA. Yes, in this we won the championship, but we paid for it by flying to the moon.

A feature film dedicated to the Voskhod-2 flight will be released this spring. I look forward to it, I hope the filmmakers will not let you down, and the film will be truthful, interesting and exciting.

Cosmos-110

Crew

• Pavel Ivanovich Belyaev, commander
• Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov, pilot

Flight preparation

After the first successful flight of the Voskhod-1 multi-seat spacecraft, the next goal was set - to carry out an astronaut's exit into open space. The mission was milestone Soviet lunar program.

The ship "Voskhod-2" was modified in comparison with the ship "Voskhod-1". The Voskhod-1 spacecraft had a crew of three cosmonauts. The cabin of the ship was so cramped that the astronauts made this flight without spacesuits. There were two places for cosmonauts in the Voskhod-2 ship, and the Volga inflatable airlock was installed on the ship. During the launch, the airlock was in a folded state, in space the airlock was inflated, before the spacecraft left orbit and landed, the airlock was fired from the ship.

Technical details

• Ship mass: 5682 kg
• Apogee: 475 km
• Orbital period: 90.9 min
• Distance covered: 717,300 km

Sluice camera. When folded: diameter - 70 cm, length - 77 cm. When inflated: outer diameter - 1.2 meters, inner diameter - 1.0 meters, length - 2.5 meters. The weight of the lock chamber is 250 kg.

Flight

Voskhod-2 (ZKD No. 4) launched on March 18, 1965 at exactly 10 am Moscow time (07:00:00 GMT) from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.

Immediately after entering orbit, already on the first orbit, the lock chamber was inflated, consisting of 12 "pneumatic ribs". Before leaving, both cosmonauts were in spacesuits. Belyaev was ready in case of unforeseen circumstances to help Leonov return to the ship. The spacewalk began on the second orbit. Belyaev opened the hatch into the lock chamber from the control panel. Leonov in a spacesuit moved into it. Belyaev closed the hatch behind him and began to depressurize the chamber. At that time, the ship was over Egypt (outside the radio communication zone with ground tracking points on the territory of the USSR). At 11:32:54 Belyaev opened the outer hatch of the lock chamber, Alexei Leonov found himself in the vacuum of space. At 11:34:51 Leonov floated out into the airless space. Five times Leonov moved away from the ship and returned to it. Leonov was connected to the ship with a halyard, the length of which was 5.35 meters. After departing from the ship, Leonov sailed over the Black Sea, the Caucasus Range, the Volga, the Irtysh, the Yenisei. During the exit, the astronaut suffered from tachycardia, tachypnea twice as high as normal, hyperthermia up to +38 ° C and hyperhidrosis. With great difficulty, we managed to wind up the halyard and return to the ship.

Two television cameras were installed on the outer surface of the ship, which transmitted images to Earth, the astronaut filmed with a special S-97 camera. At the time of Leonov's spacewalk, Belyaev broadcast a message: “Attention! The man went into outer space! The man went into outer space!

At 11:47:00 Leonov returned to the lock chamber, pulling himself into the hatch with his hands. At 11:48:40, the outer hatch of the lock chamber was closed, and after three minutes the pressurization of air began. The exit ended during the flight of the ship over Yakutia. Leonov was in free flight for 12 minutes and 9 seconds. The return to the airlock was complicated by the fact that Leonov's spacesuit was greatly swollen. Only after Leonov doubled the air pressure inside the suit (from 0.4 to 0.27 atm) was he able to enter the airlock. The entry was to be carried out "feet forward", while Leonov entered, due to the inflating of the spacesuit and carrying the camera, "head first". Due to the fact that the diameter of the lock chamber was only 1 meter, it took a lot of effort for the cosmonaut to make a somersault inside the air lock in order to return to the spacecraft. Contrary to instructions, before filling the airlock with air, Leonov opened his helmet and rubbed his eyes from the sweat that flooded them.

The lock chamber was regularly fired. However, as a result of temperature deformations, a gap formed in the hatch, and depressurization began. The automatic system increased the oxygen supply, which created an explosion threat similar to the cause of the deaths of Bondarenko and the crew of Apollo 1. Leonov, in a state of oxygen poisoning, accidentally turned on the air supply from the reserve cylinders with a hose, and after 7 hours the leak was eliminated by squeezing out the body elements from the inside with excess pressure, the oxygen concentration began to decrease.

The landing of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft was supposed to take place after 17 turns in automatic mode, but the automation failed. The ship made another orbit around the Earth. On the next orbit, the ship's commander, Pavel Belyaev, switched the ship to manual control. Due to the fact that the seats of the astronauts in the Voskhod spacecraft were rotated 90 degrees relative to the control panel (and relative to the initial position on the Vostok spacecraft), manual control of the spacecraft was impossible if the astronauts were fastened in the seat "in the landing way". Therefore, Pavel Belyaev had to unfasten himself, orient the ship, prepare to turn on the braking propulsion system (TDU), return to the seat, buckle up and turn on the TDU. It took 22 seconds to return to the seat and buckle up, which resulted in a flight approximately 165 km to the northeast. As a result, the ship landed at an off-design point, approximately 75 kilometers northwest of the city of Berezniki (Perm Region). The coordinates of the landing site indicated in the Act of the USSR Aviation Sports Federation dated March 19, 1965 (59°34'03" N, 55°28'00" E) were subsequently specified and amount to 59°34'21 .5"N, 55°29'35.1"E d.

