The history of the offensive of the barbarians in Eurasia presentation. Summary of the lesson on the topic "Changing the conditions for the development of the peoples of Eurasia" (grade 10 history)
A detailed outline of the lesson in the 10th grade according to the textbook Zagladina N.V., Simonia N.A. General history from ancient times to late XIX v. - M .: LLC "TID" Russian word– RS”, 2015. Theme of the lesson: “Changing the conditions for the development of the peoples of Eurasia” 1. An event on extracurricular activities in history. Topic: "Changing the conditions for the development of the peoples of Eurasia." Lesson Objectives: 1. Students need to understand that the 35th century was a time of change associated with the Great Migration. 2. Students should characterize the factors that led to the Great Migration of Nations, the social structure of the "barbarians", highlight the features of housekeeping, compare the way of life of nomadic and sedentary tribes; reveal the essence of Christianity and indicate the reasons for its popularity among the poor. 3. Students work with a map, educational text, message. (the message about the emergence of Christianity is given in advance to the student). Equipment: Textbook, map "Great Migration of Nations". Homework: paragraph 12, questions, map, notes, presentation Type of lesson: learning new material. Lesson outline plan. one. Comparative characteristics way of life of settled and nomadic tribes. 2. The Great Migration of Nations and its consequences. 3. The history of the emergence of Christianity and its essence. The teacher names the tasks facing the students in this lesson. The study of the first question "The peoples of Europe at the beginning new era» is built on working with the text on the memo. Students characterize the social structure and features of the economic development of the Germanic tribes (“barbarians”) at the beginning of our era. Algorithm for revealing the development of tribes. 1. Influence natural conditions for economic development. 2. Features of housekeeping. 3. Development of forms of ownership. 4. Lifestyle. 5. Prerequisites for the formation of statehood. Summing up: at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. e. the ancient Germans and other tribal unions (including Slavic) formed the prerequisites for the emergence of the state. They caused the decomposition of the tribal system. And what changes are taking place at this time among nomadic peoples? To answer this question, students are asked to compare the way of life of nomadic and sedentary tribes. Further work continues with the algorithm for studying tribes according to the second paragraph of the textbook "Nomadic tribes of Asia and China". Pupils make the necessary notes in a notebook, and then orally conduct comparative analysis way of life of nomadic and sedentary peoples. In the course of the discussion, the teacher makes clarifications and additions. Students come to the conclusion that the nomadic peoples, as well as the sedentary peoples, had similar processes of statehood formation. 1. One of the most powerful nomadic peoples of this period, the Huns took an active part in the Great Migration of Peoples, which began in the III-IV centuries. n. e. The task is set: how did this event affect the development of the peoples of Europe and Asia? During the conversation with the class, the second question “The Beginning of the Great Migration of Peoples” is studied: 1) Remember why this stage in the development of peoples and states received such a name? 2) What demographic and climatic factors led to the Great Migration? After the teacher's explanation about climate change - a small ice age, famine, epidemics, uprisings in China (the uprising of the "yellow bands" of 184208) 1) What are the reasons why states Central Asia and China could not resist the invasion of the Huns? Students conclude that under the blows of the nomadic tribes, the states of Central Asia (the Kushan kingdom and Khorezm) fell into decay, the Parthian kingdom fell apart. The nomads began to threaten the European peoples. The result is recorded in a notebook. 