What artistic means of expression is used in the lines. Tropes and figures of speech
Means of expression in Russian can be divided into:
- Lexical means
- Syntactic means
- Phonetic means
Lexical means: trails
| Allegory - Themis (woman with scales) - justice. | Replacing an abstract concept with a concrete image. |
| Hyperbola-Bloomers as wide as the Black Sea(N. Gogol) | Artistic exaggeration. |
| Irony-Where, smart, you're shaking your head. (Fable of I. Krylov). | Subtle mockery, use in a sense opposite to the direct one. |
| Lexical repetition -Lakes all around, deep lakes. | Repetition in the text of the same word, phrase |
| Litota -Man with nails. | Artistic understatement of the described object or phenomenon. |
| Metaphor - Sleepy lake of the city (A. Blok) | Figurative meaning of a word based on similarity |
| Metonymy - The class was noisy | Replacing one word with another based on the adjacency of two concepts |
| Occasionalisms -The fruits of education. | Artistic means formed by the author. |
| personification -It's raining. Nature rejoices. | The endowment of inanimate objects is endowed with the properties of living things. |
| paraphrase-Lion = king of beasts. | Replacing a word with a similar one lexical meaning expression. |
| Sarcasm-The works of Saltykov-Shchedrin are full of sarcasm. | A stinging subtle sneer, highest form irony. |
| Comparison -He says a word - the nightingale sings. | In comparison, there is what is being compared, and then what is being compared to. Unions are often used: like, like, like. |
| Synecdoche-Every a penny brings (money) into the house. | Transfer of value by quantitative attribute. |
| Epithet-"ruddy dawn", "golden hands", "silver voice". | A colorful, expressive definition based on implicit comparison. |
| Synonyms- 1) run - run. 2)Noise (rustling) of leaves. | 1) Words that are different in spelling but similar in meaning. 2) Contextual synonyms - words that come close in meaning in the same context |
| Antonyms - original - fake, stale - responsive | Words that have opposite meanings |
| Archaism-eyes - eyes, cheeks - cheeks | Obsolete word or phrase |
Syntactic means
| Anaphora -The storm was not in vain. | The repetition of words or combinations of words at the beginning of sentences or lines of poetry. |
| Antithesis -The hair is long - the mind is short;. | Contrasting. |
| Gradation -I came, I saw, I conquered! | The arrangement of words, expressions in increasing (ascending) or decreasing (descending) significance. |
| Inversion -There lived a grandfather and a woman. | Reverse word order. |
| Compositional joint (lexical repetition) -It was a wonderful sound. It was the best voice I have heard in years. | The repetition at the beginning of a new sentence of words from the previous sentence, usually ending it. |
| Polyunion -The ocean was moving before my eyes, and swaying, and thundering, and sparkling, and fading away. | Intentional use of a repeating conjunction. |
| Oxymoron -Dead Souls. | A combination of incompatible words. |
| Parceling -He saw me and froze. Surprised. Stopped talking. | Intentional division of a sentence into semantic meaningful segments. |
| Rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal -What a summer, what a summer! Who didn't curse stationmasters Who didn't fight with them? Citizens, let's make our city green and cozy! | Expression of the statement in interrogative form; to attract attention; increased emotional impact. |
| Rows, paired connection of homogeneous members -Nature helps to fight loneliness, overcome despair, impotence, forget enmity, envy, deceit of friends. | Using homogeneous members for greater artistic expressiveness of the text |
| Syntax parallelism -Knowing how to speak is an art. Listening is culture.(D. Likhachev) | Similar, parallel construction of phrases, lines. |
| Default -But listen: if I owe you... I own a dagger, / I was born near the Caucasus. | The author intentionally does not say something, interrupts the hero’s thoughts so that the reader himself can think about what he wanted to say. |
| Ellipsis -Men - for axes! (Missed the word "taken") | The omission of some member of the sentence, which is easily recovered from the context |
| Epiphora -I have been going to you all my life. I have believed in you all my life. | Same ending for multiple sentences. |
Phonetic means: sound writing
Solve the exam in the Russian language with answers.
When we talk about art, literary creativity, we are focused on the impressions that are created when reading. They are largely determined by the imagery of the work. AT fiction and poetry allocate special techniques for enhancing expressiveness. smart presentation, public speaking They also need ways to build expressive speech.