The landing took place in the snowy taiga, 200 km from Perm, far from settlements. The cosmonauts spent two days in the taiga until rescuers found them ( “On the third day they pulled us out of there.”). This was due to the fact that the helicopter could not land nearby. The landing site for the helicopter was equipped the next day, 9 km from the place where the astronauts landed. The overnight stay was carried out in a log house built on the landing site. The astronauts and rescuers got to the helicopter on skis. The cosmonauts were taken by Mi-6 helicopter to Bolshoe Savino. The road leading from the airport to the city was later renamed the Cosmonauts Highway. On the evening of March 21, 1965, the cosmonauts flew to Baikonur.

There were seven accidents in flight. And three or four of them, according to Leonov, are fatal. The most severe of them occurred when the control system failed: the entire automatic program was turned off, and there was no communication with the Earth.

By making the first spacewalk, Soviet cosmonauts were ahead of US plans. Two and a half months later, American astronaut Edward White made a spacewalk.

The flight of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft was the last manned flight of the Voskhod-class ships. Previously, a long, up to 15 days, manned flight on the Voskhod-3 spacecraft was planned, but this flight was cancelled. A long flight of the ship Voskhod (Cosmos-110) was carried out with the dogs Veterok and Ugolyok on board. This flight began on February 22, 1966 and lasted 20 days. This was the last flight of the Voskhod ships.

At this time, a new manned spacecraft Soyuz was being developed in the Soviet Union, which made its first flight with an astronaut on board in April 1967.

From a TASS message on March 18, 1965

Today, March 18, 1965, at 11:30 Moscow time, during the flight of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft, a man's exit into outer space was carried out for the first time. On the second orbit of the flight, co-pilot Pilot-Cosmonaut Lieutenant Colonel Leonov Alexei Arkhipovich, in a special spacesuit with an autonomous life support system, made an exit into outer space, retired from the ship at a distance of up to five meters, successfully carried out a set of planned studies and observations and safely returned to the ship. With the help of the onboard television system, the process of Comrade Leonov's exit into outer space, his work outside the spacecraft, and his return to the spacecraft were transmitted to Earth and observed by a network of ground stations. The state of health of Comrade Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov during his stay outside the ship and after returning to the ship is good. The commander of the ship, comrade Pavel Ivanovich Belyaev, is also feeling well.

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Literature

• Vladimir Naumkin Unscheduled landing. Memoirs of a participant in ensuring the landing of the descent vehicle of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft (Russian) // Aviation and Cosmonautics. - M ., 2010. - No. 3. - S. 32-34.

Links

• (English)
• Gudilin V. E., Slabky L. I. The first manned spacecraft "Vostok" and "Voskhod" // . - M ., 1996. - 326 p.