1. On the territory of the Roman Empire, there are also many changes in the economy, politics, and spiritual life. In the Judean province of the Roman state in the 1st century AD. e. Christianity was born. The third question "The Rise of Christianity" is studied according to the message presented by the student. Assignment to the class - based on the message, write down the main tenets of the Christian faith and answer the question: Which segments of the population of the Roman Empire became followers of the new faith and why? After listening to the message, the students respond that at first Christianity was especially popular with the poor and slaves, as it met their aspirations. At the end of the lesson, students sum up their activities in learning new material. The conclusion is made about the Great Migration of Peoples as a time of major changes in the life of European and Asian tribes and states, the consequences of these changes were reflected in the settlement of peoples, their way of life, culture. extracurricular activity history for high school. Historical KVN. Goals: broaden horizons, supplement the material of the school curriculum, promote the development sustained interest to history, to teach to compare facts; Continue building teamwork skills. Design: 1) Dates are placed on the board, 2) names historical figures interspersed with task No. 3, 3) names on sheets for task No. 4. The class is divided into 3 teams. Headings: 1. Chronological tasks. 2. Idioms. 3. Names. 4. Did they live? 5. Unsent mails. 6. Draws. 7. Crossword. Summing up. The teams introduce themselves. Each team determines for itself who will work at the blackboard with dates, and at this time the rest of the team members complete task No. 2. I Chronological tasks. I team II team 1) 1242 2) 882 3) 1147 4) 1097, 5) 1914 1) 1380 2) 1649 3) 1709 4) 1881 III team 1) 862 2) 1480 3) 1812 4) 1861 5) 1905 5) 1918 II Popular expressions (in what cases do they say?) 1 team 2 team 3 team 1. Hannibal gate. 1. Draconian laws. 1. Between Scylla and 2. And you, Brutus! 2. Go to Canossa. Charybdis. 2. Trojan horse. 3. Augean stables. 3. Achilles' heel. 3. Pyrrhic victory. Names of historical characters are written on the board in advance. Teams should match the names and passages with descriptions of their lives and activities. III Do you know their names? 1. The only literate peasant in the village of Bezdna, Kazan province, having read the tsarist law on the abolition of serfdom, told his fellow villagers that they were hiding the “real will” from them, that in fact all the land should go to the people. For this he was put on trial and shot. 2. An outstanding fighter against slavery in America, the son of a poor farmer, who lived a hard life, was elected in 1860 as President of the United States. He was killed in 1865. 3. One of the leaders of the "Narodnaya Volya", a participant in the assassination of the king on March 1, 1881. 4. A great fighter for the liberation and unification of Italy, a man of exceptional courage and inexhaustible energy. Resigned as head of state. 5. One of the leaders french revolution, a doctor by profession, fought for decisive revolutionary action, published the newspaper “Friend of the People”, beloved by the workers. 6. Headed American army, which led the fight for freedom in 1775-1783. against England. A talented commander, became the first president of the United States. 7. In 1882, he translated Marx's "Manifesto ..." into Russian, and the following year he created the first Marxist group, the Emancipation of Labor, in Geneva. 8. Founder and head Southern society Decembrists, author of the Russkaya Pravda program. Executed together with other Decembrists in July 1826. 9. Favorite writer of the youth of his time. Author of the stories "Forty thief" and "Who is to blame?". Living abroad, he published the newspaper "The Bell" and the almanac " polar Star", in which he denounced serfdom. Names: Ignatius Grinevitsky, Abraham: Lincoln, P. I. Pestel, Jean Paul Marat, Anton Petrov, G. V. Plekhanov, A. I. Herzen, George Washington, Giuseppe Garibaldi. IV Did they live? Sheets with names are posted on the board, the teams must determine which of them existed in reality. 8. 1 team Hammurabi Cheops Apollo Set Solon 2 team 3 team Poseidon Hercules Spartacus Odysseus Thutmose III Dionysus Herodotus Democritus Pericles Prometheus V Unsent dispatches. Teams receive envelopes with messages. They must establish who, when and in connection with what could send each of these reports. Team 1 Team 2 Team 3 1. Moscow is on fire. People are not visible. Cold. Hungry. 2. Bring the troops to full readiness. Publish the Manifesto. 3. The impregnable fortress is taken. The enemy turns 1. Huge hordes are drawn to the city. From the creak of wheels and the neighing of horses, a human voice is not heard. 1. Passed Yaroslavl. Replenishment arrived. We're going to liberate Moscow. 