For the first time, the concept of rhetorical figures, figures of speech, appeared among speakers ancient greece. In particular, Aristotle and his followers were engaged in their research and classification. Going into details, scientists identified up to 200 varieties that enrich the language.
Means of expressiveness of speech are divided by language level on the:
- phonetic;
- lexical;
- syntactic.
The use of phonetics is traditional for poetry. The poem is often dominated by musical sounds that give poetic speech a special melodiousness. In the drawing of a verse, stress, rhythm and rhyme, and combinations of sounds are used for amplification.
Anaphora- repetition of sounds, words or phrases at the beginning of sentences, poetic lines or stanzas. “The golden stars dozed off ...” - a repetition of the initial sounds, Yesenin used a phonetic anaphora.
And here is an example of a lexical anaphora in Pushkin's poems:
Alone you rush through the clear azure,
You alone cast a sad shadow,
You alone grieve the jubilant day.
Epiphora- a similar technique, but much less common, with words or phrases repeated at the end of lines or sentences.
The use of lexical devices associated with a word, lexeme, as well as phrases and sentences, syntax, is considered as a tradition of literary creativity, although it is also widely found in poetry.
Conventionally, all means of expressiveness of the Russian language can be divided into tropes and stylistic figures.
trails
Tropes are the use of words and phrases in figurative meaning. Tropes make speech more figurative, enliven and enrich it. Some tropes and examples of them in literary work are listed below.
Epithet- artistic definition. Using it, the author gives the word an additional emotional coloring, your assessment. To understand how an epithet differs from an ordinary definition, you need to catch when reading, does the definition give a new connotation to the word? Here is an easy test. Compare: late fall- golden autumn, early spring - young spring, a quiet breeze - a gentle breeze.
personification- transferring the signs of living beings to inanimate objects, nature: "The gloomy rocks looked sternly ...".
Comparison- direct comparison of one object, phenomenon with another. “The night is gloomy, like a beast ...” (Tyutchev).
Metaphor- transferring the meaning of one word, object, phenomenon to another. Similarity detection, implicit comparison.
“A fire of red mountain ash is burning in the garden ...” (Yesenin). The rowan brushes remind the poet of the flames of a fire.
Metonymy- renaming. Transfer of property, value from one object to another according to the principle of adjacency. “Which is in felt, let's bet” (Vysotsky). In felts (material) - in a felt hat.
Synecdoche is a kind of metonymy. Transferring the meaning of one word to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship: singular - plural, part - whole. “We all look at the Napoleons” (Pushkin).
Irony- the use of a word or expression in an inverted sense, mocking. For example, an appeal to the Donkey in Krylov’s fable: “From where, smart, are you wandering, head?”
Hyperbola – figurative expression containing exorbitant exaggeration. It can relate to size, value, strength, other qualities. Litota, on the contrary, is an exorbitant understatement. Hyperbole is often used by writers, journalists, and litotes are much less common. Examples. Hyperbole: “In a hundred and forty suns the sunset burned” (V.V. Mayakovsky). Litota: "a man with a fingernail."
Allegory- a specific image, scene, image, object that visually represents an abstract idea. The role of the allegory is to point to the subtext, to force you to look for hidden meaning when reading. Widely used in fable.
Alogism- deliberate violation of logical connections for the purpose of irony. “That landowner was stupid, he read the Vesti newspaper and his body was soft, white and crumbly.” (Saltykov-Shchedrin). The author deliberately mixes logically heterogeneous concepts in the enumeration.
Grotesque- a special technique, a combination of hyperbole and metaphor, a fantastic surrealistic description. An outstanding master of the Russian grotesque was N. Gogol. On the use of this technique, his story "The Nose" is built. The combination of the absurd with the ordinary makes a special impression when reading this work.