Notes

Cosmos-52 | OPS 3928 | OPS 7040 | OV1-1| TIROS-9 | OPS 4703 | Cosmos-53 | OSO-2 | LES-1 | DS-P1-Yu No.2| Apollo A-103, Pegasus-1 | Ranger 8 | DS-A1 No.6| Cosmos-54 , Cosmos-55 , Cosmos-56 | Cosmos-57 | OPS 4782 | Cosmos-58 | Surveyor SD-1| Cosmos-59 | NRL PL142 , GGSE-2 , GGSE-3 , SECOR-3 , Solrad 7B , Surcal 4 , Dodecapole 1 , Oscar 3 | OPS 7087 , SECOR-2 | Cosmos-60 | OPS 4920 | Cosmos-61 , Cosmos-62 , Cosmos-63 | OPS 7353 | Voskhod-2 | Ranger 9 | Gemini 3| Cosmos-64 | OPS 4803 | OPS 4682 , SECOR-4 | Intelsat I F1 | Luna E-6 No.8| Cosmos-65 | Lightning 1-01 | OPS 4983 , OPS 6717 | Explorer-27 | OPS 5023 | LES-2 , | Cosmos-66 | Luna-5 | OPS 8431 | OPS 8386 | Apollo A-104, Pegasus-2 | Cosmos-67 | OPS 5236 | OV1-3| Explorer-28 | Gemini 4| Luna-6 | OPS 8425 | Cosmos-68 | Titan 3C-7 | OPS 8480 | Cosmos-69 | OPS 5501 , OPS 6749 | TIROS-10 | Cosmos-70 | OPS 5810 | Zenit-2 No.28| Cosmos-71 , Cosmos-72 , Cosmos-73 , Cosmos-74 , Cosmos-75 | Proton-1 | OPS 8411 | Probe-3 | OPS 5543 | OPS 6577 , OPS 6564 , ERS-17 | Cosmos-76 | Apollo A-105, Pegasus-3 | Cosmos-77 | OPS 5698 , OPS 6761 | SEV , SECOR-5 | Surveyor SD-2 | OPS 8464 , Dodecapole 2 , Tempsat-1 , Long Rod , Surcal 5 | Cosmos-78 | OPS 7208 | Gemini 5(REP) | Cosmos-79 | OSO-C | OPS 3373| Cosmos-80 , Cosmos-81 , Cosmos-82 , Cosmos-83 , Cosmos-84 | Cosmos-85 | OPS 8068 | Cosmos-86 , Cosmos-87 , Cosmos-88 , Cosmos-89 , Cosmos-90 | OPS 7221 | Cosmos-91 | OPS 7208 | Luna-7 | OV1-2 | OPS 5325 | OGO-2 | Lightning 1-02 | OV2-1 , | Kosmos 92 | Kosmos 93 | GATV5002| Kosmos 94 | OPS 2155 | Proton-2 | Cosmos-95 | Explorer-29 | OPS 8293 , OPS 6232 | Venera-2 | Venera-3 | Solrad 8 | Cosmos-96 | Cosmos-97 | Asterix | - Father, father, sin on you, you have a son! she spoke, suddenly turning from pallor into a bright color. - Father, what did you say, God forgive you. - She crossed herself. “God, forgive him. Mother, what is this? ... - she turned to Princess Marya. She got up and almost crying began to collect her purse. She was evidently both frightened and ashamed that she enjoyed the blessings in the house where they could say this, and it was a pity that she now had to be deprived of the blessings of this house. - Well, what are you looking for? - said Princess Mary. Why did you come to me?... “No, I’m joking, Pelageushka,” said Pierre. - Princesse, ma parole, je n "ai pas voulu l" offerr, [Princess, I really didn’t want to offend her,] I just did. Don't think, I was joking, - he said, smiling timidly and wanting to make amends for his guilt. - After all, it's me, and he was just joking. Pelageyushka stopped incredulously, but there was such sincerity of repentance in Pierre's face, and Prince Andrei looked so meekly at Pelageyushka and then at Pierre that she gradually calmed down. The wanderer calmed down and, brought back to conversation, then talked for a long time about Father Amphilochius, who was such a holy life that his hand smelled of his hand, and how the monks she knew on her last journey to Kyiv gave her the keys to the caves, and how she, taking crackers with her, spent two days in caves with saints. “I will pray to one, I will read, I will go to another. Pine, I’ll go and kiss again; and such, mother, silence, such grace that you don’t even want to go out into the light of God. Pierre listened to her attentively and seriously. Prince Andrei left the room. And after him, leaving the people of God to finish their tea, Princess Mary led Pierre into the living room. “You are very kind,” she told him. “Ah, I really didn’t think to offend her, as I understand and highly appreciate these feelings! Princess Mary looked at him silently and smiled tenderly. “After all, I have known you for a long time and love you like a brother,” she said. How did you find Andrew? she asked hastily, not giving him time to say anything in response to her kind words. “He worries me a lot. His health is better in winter, but last spring the wound opened, and the doctor said that he must go for treatment. And morally, I'm very afraid for him. He is not a character like us women to suffer and cry out his grief. He carries it inside himself. Today he is cheerful and lively; but it was your arrival that had such an effect on him: he is rarely like that. If you could persuade him to go abroad! He needs activity, and this smooth, quiet life is ruining him. Others do not notice, but I see. At 10 o'clock the waiters rushed to the porch, hearing the bells of the old prince's carriage approaching. Prince Andrei and Pierre also went out onto the porch. - Who is this? asked the old prince, getting out of the carriage and guessing Pierre. – AI is very happy! kiss, - he said, having learned who the unfamiliar young man was. old prince was in a good spirit and kindly treated Pierre. Before dinner, Prince Andrei, returning back to his father's study, found the old prince in a heated argument with Pierre. Pierre argued that the time would come when there would be no more war. The old prince, teasing, but not angry, challenged him. - Let the blood out of the veins, pour water, then there will be no war. Woman’s nonsense, woman’s nonsense, ”he said, but still affectionately patted Pierre on the shoulder, and went up to the table, at which Prince Andrei, apparently not wanting to enter into a conversation, was sorting through the papers brought by the prince from the city. The old prince approached him and began to talk about business. - The leader, Count Rostov, did not deliver half of the people. He came to the city, decided to call for dinner, - I asked him such a dinner ... But look at this one ... Well, brother, - Prince Nikolai Andreevich turned to his son, clapping Pierre on the shoulder, - well done your friend, I fell in love with him! Fires me up. The other one speaks smart words, but I don’t want to listen, but he lies and inflames me, old man. Well, go, go, - he said, - maybe I will come, I will sit at your supper. I'll bet again. Love my fool, Princess Mary, ”he shouted to Pierre from the door. Pierre now only, on his visit to the Bald Mountains, appreciated the full strength and charm of his friendship with Prince Andrei. This charm was expressed not so much in his relations with himself, but in relations with all relatives and household. Pierre, with the old, stern prince and with the meek and timid Princess Mary, despite the fact that he hardly knew them, immediately felt like an old friend. They all already loved him. Not only Princess Mary, bribed by his meek attitude towards wanderers, looked at him with the most radiant eyes; but the little, one-year-old Prince Nikolai, as his grandfather called him, smiled at Pierre and went into his arms. Mikhail Ivanovich, m lle Bourienne looked at him with joyful smiles when he talked with the old prince. The old prince went out to supper: this was obvious to Pierre. He was with him both days of his stay in the Bald Mountains extremely affectionate, and ordered him to come to him. When Pierre left and all the members of the family got together, they began to judge him, as it always happens after the departure of a new person, and, as rarely happens, everyone said one good thing about him. Returning this time from vacation, Rostov for the first time felt and learned to what extent his connection with Denisov and with the entire regiment was strong. When Rostov drove up to the regiment, he experienced a feeling similar to the one he experienced when driving up to the Cook's House. When he saw the first hussar in the unbuttoned uniform of his regiment, when he recognized the red-haired Dementyev, he saw the hitching posts of the red horses, when Lavrushka joyfully shouted to his master: “The count has arrived!” and shaggy Denisov, who was sleeping on the bed, ran out of the dugout, hugged him, and the officers converged on the newcomer - Rostov experienced the same feeling as when his mother, father and sisters hugged him, and tears of joy that came to his throat prevented him from speaking . The regiment was also a home, and the home was invariably sweet and expensive, just like the parental home. Appearing