2. Went out to the Neva with a squad. The militia sings. 2. The enemy is utterly defeated. His generals are captured. Karl himself is wounded. 3. Troops withdrawn to women. Russia is a black sea power. 3. We founded a good shipyard in Voronezh, we are building good galleys. Azov will be taken. square. Where is Trubetskoy? VI Draws. Teams define historical fact on a joke question. Team 1 Team 2 Team 3 1. Where and when did the most peaceful animals suddenly “devour” people? 1. Which Russian city had an "evil" character? 1.How to get from Dorpat to Yuryev? 2. What is the distance between Constantinople and Constantinople? 2. The ruler of what huge state lived in a "barn"? 2. When Russia was ruled by a "money bag"? 3. What staircase has no one ever walked up? 3. Who is said to have stopped the Sun and moved the Earth? 3. When in the military history of Russia was threatened by a "pig"? VII Crossword. Answers: 1. Peter. 2. Nikolay. 3. Michael. 4. Catherine. 5. Alexander. 6. Constantine. 7. Pavel. 8. Son. Keyword: ROMANOVS. Crossword 1 2 3 4 7 6 8 March 5, 1613. 1. 1. This tsar became famous for his numerous reforms, thanks to which Russia entered a new path of development. 2. The name of the last tsar of Russia. 3. Name the name of the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty, who was crowned king 14 4. Under this tsarina, there was an "epoch of enlightened absolutism" in Russia. 5. Name the name of the king, who became famous for freeing the peasants. 6. Who was supposed to take the throne after the death of Alexander I, but refused in order to enter into an unequal marriage. 7. The son of Peter III and Catherine II, strengthened absolute power, introduced strict censorship and supported the domestic manufacturer. 8. Who was Peter I Alexei Mikhailovich? Summing up Answers: I Chronological tasks. 1242 Ice battle, 1380 - Battle of Kulikovo, 882 - foundation Kievan Rus, 1649 Cathedral Code, 1147 foundation of Moscow, 1709 - Battle of Poltava, 1097 - Lyubech congress, 1881 - the assassination of Alexander II 1914 - the beginning of World War I. 1905 - Bloody Sunday. 862 - The calling of the Varangians, 1480 - Standing on the Ugra, 1812 - the Battle of Borodino, 1861 - the abolition of serfdom, 1918 - the end of World War I. II Popular expressions 1. Team 1) Danger is nearby, 2) Vile betrayal, 3) Cluttered, dirty place. 2. Team 1) Cruel laws, 2) Go for humiliation, 3) Weak, vulnerable spot. 3. Team 1) To be between two dangers, 2) A gift with intent, 3) Victory equal to defeat. III Do you know their names? 1. Anton Petrov, 2. Abraham Lincoln, 3. Ignatius Grinevitsky, 4. Giuseppe Garibaldi, 5. Jean Paul Marat, 6. George Washington, 7. G. V. Plekhanov, 8. P. I. Pestel, 9. A I. Herzen. IV Did they live? Lived: Hammurabi, Cheops, Solon, Spartacus, Thutmose III, Herodotus, Democritus, Pericles. V Unsent dispatches 1. Fire in Moscow during Patriotic War 1812 2. Decembrist uprising. 3. Russian Turkish war of 1787-1791, Suvorov A. V. 4. Capture of Kiev by Batu Khan. 5. Battle of the Neva, Prince Alexander Yaroslavich. 6. Peter I, before the second Azov campaign. 7. Civil uprising 1612, Minin and Pozharsky. 8. Peter I, Battle of Poltava. 9. Uprising on the Senate Square in 1825. VI Draws 1. England, XVI century. 2. This is the same city. 3. According to the feudal. 4. Near Kozelsk. 5. Khan of the Golden Horde. 6. About Nicolaus Copernicus. 7. This is the same city. 8. Ivan Kalita, XIV century 9. Battle on the Ice in 1242
COLLAPSE OF ANCIENT EMPIRES PRESENTATION ON WORLD HISTORY 10 GRADE. BASIC COURSE. SMIRNOV EVGENIY BORISOVICH.
THE PEOPLES OF EUROPE IN THE 1-2 CENTURIES THE TOTAL POPULATION OF THE WORLD IS 250 MILLION. HUMAN. MAIN PART IN EURASIA. IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE ABOUT 50 MILL. THE PERSON, THE SAME IN CHINA, IN INDIA - 40 MILLION. SEVERAL MILLIONS IN AMERICA, AFRICA AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA ON THE NORTHERN BORDERS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE ON THE RHEIN AND DANUBE THE CELTIC AND GERMANIC TRIBES LIVED, EASTERN SLAVES AND FINNO-UGRIANS. BETWEEN THE DANUBE AND THE DNIEPER THE TRIBES ARE READY. THE POPULATION OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE IS ONLY 5 MILLION. THE GERMANS PROVIDED STEADY RESISTANCE TO THE ROMAN LEGIONS WHO NAMED THEM BARBARS (NOT UNDERSTANDING LATIN). THE POWER WAS IN THE HANDS OF THE RELATED NOBILITY AND MILITARY LEADERS * KINGS» THEIR POWER BECAME HEREDITARY. THUS, ALTHOUGH THE STATE HAS NOT BEEN YET, BUT THE DECAY OF GENERAL RELATIONS HAPPENED.