Figures of speech
Stylistic figures are also used in literature. Their main types are displayed in the table:
| Repeat | At the beginning, end, at the junction of sentences | This cry and strings These flocks, these birds |
| Antithesis | Contrasting. Antonyms are often used. | Long hair, short mind |
| gradation | Arrangement of synonyms in increasing or decreasing order | smolder, burn, blaze, explode |
| Oxymoron | Connecting contradictions | A living corpse, an honest thief. |
| Inversion | Word order changes | He came late (He came late). |
| Parallelism | Comparison in juxtaposition form | The wind stirred the dark branches. Fear stirred in him again. |
| Ellipsis | Omitting an implied word | By the hat and through the door (grabbed, went out). |
| Parceling | Dividing a single sentence into separate | And I think again. About you. |
| polyunion | Connection through repeated unions | And me, and you, and all of us together |
| Asyndeton | Exclusion of unions | You, me, he, she - together the whole country. |
| Rhetorical exclamation, question, appeal. | Used to enhance the senses | What a summer! Who if not us? Listen country! |
| Default | Interruption of speech based on a guess, for playback strong commotion | My poor brother...execution...Tomorrow at dawn! |
| Emotional-evaluative vocabulary | Words expressing attitude, as well as a direct assessment of the author | Henchman, dove, dunce, sycophant. |
Test "Means of artistic expression"
To test yourself on the assimilation of the material, take a short test.
Read the following passage:
“There, the war smelled of gasoline and soot, burnt iron and gunpowder, it gnashed its caterpillars, scribbled from machine guns and fell into the snow, and rose again under fire ...”
What means of artistic expression are used in an excerpt from the novel by K. Simonov?
Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts.
Drum beat, clicks, rattle,
The thunder of cannons, the clatter, the neighing, the groan,
And death and hell on all sides.
A. Pushkin
The answer to the test is given at the end of the article.
Expressive language is, first of all, an internal image that arises when reading a book, listening to an oral presentation, presentation. Image management requires pictorial techniques. There are enough of them in the great and mighty Russian. Use them, and the listener or reader will find their image in your speech pattern.
Study expressive language, its laws. Determine for yourself what is missing in your performances, in your drawing. Think, write, experiment, and your language will become an obedient tool and your weapon.
Answer to the test
K. Simonov. The personification of war in a passage. Metonymy: howling soldiers, equipment, battlefield - the author ideologically combines them into a generalized image of war. The used methods of expressive language are polyunion, syntactic repetition, parallelism. Through this combination of stylistic devices, when reading, a revived, rich image of the war is created.
A. Pushkin. There are no conjunctions in the first lines of the poem. In this way, the tension, the saturation of the battle is conveyed. In the phonetic picture of the scene special role plays the sound "r" in different combinations. When reading, a roaring, growling background appears, ideologically conveying the noise of battle.
If answering the test, you could not give the correct answers, do not worry. Just re-read the article.
Figurative means of expressiveness of the language are artistic and speech phenomena that create the verbal figurativeness of the narrative: tropes, various forms of instrumentation and rhythmic-intonational organization of the text, figures.
In the center are examples of the use of figurative means of the Russian language.
Vocabulary
trails- a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense. The paths are based on an internal convergence, a comparison of two phenomena, one of which explains the other.
Metaphor- a hidden comparison of one object or phenomenon with another based on the similarity of features.
(p) “A horse is galloping, there is a lot of space,
It snows and lays a shawl"
Comparison- comparison of one object with another according to the principle of their similarity.
(p) “Anchar, like a formidable sentry,
It stands alone in the whole universe"
personification- a kind of metaphor, the transfer of human qualities to inanimate objects, phenomena, animals, endowing them with thoughts with speech.
(p) “Sleepy birches smiled,
Disheveled silk braids "
Hyperbola- an exaggeration.
(p) "Tears a yawning mouth wider than the Gulf of Mexico"
Metonymy- replacement of the direct name of an object or phenomenon with another one that has a causal relationship with the first.
(p) "Farewell, unwashed Russia,
The country of slaves, the country of masters ... "
paraphrase- similar to metonymy, often used as a characteristic.
(p) "Kisa, we will see the sky in diamonds" (get rich)
Irony is one way of expressing author's position, skeptical, mocking attitude of the author to the depicted.
Allegory- the embodiment of an abstract concept, phenomenon or idea in a specific image.
(p) In Krylov's fable "Dragonfly" - an allegory of frivolity.
Litotes- an understatement.
(p) "... in big mittens, and himself with a fingernail!"
Sarcasm- a kind of comic, a way of displaying the author's position in a work, a caustic mockery.
(p) “I thank you for everything:
For the secret torment of passions... the poison of kisses...
For everything that I was deceived"
Grotesque- a combination of contrasting, fantastic with the real. Widely used for satirical purposes.