to the regimental commander, having received an assignment to the former squadron, going on duty and foraging, entering into all the small interests of the regiment and feeling deprived of freedom and chained in one narrow, unchanging frame, Rostov experienced the same calm, the same support and the same consciousness the fact that he was here at home, in his place, which he felt under his parents' roof. There was no all this disorder of the free world, in which he did not find a place for himself and made mistakes in the elections; there was no Sonya with whom it was necessary or not to explain. It was not possible to go there or not to go there; there were no those 24 hours of the day, which could be used in so many different ways; there was not this innumerable multitude of people, of whom none was closer, none was farther; there was no such obscure and indefinite monetary relationship with his father, there was no reminder of the terrible loss to Dolokhov! Here in the regiment everything was clear and simple. The whole world was divided into two uneven divisions. One is our Pavlograd regiment, and the other is everything else. And the rest didn't matter. Everything was known in the regiment: who was a lieutenant, who was a captain, who was a good man, who was a bad person, and most importantly, a comrade. The shopper believes in debt, the salary is a third; there is nothing to invent and choose, just do not do anything that is considered bad in the Pavlograd regiment; but they will send, do what is clear and distinct, determined and ordered: and everything will be fine. Entering again into these certain conditions of regimental life, Rostov experienced joy and calmness, similar to those that a tired person feels when he lies down to rest. This regimental life was all the more gratifying in this campaign to Rostov that, after losing to Dolokhov (an act which, despite all the consolations of his relatives, he could not forgive himself), he decided to serve not as before, but in order to make amends for his guilt, to serve well and to be a completely excellent comrade and officer, that is, a wonderful person, which seemed so difficult in the world, and so possible in the regiment. Rostov, since his loss, decided that he would pay this debt to his parents at the age of five. He was sent 10 thousand a year, but now he decided to take only two, and give the rest to his parents to pay the debt. Our army, after repeated retreats, offensives and battles at Pultusk, at Preussisch Eylau, concentrated near Bartenstein. They were waiting for the arrival of the sovereign to the army and the start of a new campaign. The Pavlograd regiment, which was in that part of the army that was on the campaign of 1805, being manned in Russia, was late for the first actions of the campaign. He was neither near Pultusk, nor near Preussish Eylau, and in the second half of the campaign, having joined the army in the field, he was assigned to Platov's detachment. Platov's detachment acted independently of the army. Several times the Pavlograders were part of the skirmishes with the enemy, captured prisoners and once repulsed even the crews of Marshal Oudinot. In the month of April, the inhabitants of Pavlograd stood for several weeks near the empty German village, completely ravaged to the ground, without moving. There was growth, mud, cold, the rivers broke open, the roads became impassable; for several days they did not give food to either horses or people. Since the supply became impossible, people scattered around the abandoned deserted villages to look for potatoes, but even that was not enough. Everything was eaten, and all the inhabitants fled; those who remained were worse than beggars, and there was nothing to take away from them, and even little - compassionate soldiers often, instead of using them, gave them their last. The Pavlograd regiment lost only two wounded in action; but from hunger and disease lost almost half of the people. In hospitals they died so surely that the soldiers, sick with fever and swelling, which came from bad food, preferred to carry out their service, dragging their legs in the front by force, than to go to the hospitals. With the opening of spring, the soldiers began to find a plant that looked like asparagus, which for some reason they called Mashkin's sweet root, which was showing up from the ground, and scattered over the meadows and fields, looking for this Mashkin's sweet root (which was very bitter), dug it up with sabers and ate, despite on orders not to eat this harmful plant. In the spring, a new disease was discovered among the soldiers, a swelling of the hands, feet and face, the cause of which the doctors believed was the use of this root. But despite the prohibition, the Pavlograd soldiers of the Denisov squadron ate mainly Mashkin's sweet root, because for the second week they had been stretching the last crackers, they were giving out only half a pound per person, and the frozen and germinated potatoes were brought in the last parcel. The horses, too, for the second week fed on thatched roofs from the houses, were ugly thin and covered with tufts of winter hair that had strayed. Despite such a disaster, the soldiers and officers lived exactly the same as always; so now, although with pale and swollen faces and in tattered uniforms, the hussars lined up for calculations, went to clean up, cleaned horses, ammunition, dragged straw from the roofs instead of food and went to dine at the boilers, from which they got up hungry, joking about with their vile food and their hunger. As always, in their free time, the soldiers burned fires, steamed naked by the fires, smoked, took away and baked sprouted, rotten potatoes and told and listened to stories about either the Potemkin and Suvorov campaigns, or tales about Alyosha the rogue, and about the priest's farm laborer Mikolka. The officers, as usual, lived in twos and threes, in open half-ruined houses. The elders took care of acquiring straw and potatoes, in general, about the means of subsistence for people, the younger ones were engaged, as always, in cards (there was a lot of money, although there was no food), some in innocent games - piles and towns. Little was said about the general course of affairs, partly because they did not know anything positive, partly because they vaguely felt that the general cause of the war was going badly. Rostov lived, as before, with Denisov, and their friendly relationship, since their vacation, had become even closer. Denisov never talked about Rostov's family, but from the tender friendship that the commander showed his officer, Rostov felt that the old hussar's unhappy love for Natasha participated in this strengthening of friendship. Denisov apparently tried to expose Rostov to danger as little as possible, took care of him and, after the deed, especially joyfully met him safe and sound. On one of his business trips, Rostov found in an abandoned devastated village, where he came for provisions, the family of an old Pole man and his daughter, with a baby. They were naked, hungry, and could not leave, and had no means to leave. Rostov brought them to his parking lot, placed them in his apartment, and for several weeks, while the old man was recovering, kept them. Comrade Rostov, talking about women, began to laugh at Rostov, saying that he was more cunning than everyone else, and that it would not be a sin for him to introduce his comrades to the pretty Polish girl he had saved. Rostov took the joke for an insult and, flaring up, said such unpleasant things to the officer that Denisov could hardly keep both of them from dueling. When the officer left and Denisov, who himself did not know Rostov's relationship with the Pole, began to reproach him for his temper, Rostov told him: - How do you want ... She is like a sister to me, and I cannot describe to you how it hurt me ... because ... well, because ... Denisov hit him on the shoulder, and quickly began to walk around the room, not looking at Rostov, which he did in moments of emotional excitement.