NOMADIC TRIBES OF ASIA AND CHINA. EURASIA (FROM THE DANUBE TO THE HUANGHE) THE TYPE OF ECONOMY OF THE LIVING TRIBES WAS DETERMINED BY NATURAL CONDITIONS. IN THE STEPPES THERE WAS NOMAD FARMING. NOMAD RELATIONS WITH AGRICULTURAL TRIBES WAS DIFFICULT. IN RESPONSE TO THE ARAIDS, THE ANCIENT EMPIRES LEGED EXPEDITIONS, BUT SUCCESSFULLY. THE NOMADERS HAVE PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS, FORCED THE POWERS TO GROW MILLET. CATTLE AND SLAVES WERE THE MAIN WEALTH. THE PROPERTY stratification WAS SIGNIFICANT. THE LARGEST NOMAD ASSOCIATION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE NEW ERA WERE THE HUNS. UNION OF HUNS FROM 24 TRIBES. PRESENTED A SERIOUS THREAT TO CHINA. THE POPULATION OF CHINA PAYED TRIBUTE TO THEM. IN THE 1ST CENTURY THE HAN EMPIRE CREATED A cavalry AND DEFEATED THE HUNS. PART OF THEM RECOGNIZED THE POWER OF THE EMPIRE. AND THE OTHERS WENT WEST.
THE GREAT MIGRATION OF PEOPLES BEGINNING IN THE 2nd CENTURY AS A RESULT OF CLIMATE CHANGE, A COOLING HAPPENED, REACHING A MAXIMUM BY THE 5TH CENTURY. THIS HAS AFFECTED THE WHOLE LIFE OF PEOPLE. AS A RESULT OF CLIMATE CHANGE THE DESERT IS ON THE OFFENSIVE AND IN THE NORTH THE SWAMPS. THE HUNS ATTACKS ON THE HAN EMPIRE RESUME. IN CHINA ITSELF, THE REDUCTION OF AREA OF SOWING CAUSED HUNGER. POPULATION DECREASED FROM 50 MILLION. UP TO 7.5 MIL. THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER AND THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE PEASANTS LEAD TO THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE EMPIRE. THE STATES OF CENTRAL ASIA HAVE DECLINED UNDER THE Blows of the Nomads. THE PARTHIAN KINGDOM DISCOLATED.
THE ORIGIN OF CHRISTIANITY. CHRISTIANITY CHRISTIANITY ORIGINATED IN JUDEA, A PROVINCE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. THE JEWS DIDN'T ACCEPT THE DOCTRINE OF CHRIST, WHO CONSIDERED THE MESSIAH (SAVIOR). HE STATED THAT PEOPLE OF ALL NATIONALITIES, THE POOR, THE RICH ARE EQUAL BEFORE GOD, CALLED TO SHOW MERCY TO THE ENEMIES, TO FORGIVE THEM. AT THE INSTICTION OF THE HIGH PRIESTS OF THE JEWISH CHURCH HE WAS CRUCIFIED ON THE CROSS THE DISCIPLES TRANSFERED HIS BODY INTO A CAVE. ACCORDING TO THE NEW TESTAMENT, ON THE THIRD DAY AFTER DEATH, HE RISEN AND LEFT HIS COVENANTS TO THE DISCIPLES. HIS DEATH AS A SACRIFICE FOR THE SINS OF PEOPLE. ACCORDING TO THE CHRISTIAN, ONLY HUMILITY OPENS THE WAY TO THE KINGDOM OF GOD. IN THE 1st - 2nd CENTURIES, CHRISTIANITY GETS WIDE DISTRIBUTION IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE AMONG THE POOREST POPULATION AND SLAVES. SOME OF THE HISTORIANS SAID: CHRISTIANITY WIN BECAUSE SPARTACUS FAILED DO YOU AGREE?
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ROME THE SHOCKINGS THAT SWEEPED ASIA HAVEN'T BYPASSED THE ROMAN EMPIRE, BUT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 2nd CENTURY IT REACHED ITS POWER. UNDER THE EMPERORS TRAJAN (98 - 117) AND ANDRIAN (117 - 138) THE TERRITORY OF THE STATE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY EXPANDED. GOT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGULATIONS OF ROMAN LAW. ECONOMIC RELATIONS DEVELOPED BETWEEN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE EMPIRE. WEALTH FLOWING TO ROME TURNED THE LIFE OF THE PLEBSI INTO A CONTINUOUS HOLIDAY. ROMAN CULTURE RECEIVED HUGE DEVELOPMENT. VERGIL, HORATIUS, JUVENAL, LUCIAN - THESE NAMES ARE FOREVER INCLUDED IN HISTORY. THE PHILOSOPHY OF STOICISM WAS DEVELOPED: Seneca, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius.