(p) In Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, the author used the grotesque, where the funny is inseparable from the terrible, in a performance staged by Woland in a variety show.
Epithet- a figurative definition that emotionally characterizes an object or phenomenon.
(p) “The Rhine lay before us all silver…”
Oxymoron – stylistic figure, a combination of opposite in meaning, contrasting words that create an unexpected image.
(p) "heat of cold numbers", "sweet poison", "Living corpse", " Dead Souls».
Stylistic figures
Rhetorical exclamation- the construction of speech, in which one or another concept is affirmed in the form of an exclamation, in a heightened emotional form.
(p) “Yes, this is just witchcraft!”
Rhetorical question- a question that does not require an answer.
(p) "What summer, what summer?"
Rhetorical address- an appeal that is conditional in nature, informing poetic speech of the desired intonation.
stanza ring- sound repetition located at the beginning and at the end of a given verbal unit - lines, stanzas, etc.
(p) "Affectionately closed the darkness"; " Thunder skies and guns thunder"
polyunion- such a construction of a sentence when all or almost all homogeneous members are interconnected by the same union
Asyndeton- omission of unions between homogeneous members giving thin. speech compactness, dynamism.
Ellipsis- an omission in the speech of some easily implied word, a member of a sentence.
Parallelism- concomitance of parallel phenomena, actions, parallelism.
Epiphora- repetition of a word or combination of words. Identical endings of adjacent poetic lines.
(p) “Baby, we are all a bit of a horse!
Each of us is a horse in his own way ... "
Anaphora- monotony, repetition of the same consonances, words, phrases at the beginning of several poetic lines or in a prose phrase.
(p) “If you love, then without reason,
If you threaten, it’s not a joke ... "
Inversion- a deliberate change in the order of words in a sentence, which gives the phrase a special expressiveness.
(p) “Not the wind, blowing from a height,
Sheets touched on a moonlit night ... "
gradation- the use of means of artistic expression, consistently reinforcing or weakening the image.
(p) “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ...”
Antithesis- opposition.
(p) “They came together: water and stone,
Poetry and prose, ice and fire…”
Synecdoche- transfer of meaning based on the convergence of the part and the whole, the use of singular instead of pl.
(p) “And it was heard before dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced ...”
Assonance- repetition in verse of homogeneous vowel sounds,
(p) "A son grew up without a smile at night"
Alliteration- repetition or consonance of vowels
(p) "Where the grove whinnying guns whinnying"
Refrain- exactly repeated verses of the text (as a rule, its last lines)
Reminiscence - in a work of art (mainly poetic), individual features inspired by involuntary or deliberate borrowing of images or rhythmic-syntactic moves from another work (someone else's, sometimes one's own).
(p) "I have experienced many, many"
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Lesson - workshop in Russian for grade 11
"Means of artistic expression".
Goals:
Systematization and generalization of work with the taskAT 8 (preparation for the exam)
Development logical thinking ability to prove their point of view and defend it.
Education of communication skills, ability to work in groups.
Task number 1.
Students are divided into multi-level groups of 4 people.
When working, students take turns commenting on the text, finding all the paths and figures of speech.
Each student must take part in the analysis of the text.
If someone has difficulties, the rest help the student to understand the topic.
All members of the group should get the same work, the assessment is set one for all.
The work uses the memo "Paths and figures of speech"
The following text is proposed for work:
GREAT JOY...
The city was asleep. Silence stopped the vain chaotic molecular movement. The darkness was tangibly viscous, and even the standard joyful pre-New Year's illumination did not help illuminate this impenetrability.
And he walked, ran, flew ... Where to? What for? What's there? He did not know. Yes, it was not so important! The main thing is that they were waiting for him there.
A series of dull, monotonous school days suddenly turned into festive fireworks, into the sweet agony of waiting for each new day, when one day SHE entered the class .. Entered. She sat down next to her and, famously clicking a pink bubble inflated from chewing gum, said “Hi” with a smile. This simple word turned his whole gray life upside down! Small, boyishly angular, fragile, with huge eyes the color of the sky and a red explosion of naughty small curls on her head, she instantly drove the entire male population of the class crazy. The school buzzed every time this amazing creature swept along the long corridor like a fiery torch.