Today, April 12, Russia celebrates Cosmonautics Day. Every space launch at that time was given with sweat and blood, and the astronauts risked their lives every second of the flight. But how did these people get into space? What happened to them after the flights? It turns out that in the fates of many of them there were great tragedies, which everyone is silent about.

Pavel Belyaev

The surname of cosmonaut Leonov is known to everyone, and everyone can say that this person was the first to go into outer space. But for some reason everyone forgets about cosmonaut Pavel Belyaev. It was he who led the first human spacewalk.

Cosmonaut Pavel Belyaev was born on June 26, 1925 in the village of Chelishchevo. He graduated high school in 1942 and went to work as a turner at the Sinar Pipe Plant. In 1943, he voluntarily joined the Soviet Army and was sent to the Yeisk Military Aviation Pilot School. He graduated from college in 1945.

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As a fighter pilot, he took part in combat operations with Japan as part of the 38th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment of the 12th Attack Air Division of the Pacific Fleet (August - September 1945), then served in aviation units of the USSR Navy.

Since 1956 he studied at the Air Force Academy (now named after Yu. A. Gagarin), from which he graduated in 1959. During training, he mastered the U-2, Ut-2, Yak-7B, Yak-9, Yak-11, La-11, MiG-15 and MiG-17 aircraft and had a total flight time of more than 500 hours.

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Even while studying at the academy, Pavel Belyaev was offered to join the cosmonaut corps. He agreed without hesitation. Already in 1960 he was enrolled in the detachment, where he was elected headman. With great zeal, Belyaev mastered space technology, perfectly studied the equipment of the ship, and quickly mastered the skills of control. A group of future cosmonauts had to go through a complex set of training. And the most important role in them was assigned to parachute training. The leadership believed that this kind of skills would be useful for cadets. In 1964, Belyaev and Leonov had to make a couple of jumps with a delay of thirty seconds. The first jump went well. But as they took to the skies once more, the wind picked up. The paratroopers jumped, and they began to be blown away from the right place. Belyaev realized that the landing would be unsuccessful. He pulled the lines, the drift became less, but the speed of descent increased. Upon landing, Belyaev injured his leg, and he was sent to the hospital.

The difficult treatment began. The hospital was visited by Leonov, who asked the doctors to return Pavel to the line as soon as possible. Five months passed, and the doctors offered to perform a complex operation on the leg, but they did not give any guarantees. Belyaev decided not to take risks and suggested an alternative - to increase the load on the leg, and thus force the bone to grow together. He took dumbbells and stood on a sore leg. The pain was hellish, but the future cosmonaut achieved his goal - he cured his leg. Pavel missed a year of training, but was able to return to the group. To do this, he had to pass 7 test jumps, with which he coped perfectly. The authorities appreciated his efforts and allowed him to fly.

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On March 18, 1965, Pavel Belyaev, a cosmonaut from God, and his partner Alexei Leonov launched from Baikonur aboard the Voskhod-2 spacecraft. When they entered orbit, the airlock attached to the ship's hatch began to inflate. Leonov, passing through it, made the first manned spacewalk. Then the mission didn't go as planned. The astronauts had to cope with seven accidents. Of these, three were life-threatening, there was a danger of an explosion, and the control system failed. To switch to manual control mode, Belyaev had to unfasten himself from the chair. He redirected the ship, adjusted the braking system and returned to his place again.

Such manual control operations have not been carried out before, and Belyaev performed them for the first time. The astronaut spent 22 seconds on this. But during this time, the ship went off the desired trajectory and deviated from the course by 165 kilometers. For this reason, the astronauts had to land in the taiga. Rescuers found them only four hours later.

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In order to land the helicopter, the rescuers had to prepare a special site. This took two days. In addition, the helicopter had to get on skis. These days were the hardest for them. It was 30 degrees outside, and their clothes were not adapted to such cold weather. But they did it. Two days later, Leonov and Belyaev were rescued.

But after such torment, Belyaev's body was greatly weakened. After the first flight into space, he was trained to fly on spacecraft of the Soyuz type. In 1965 he was promoted to colonel and received the title of Hero. Soviet Union. On March 25, 1967, for health reasons, he was suspended from training and replaced by Valery Voloshin.