THE CRISIS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE THE CRISIS OF THE EMPIRE BY THE END OF THE 2nd CENTURY CLIMATE CHANGE HAVE AFFECTED THE ROMAN EMPIRE. DESERT DESTROYED THE ECONOMY OF NORTH AFRICA, COOLING HIT ITALY AND GALLIA, SPAIN. PLAGUE, SLAVES AND PEASANT REBELLIONS, DIFFICULTIES WITH TAXES LEAD TO CIVIL WARS. SOLDIER EMPERORS HAVE CHANGED IN POWER. UNDER THESE CONDITIONS, EMPERORS STARTED ALLOWING LAND TO VETERANS - LEGIONAIRES, LANDOWNERS TO ALLOW SLAVES WITH FREE LANDS SLAVES AND COLUMNS WERE NOT PAYING TAXES, ALL CALCULATIONS WERE CARRIED OUT BY THE OWNER OF THE LAND. INSTEAD OF TRADE IN-NATURAL EXCHANGE. THE BASIS OF THE ECONOMY BECOMES HUGE ESTATES IN WHICH CENTERS OF CRAFTS ARE ORIGINATED. THESE CHANGES LEAD TO POLITICAL STABILIZATION. COLUMNS BECAME THE MAIN SOURCE OF SOLDIERS FOR THE ARMY. UNDER DIOCLETIAN (284-305) THE POWER OF THE EMPIRE WAS RESTORED. ALL THE POPULATION GOT THE RIGHTS OF THE CIVIL EMPIRE IN FOUR PARTS: GALLIA, ITALY, ILLYRIA AND THE EAST. DIOCLETIAN TAKEN CONTROL OF THE EAST, AND HIS SUCCESSOR CONSTANTINE BYZANTIUS
CHRISTIANITY IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE. CHRISTIANITY ALTHOUGH THE ROMAN AUTHORITIES SHOWED TOLERANCE TO THE RELIGIONS OF THE CONQUERED PEOPLES, BUT CHRISTIANITY WAS CONSIDERED AS A HOSTILE RELIGION. CHRISTIANS WERE HURT IN THE ARENA OF THE COLOSSEUM. CHASED. THE REASON IS IN THE FAITH OF THE ONE GOD AND INTOLERANCE TOWARDS OTHER CULTS. BUT GRADUALLY THE NUMBER OF CHRISTIANS INCREASED AND THE ATTITUDE TO THIS RELIGION CHANGED. PREACHING HUMILITY AND NON-VIOLENCE BECOMES CONSIDERED AS A MEANS OF KEEPING THE SLAVES AND POLUMNS IN OBEDIENCE. MANY GREAT ROMANS BECOMING CHRISTIANS. IN 313 EMPEROR CONSTANTINE RECOGNIZES THE CHRISTIANS THE RIGHTS OF THE CHURCH INCREASE, IT IS EXEMPRED FROM TAXES. TO THE END OF LIFE, KONSTANTIN IS BAPTIZED HIMSELF. THERE WAS A COMPETITION OF DIFFERENT HIARCHES, BUT IN 325 THE SYMBOL OF FAITH WAS ADOPTED AND THE HERESIES WAS CONDEMNED. UNDER EMPEROR JULIAN THERE WAS AN ATTEMPT TO WEAKEN CHRISTIANITY, BUT UNDER THEODOSIA ALL RELIGIONS EXCEPT CHRISTIANITY WERE FORBIDDEN.
THE FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE 4th C. THE PRESSURE OF THE TRIBAL ASSOCIATIONS OF NORTHERN, CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE ON THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE INTENSIFIED. ANOTHER REASON FOR THE INVASION WAS THE OFFENSIVE OF THE HUNS WHO REACHED THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION. HE PUSHED THE GOTHS AND THE SARMATS. THE BARBARS, TRANSFER TO THE SERVICE OF THE EMPIRE, WERE INSTRUCTED TO PROTECT THE BORDERS. The Visigoths could not stand the oppression of the authorities, they rebelled, and in 378 they defeated the Romans. AFTER THE DEATH OF FEODOSIY THE ROMAN EMPIRE BREAKED UP. IN 410 VISGOTH KING ALLARICH CAPTURED ROME. BUT THE MOST STRONGEST IMPACT WERE CAUSED BY THE HUNS (ATILLA). IN 476 THE LAST EMPEROR ROMULUS AUGUST WAS DOWN. 16 ZAGLADIN N.V. THE WORLD HISTORY. HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND THE WORLD FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY: TEXTBOOK FOR 10 GRADE. – 7th ED. - M. : TID "RUSSIAN WORD - RS", CHAPTER 5. CARDS ARE TAKEN ON THE SITE
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BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS.