He understood that the chances were zero, but his heart and reason were clearly out of tune! It rustled with a crazy whisper, stirring balls in the soul with hope ... And he took a chance. The note, which she had suffered in sleepless nights, went into her notebook. Time stopped. Freeze. Gone. He waited. The days dragged on like thick raspberry syrup. Two. Five. Ten... Hope dies last. And he waited.
The night call woke him up, breaking off her long, wonderful kiss. "I'm in the hospital, come." The whisper of rustling leaves, the rattle of a strong, fragile, iridescent ice crust underfoot simply tore the brain. Her throat was beating: “She is sick. She needs me. She called me."
And he walked. Ran. Flew. Without looking at the road. not noticing the cold and uninvited peas of tears on the cheeks. My heart was bursting with thousands of emotions. Where? Why?... There... Then...
5. Summing up.
6. Homework.
Create your own text by analogy with the work done, complicating it as much as possible.
THEORETICAL MATERIALS TO HELP.
1. Antonyms - different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning (kind - evil, mighty - powerless). The opposition of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, which establishes the emotionality of speech: he was weak in body, but strong in spirit.
2. Contextual (or contextual) antonyms - these are words that are not opposed in the language in meaning and are antonyms only in the text: Mind and heart - ice and fire - this is the main thing that distinguished this hero.
3. Hyperbole - a figurative expression that exaggerates any action, object, phenomenon. It is used to enhance the artistic impression.: Snow fell from the sky in pounds.
4. Litota - an artistic understatement: a man with a fingernail. Used to enhance the artistic impression.
5. Synonyms - these are words related to one part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning: Love - love, friend - friend.
6. Contextual (or contextual) synonyms - words that are synonymous only in this text: Lomonosov - a genius - a beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)
7. Stylistic synonyms – differ stylistic coloring, sphere of use: grinned - giggled - laughed - neighed.
8. Syntactic synonyms - parallel syntactic constructions that have a different structure, but have the same meaning: start preparing lessons - start preparing lessons.
9.Metaphor - a hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. At the heart of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature.
good people there were, are and, I hope, will always be more than bad and evil, otherwise disharmony would set in in the world, it would warp ... capsize and sink. Epithet, personification, oxymoron, antithesis can be considered as a kind of metaphor.
10. Expanded metaphor - a detailed transfer of the properties of one object, phenomenon or aspect of being to another according to the principle of similarity or contrast. Metaphor is particularly expressive. Possessing unlimited possibilities in bringing together the most different items or phenomena, the metaphor allows you to comprehend the subject in a new way, reveal, expose its inner nature. Sometimes it is an expression of the individual author's vision of the world.
11. Metonymy – transfer of values (renaming) according to the adjacency of phenomena. The most common cases of transfer:
a) from a person to his any external signs: Is lunch coming soon? - asked the guest, referring to the quilted waistcoat;
b) from the institution to its inhabitants: The entire boarding house recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisarev;
12. Synecdoche - a technique by which the whole is expressed through its part (something less included in something more) A kind of metonymy. "Hey beard! And how to get from here to Plyushkin?
13. Oxymoron - a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or idea. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author's attitude to an object or phenomenon: Sad fun continued ...
14. Personification - one of the types of metaphor, when the transfer of a sign is carried out from a living object to an inanimate one. When personified, the described object is externally used by a person: Trees, bending down towards me, extended their thin arms.
15. Comparison - one of the means of expressiveness of the language, helping the author to express his point of view, create whole artistic pictures, give a description of objects. Comparison is usually joined by unions: like, as if, as if, exactly, etc. but it serves for a figurative description of the most diverse features of objects, qualities, and actions. For example, comparison helps to give an accurate description of the color: Like the night, his eyes are black.
16. Phraseologisms - these are almost always bright expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and pictorial characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, etc.: people like my hero have a spark of God.
17. Epithet - a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or signs. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinctive properties in the word being defined. Anything can be an epithet. meaningful word, if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition to another:
1) noun: magpie talker.
2) adjective: fatal hours.
3) Adverb and participle: eagerly peers; listens frozen; but most often epithets are expressed with the help of adjectives used in a figurative sense: sleepy, tender, loving eyes.
SYNTAXIC MEANS OF EXPRESSION.