IN last years life Belyaev felt unwell. He suffered from chronic duodenal disease, but did not go to the doctors. In December 1969, his condition deteriorated sharply, and on the 23rd he was urgently taken to the main military hospital named after. Burdenko. On December 24, Belyaev underwent the first operation, and on December 30, a second surgical intervention was performed. However, the cosmonaut's health continued to deteriorate, inflammation of the peritoneum and cardiopulmonary insufficiency developed, which eventually became the cause of his death. Pavel Ivanovich was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery. A crater on the Moon is named after him minor planet(2030 Belyaev).

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Pavel Ivanovich is survived by his wife and two daughters. His wife Tatyana Filippovna, after the death of her husband, was left alone in Star City. Her daughters started their own families, gave birth to children, and the woman was left all alone. She does not like to give interviews and never appears on television. She does not visit because she is afraid to return to an empty house.

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The first man to walk in outer space is now 82 years old. Alexey Leonov has dozens of awards, orders, honorary titles, not only Russian, but also foreign. He has a beloved wife, Svetlana Pavlovna, and a daughter, Oksana.

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With his wife Svetlana Leonov met while still studying at aviation school and literally in three days he made an offer and played a wedding: it was necessary to return to the unit. Svetlana even sewed a wedding dress in just one night. Two years after the wedding, the eldest daughter Vika was born to the Leonovs. And in 1967, two years after Leonov returned from space, the second daughter, Oksana, was born. In 1996, Victoria died, she was only 35 years old. The girl worked at the Main Directorate of Sovfracht of the Ministry navy, and died suddenly during a business trip after suffering from hepatitis complicated by pneumonia. Alexei Arkhipovich was very upset by the death of his daughter, the rest of the family helped him to cope, including grandchildren Daniil and Karina.

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Here is what Alexei Arkhipovich recalls about his first flight:

When they created a ship for spacewalks, they had to solve many problems, one of which was related to the size of the hatch. In order for the lid to open inward completely, the lodgement would have to be cut. Then I would not fit in it in the shoulders. And I agreed to reduce the diameter of the hatch. Thus, there was a gap of 20 mm from each shoulder between the suit and the edge of the hatch.

On Earth, we carried out tests in a pressure chamber with a vacuum corresponding to an altitude of 60 km ... In reality, when I went into outer space, it turned out a little differently. The pressure in the suit is about 600 mm, and outside - 10-9; such conditions on Earth could not be simulated. In the vacuum of space, the spacesuit swelled, neither the stiffening ribs nor the dense fabric could withstand it. Of course, I assumed that this would happen, but I did not think that it would be so strong. I tightened all the straps, but the suit was so swollen that my hands came out of the gloves when I grabbed the rails, and my legs out of my boots. In this state, of course, I could not squeeze into the airlock hatch. A critical situation arose, and there was no time to consult with the Earth. As long as I report to them ... while they deliberate ... And who would take responsibility? Only Pasha Belyaev saw this, but he could not help. And then I, violating all the instructions and not informing the Earth, switch to a pressure of 0.27 atmospheres. This is the second mode of operation of the spacesuit. If by this time I had not had nitrogen washed out of my blood, then nitrogen would have boiled - and that’s it ... death. I figured that I had been under pure oxygen for an hour and there should not be any boiling. After I switched to the second mode, everything "sat down" to its place.

Nervous, he put a movie camera into the airlock and, violating the instructions, went into the airlock not with his feet, but with his head forward. Grabbing the handrail, I pushed myself forward. Then I closed the outer hatch and began to turn around, since you still need to enter the ship with your feet. Otherwise, I would not have been able to, because the lid, which opens inward, ate 30% of the volume of the cabin. Therefore, I had to turn around (the inner diameter of the airlock is 1 meter, the width of the spacesuit at the shoulders is 68 cm). Here was the biggest load, my pulse reached 190. I still managed to roll over and enter the ship with my feet, as expected, but I had such a heat stroke that, violating the instructions and not checking the tightness, I opened the helmet, not closing the hatch behind him. I wipe my eyes with a glove, but I can’t wipe it off, as if someone is pouring on my head. Then I had only 60 liters of oxygen for breathing and ventilation, and now Orlan has 360 liters ... I was the first in history to go out and immediately move 5 meters away. Nobody else did this. But it was necessary to work with this halyard, to put it on hooks so that it would not hang out. There was a huge amount of physical activity.

The only thing I didn't do on the way out was I couldn't take a picture of the ship from the side. I had a miniature Ajax camera that could shoot through a button. It was given to us with the personal permission of the KGB chairman. This camera was remotely controlled by a cable; due to the deformation of the suit, I could not reach it. But I did filming (3 minutes with the C-97 camera), and two television cameras constantly watched me from the ship, but they had a low resolution. Based on these materials, they later made a very interesting film.

But the worst thing was when I returned to the ship - the partial pressure of oxygen (in the cabin) began to grow, which reached 460 mm and continued to grow. This is at a rate of 160 mm! But after all, 460 mm is explosive gas, because Bondarenko burned out on this ... At first we sat in a daze. Everyone understood, but they could do almost nothing: they completely removed the humidity, removed the temperature (it became 10-12 ° C). And the pressure is growing ... The slightest spark - and everything would turn into a molecular state, and we understood this. Seven hours in this state, and then fell asleep ... apparently from stress. Then we figured out that I had touched the boost switch with a hose from the spacesuit ... What actually happened? Since the ship was stabilized relative to the Sun for a long time, then, naturally, a deformation arose: after all, on the one hand, cooling to -140 ° C, on the other, heating to +150 ° C ... The hatch closing sensors worked, but a gap remained. The regeneration system began to build up pressure, and oxygen began to grow, we did not have time to consume it ... The total pressure reached 920 mm. These several tons of pressure pressed down the hatch, and the pressure growth stopped. Then the pressure began to drop before our eyes.