1. Anaphora - this is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. Used to enhance the expressed thought, image, phenomenon: How to talk about the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings that overwhelm the soul at this moment?
2. Antithesis - a stylistic device that consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of a sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, contrast phenomena. It serves as a way of expressing the author's view of the described phenomena, images, etc.
3. Gradation - a stylistic figure that consists in the consistent injection or, conversely, the weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means artistic speech: For the sake of your child, for the sake of the family, for the sake of the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!
4 Inversion - Reverse word order in a sentence. In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, the inconsistent attribute after it, the addition after the control word, the adverb of the mode of action before the verb: Modern youth quickly realized the falsity of this truth. And with inversion, the words are arranged in a different order than is established by grammatical rules. It's strong means of expression used in an emotional, excited speech: Beloved homeland, my native land, should we protect you!
5. Parceling - a technique for dividing a phrase into parts or even into separate words. Its goal is to give speech intonational expression by its abrupt pronunciation: The poet suddenly stood up. Turned pale.
6.Repeat - the conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to enhance the meaning of this image, concept, etc.: Pushkin was a sufferer, a sufferer in the full sense of the word.
7. Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations - a special means of creating the emotionality of speech, expressing the author's position.
What summer, what summer? Yes, it's just magic!
8. Syntactic parallelism - the same construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author strives to highlight, emphasize the expressed idea: Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word.
I. Phonetic (sound writing)
| means of expression | Definition | Example |
| Alliteration | The repetition of consonants, creating an image | full h noah sometimes in the swamp deep sh and/ H ut sly sh but, demon sh smart sh urshat kamy sh and - a confluence of hissing consonants helps to convey the rustle of reeds |
| Assonance | Vowel repetition that creates an image | L Yu bl Yu birches at R at ssk wow That is light wow, then gr at stn wow – conveys a slight sadness, tenderness |
II.
Lexical (tropes)
| Epithet | A colorful, figurative definition in a figurative sense. Emphasizes the most important features. | And you won't wash away all your black blood / Poet righteous blood. Sail lonely; cheerful wind; talker magpie; greedily peers. |
| Comparison | An expression or word in which one phenomenon or concept is explained by comparing it with others. Most often, the comparison is made in the form of a comparative turnover, starting with unions: as, exactly, as if, as if, as if, as if | Like the silent sea, worries the whole army. brevity, like a pearl, shines with content. |
| Metaphor | Trope based on the similarity of two phenomena. Sometimes a metaphor is called a hidden comparison, since it is based on a comparison, but it not framed using comparative conjunctions | are flying diamond fountains/ With a cheerful noise to the clouds - (sparkling like a diamond); sleepy lake, my words dry leaves, onions churches, warm reception, chain mountains, tail trains. |
| Metonymy | Replacing one word with another, adjacent in meaning. | Hey, you, hat! (man in hat) Reading Bulgakov… (his books) Whole boarding house recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisarev |
| Synecdoche | A kind of metonymy: the whole is revealed through its part or vice versa | Every a penny brings (money) into the house; And it was heard before dawn how rejoiced Frenchman(French army) |
| Allegory | Depiction of an abstract concept or phenomenon through a specific image | A fox- an allegory of cunning, hare- cowardice |
| Irony | A word or expression used in the opposite sense | That's how you are clever! (=stupid) |
| personification | An inanimate object is attributed to the properties of a living being | Trees leaning towards me stretched thin hands. |
| Hyperbola | Exaggeration | One hundred and forty suns sunset blazed |
| Litotes | Understatement | Your spitz, lovely spitz, - No more than a thimble; Below a thin blade One must bow one's head, In order to live an orphan life in the world. |
| Paraphrase(s) | The word or expression is replaced by a synonym to avoid repetition | lion = king of beasts Oil = black gold Spring = morning of the year |
| Synonyms | 1) Words that are different in spelling but similar in meaning. 2) Contextual synonyms - words that come close in meaning in the same context | 1) Win-overcome; run - run. 2) Ostankinskaya needle(tower); dialect(murmuring) waves; noise(rustling) leaves. |