Now Alexey Leonov is engaged in painting and writing books.

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Georgy Grechko

Georgy Grechko made three space flights during his professional career, the total duration of which is 134 days 20 hours 32 minutes and 58 seconds. The astronaut also performed one EVA for 1 hour 28 minutes.

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Georgy Mikhailovich was a candidate master of sports in motorsport, had the 1st category in parachuting (64 jumps), the 2nd category in gliding and shooting, and the 3rd category in aircraft sports.

In 1989, he was nominated as a candidate for people's deputies, but at the last moment before the vote itself, he withdrew his candidacy in favor of Boris Yeltsin.

From 1977 to 1990, Georgy Grechko hosted the television program This Fantastic World. In the 1980s, he was the head of a laboratory at the A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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Georgy Grechko twice he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. On the night of April 8 of this year, Georgy Grechko died in the 81st hospital named after. Veresaev in Moscow. He was 86 years old. The preliminary cause of death is heart failure. The funeral took place on April 11 at the Troekurovsky cemetery in Moscow.

Georgy Grechko was married three times. His first wife was engineer Tutynina Nina Viktorovna. Grechko filed for divorce before the first flight, for which he almost lost this opportunity. After the divorce, he married Kazekina Maya Grigoryevna, a teacher foreign language. The last wife of Grechko was the chief physician of the Federation of Cosmonautics of the North-West Region, Lyudmila Kirillovna. She is 22 years younger than Georgy Mikhailovich. Grechko left three children and seven grandchildren.

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Valentina Tereshkova

Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova is the world's first female cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union, the only woman in the world who has made a space flight alone, and also the first woman in Russia with the rank of major general.

Valentina Vladimirovna was awarded the titles of Hero of Socialist Labor of Czechoslovakia, Hero of Socialist Labor of the People's Republic of Belarus, Hero of Labor of Vietnam and Hero of Labor of the MPR.

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After the first successful flights of Soviet cosmonauts, Sergei Korolev, a spacecraft design engineer, had the idea to launch a female cosmonaut into space. At the beginning of 1962, the search for applicants began according to the following criteria: a parachutist, under the age of 30, up to 170 cm tall and weighing up to 70 kg. Five of the hundreds of candidates were selected: Zhanna Yorkina, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Valentina Ponomaryova, Irina Solovyova and Valentina Tereshkova.

Immediately after being accepted into the cosmonaut detachment, Tereshkova, along with the rest of the girls, was called up for urgent military service with the rank of privates.

Tereshkova was enrolled in the cosmonaut corps on March 12, 1962 and began to be trained as a student-cosmonaut of the 2nd detachment. On November 29, 1962, she passed final exams OKP is excellent. Since December 1, 1962, Tereshkova has been a cosmonaut of the 1st detachment of the 1st department. From June 16, 1963, that is, immediately after the flight, she became an instructor-cosmonaut of the 1st detachment and was in this position until March 14, 1966.

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During the training, she underwent training on the body's resistance to the factors of space flight. The trainings included a thermal chamber where one had to be in a flight suit at a temperature of +70 °C and a humidity of 30%, a sound chamber - a room isolated from sounds, where each candidate had to spend 10 days.

Zero gravity training was carried out on the MiG-15. When performing a parabolic slide inside the aircraft, weightlessness was established for 40 seconds, and there were 3-4 such sessions per flight. During each session, it was necessary to complete the next task: write a first and last name, try to eat, talk on the radio.

Particular attention was paid to parachute training, since the cosmonaut ejected and landed separately on a parachute just before landing. Since there was always a risk of splashdown of the descent vehicle, training was also carried out on parachute jumps into the sea, in a technological, that is, not fitted to size, spacesuit.

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Initially, the simultaneous flight of two female crews was supposed, but in March 1963 this plan was abandoned, and the task was to choose one of five candidates.

When choosing Tereshkova for the role of the first female cosmonaut, in addition to successfully completing training, political issues were also taken into account: Tereshkova was from workers, while, for example, Ponomaryova and Solovyov were from employees. In addition, Tereshkova's father, Vladimir, died during Soviet-Finnish war when she was two years old. Already after the flight, when Tereshkova was asked how the Soviet Union could thank for her service, she asked to find the place of her father's death.

Far from the last selection criterion was the candidate's ability to conduct active social activities - to meet people, to speak in public on numerous trips around the country and the world, in every possible way demonstrating the advantages of the Soviet system.

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Other candidates, with no worse training (according to the results of a medical examination and the theoretical preparedness of female cosmonaut candidates, Tereshkova was determined in last place) were noticeably inferior to Tereshkova in the necessary for such social activities qualities. Therefore, she was appointed the main candidate for the flight, I. B. Solovyova - backup, and V. L. Ponomaryova - spare.

At the time of Tereshkova's appointment as the pilot of Vostok-6, she was 10 years younger than Gordon Cooper, the youngest of the first detachment of American astronauts. She was only 26 years old.

Tereshkova made her space flight (the world's first flight of a female cosmonaut) on June 16, 1963 on the Vostok-6 spacecraft, it lasted almost three days. The start took place at Baikonur not from the “Gagarin” site, but from a backup site. At the same time, the Vostok-5 spacecraft, piloted by cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky, was in orbit.