| Antonyms | Words that have opposite meanings | deceit and love; Beley just a shine blacker shadow. |
| Archaism | Obsolete word or phrase | We are tormented by spiritual thirst, In the gloomy desert I dragged along, and six-winged seraphim On the crossroads appeared to me... |
| Dialectism | A word or turnover existing in a certain terrain ( territorial dialectism), social group ( social dialectism) or profession ( professional dialectism) | Rooster - kochet, ladle - korchik, level with a rake - give birth |
jargon | The speech of a social group distinct from common language containing many artificial words and expressions | « Feel"- from the jargon of hunters," amba- from the sea. |
| Neologism | The word, newly formed, appeared in connection with the emergence of new concepts in life | « mediocrity" instead of " mediocrity " |
Aphorism | A generalized, deep thought of the author, distinguished by apt expressiveness and obvious unexpectedness of judgment. The aphorism has an author | "The strong always blame the weak" |
| Phraseologism | Lexically indivisible, stable, integral in meaning phrase, reproduced in the form of a finished speech unit | Beat the thumbs, hand on heart, bury talent in the ground, bosom friend, sworn enemy, delicate situation |
III. Stylistic figures
| Anaphora (lexical repetition) | Repeat parts in early lines (unity) | This is morning, this joy, This power and day and light, This blue vault, This scream and strings, These flocks, these birds… |
| Epiphora (lexical repetition) | Repetition of parts, the same syntactic construction end proposals | I've been walking all my life to you. I have believed all my life into you. I have loved all my life you. |
| Composite joint (lexical repetition) | The repetition at the beginning of a new sentence of a word or words from the previous sentence, usually ending it | She did everything for me Motherland. Motherland taught me, raised me, gave me a ticket to a life. A life which I am proud of. |
| Antithesis | opposition | Hair long- mind short; I yesterday suffocated with happiness, and today I scream in pain. |
| gradation | The location of synonyms according to the degree of increase or weakening of the sign | On the face shone, burned, shone huge blue eyes. But you must understand it's loneliness to accept his, make friends with him and spiritually overcome... |
| Oxymoron | A combination of words that contradict each other, logically exclude each other | Look, her fun to be sad such smartly nude. Dead Souls, living Dead, hot Snow |
| Inversion | Changing the usual word order. Usually: definition + subject + circumstance + verb-predicate + object (e.g. Autumn rain was loudly pounding on the roof) | He came - he came; It was annoying, they were waiting for the battle; He shot past the doorman like an arrow up the marble steps. - (cf. "he flew past the porter like an arrow") |
| Parallelism | Comparison in juxtaposition form | Parallelism happens straight: Grass overgrow graves- prescription overgrowspain and negative, in which the coincidence of the main features of the compared phenomena is emphasized: That not the wind bends the branch Not an oak tree makes noise - Then my heart groans, Like an autumn leaf trembles. |
| Ellipsis | The omission of some member of the sentence, which is easily recovered from the context | Men - for axes! (Missed the word "taken") |
| Parceling | Dividing a single utterance into independent sentences | And again Gulliver. Costs. slouching. |
| Polyunion (polysyndeton) | Homogeneous members or sentences connected by repeating unions | How strange and alluring, and bearing, and wonderful in the word road! And how wonderful she herself is, this road. |
| Asyndeton | Homogeneous members of the proposal are connected without the help of unions | Swedish, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts… |
| Rhetorical exclamation | An exclamation that reinforces the expression of feelings in the text | Who did not scold the stationmasters ! |
| Rhetorical question | A question that is asked not to give or receive an answer to it, but with the aim of emotionally influencing the reader | What Russian does not like to drive fast ? = "all Russians love" |
| Rhetorical address | Appeal directed not to a real interlocutor, but to the subject of an artistic image | Goodbye, unwashed Russia! |
| Default | Deliberate interruption of speech, based on the guess of the reader, who must mentally finish the phrase | But listen if i owe you... I own a dagger, / I was born near the Caucasus. |
| Paradox | A statement that is in stark contrast common sense, but deep in meaning | A coward dies many times, a brave man only once; Hurry up slowly; The worse the better |
| Evaluative vocabulary | Direct author's assessment of events, phenomena, objects | Pushkin - it's a miracle. |
| Expressive vocabulary | Words expressing affection, joke, irony, disapproval, disdain, familiarity, etc. | Fool, son, silly, rhymer, dunce, bastard, talker |
Not all means of expression are presented in this table. in a more comfortable and full form(pdf format) you can download this theme from the links below.