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On the day of her flight into space, she told her family that she was leaving for the skydiving competition, they learned about the flight from the news on the radio.

Tereshkova's call sign for the duration of the flight is "Seagull"; the phrase she said before the start: “Hey! Sky! Take off your hat! (modified quote from V. Mayakovsky's poem "A Cloud in Pants").

During the flight, Tereshkova could not cope with the tasks of orienting the ship:

- I spoke with Tereshkova several times. It is felt that she is tired, but does not want to admit it. In the last communication session, she did not answer calls from the Leningrad IP. We turned on the television camera and saw that she was sleeping. I had to wake her up and talk to her about the upcoming landing, and about manual orientation. She tried twice to orient the ship and honestly admitted that she was unable to orient herself in pitch. This circumstance worries all of us very much: if you have to land manually, and she cannot orient the ship, then it will not leave orbit.

Later it turned out that the commands issued by the pilot were inverted in the direction of movement of the control in manual mode (the ship turned in the wrong direction than when working out on the simulator). According to Tereshkova, the problem was the incorrect installation of the control wires: commands were given not to descend, but to raise the ship's orbit. In automatic mode, the polarity was correct, which made it possible to properly orient and land the ship. Tereshkova was silent about this case for more than forty years, since Sergei Korolev asked her not to tell anyone about this.

livejournal.com

According to the doctor of medical sciences, professor Vladimir Ivanovich Yazdovsky, who was in charge of the medical support of the Soviet space program at that time, women endure the extreme loads of space flight worse on the 14-18th day of the monthly cycle.

However, due to the fact that the launch of the carrier that brought Tereshkova into orbit was delayed for a day, and also, obviously, due to the strong psycho-emotional load during the launch of the ship into orbit, the flight regime prescribed by the doctors could not be maintained.

Yazdovsky also noted that “Tereshkova, according to telemetry and television control, endured the flight mostly satisfactorily. Negotiations with ground communication stations were sluggish. She severely limited her movements. She sat almost motionless. She clearly showed changes in the state of health of a vegetative nature.

drprof.ru

Despite nausea and physical discomfort, Tereshkova survived 48 revolutions around the Earth and spent almost three days in space, where she kept a logbook and took photographs of the horizon, which were later used to detect aerosol layers in the atmosphere.

The Vostok-6 descent vehicle landed safely in the Bayevsky district of the Altai Territory.

A few days later, Tereshkova was protested in connection with the violation of the regime in the landing area: she distributed food supplies from the astronauts' diet to local residents, and she herself ate local food after three days of starvation.

According to pilot Marina Popovich, after Tereshkova's flight, Sergei Korolev said: "As long as I'm alive, not a single woman will fly into space anymore." The next flight of a woman into space, Svetlana Savitskaya, took place 19 years later, in August 1982 (Korolev died in 1966).

ria.ru

After completing the space flight, Tereshkova entered the Air Force Engineering Academy. Zhukovsky and, having graduated with honors, later became a candidate technical sciences, professor, author of more than 50 scientific works. Tereshkova was ready for a one-way flight to Mars.

After returning from space, Tereshkova received a three-room apartment in Yaroslavl on Golubyatnaya Street (now Tereshkova Street), where she moved with her mother, aunt and her daughter. In 2004, she underwent a complex heart operation that prevented a heart attack. In 2012, she solemnly celebrated her 75th birthday in Yaroslavl. After Tereshkova saw all the continents of the Earth from space, she began to dream of visiting Australia. After many years, she managed to fulfill her dream.

Valentina Tereshkova married cosmonaut Andriyan Nikolaev five months after the flight. No one could understand why this particular man became her husband. For many, the only explanation for this marriage, unexpected for everyone, was that Khrushchev himself betrothed them. He was pushed to this by medical scientists who wanted to continue the studies of the human body begun in space during and after the flight. In addition, the head of state wanted to show the whole world what “correct” Soviet people are - they do what they need and marry whom they need.

liveinternet.ru

A year later, Valentina and Andrian had a daughter. An event of national importance, because no one knew how the pregnancy would proceed after the space flight and whether the child would be born healthy. Professor E. M. Kastrubin left interesting memories of this:

- In the summer of 1964, the first female cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova entered the Institute for childbirth. Near the operating room, A. Nikolaev nervously walked along the corridor, he did not talk to anyone and did not ask anything. About an hour later, a black-haired girl was carried past him into the neonatal ward. After the end of anesthesia, the anesthesiologist uncertainly, but according to tradition, patted the famous patient on the cheeks and asked her to open her eyes. Thus ended the difficult story of finding the happiness of motherhood by Valentina Tereshkova.

The divorce of a star couple shocked many no less than a wedding. I must say that at the same time it was not easy for them themselves - family quarrels in the cosmonaut detachment were then sorted out by numerous commissions. Andrian Nikolaev never got married after his divorce from Tereshkova. He died in 2004 from a heart attack. Valentina Tereshkova remarried Yuli Shaposhnikov, who died in 1999.

• In April 2017, the film directed by Dmitry Kiselev "Time of the First" was released. The events take place in 1965. The film perfectly shows how the Soviet Union won the conquest and further exploration of outer space.
• The first cosmonauts from the USSR - Pavel Belyaev and Alexei Leonov - flew into space 80 days earlier than the cosmonauts from the United States mastered the orbit. Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov personally supervised the shooting and made sure that the picture conveyed the real story of that time as accurately as possible.