GREAT MIGRATION OF PEOPLES, BARBARS, HUNS, CHRISTIANITY, SOLDIER EMPERORS, COLUMNS, GOTHS, VANDALS, WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE, EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE,
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THE OFFENSIVE OF THE BARBARS IN EURASIA
PEOPLES OF EUROPE NOMADIC TRIBES OF ASIA AND CHINA. THE BEGINNING OF THE GREAT MIGRATION OF PEOPLES THE ORIGIN OF CHRISTIANITY.
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PEOPLES OF EUROPE
In the 1st-2nd centuries, the TOTAL POPULATION OF THE WORLD IS 250 MILLION. HUMAN. MAIN PART IN EURASIA. IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE ABOUT 50 MILL. THE PERSON, THE SAME IN CHINA, IN INDIA - 40 MILLION. SEVERAL MILLIONS IN AMERICA, AFRICA AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA ON THE NORTHERN BORDERS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE ON THE RHINE AND DANUBE WERE CELTIC AND GERMANIC TRIBES, EASTERN SLAVES AND FINNO-UGRIANS. BETWEEN THE DANUBE AND THE DNIEPER THE TRIBES ARE READY. THE POPULATION OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE IS ONLY 5 MILLION. THE GERMANS PROVIDED STEADY RESISTANCE TO THE ROMAN LEGIONS, WHICH NAME THEM BARBARS (NOT UNDERSTANDING LATIN). THE POWER WAS IN THE HANDS OF THE RELATED NOBILITY AND MILITARY LEADERS * KINGS» THEIR POWER BECAME HEREDITARY.
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NOMADIC TRIBES OF ASIA AND CHINA.
EURASIA (FROM THE DANUBE TO THE HUANGHE) THE TYPE OF ECONOMY OF THE LIVING TRIBES WAS DETERMINED BY NATURAL CONDITIONS. IN THE STEPPES THERE WAS NOMAD FARMING. NOMAD RELATIONS WITH AGRICULTURAL TRIBES WAS DIFFICULT. IN RESPONSE TO THE ARAIDS, THE ANCIENT EMPIRES LEGED EXPEDITIONS, BUT SUCCESSFULLY. THE NOMADERS HAVE PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS, FORCED THE POWERS TO GROW MILLET. CATTLE AND SLAVES WERE THE MAIN WEALTH. THE PROPERTY stratification WAS SIGNIFICANT. THE LARGEST NOMAD ASSOCIATION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE NEW ERA WERE THE HUNS. UNION OF HUNS FROM 24 TRIBES. PRESENTED A SERIOUS THREAT TO CHINA. THE POPULATION OF CHINA PAYED TRIBUTE TO THEM. IN THE 1ST CENTURY THE HAN EMPIRE CREATED A cavalry AND DEFEATED THE HUNS. PART OF THEM RECOGNIZED THE POWER OF THE EMPIRE. AND THE OTHERS WENT WEST.
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THE BEGINNING OF THE GREAT MIGRATION OF PEOPLES
IN THE 2nd CENTURY, AS A RESULT OF CLIMATE CHANGE, A COOLING HAPPENED, REACHING A MAXIMUM BY THE 5TH CENTURY. THIS HAS AFFECTED THE WHOLE LIFE OF PEOPLE. AS A RESULT OF CLIMATE CHANGE THE DESERT IS ON THE OFFENSIVE AND IN THE NORTH THE SWAMPS. THE HUNS ATTACKS ON THE HAN EMPIRE RESUME. IN CHINA ITSELF, THE REDUCTION OF AREA OF SOWING CAUSED HUNGER. POPULATION DECREASED FROM 50 MILLION. UP TO 7.5 MIL. THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER AND THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE PEASANTS LEAD TO THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE EMPIRE. THE STATES OF CENTRAL ASIA HAVE DECLINED UNDER THE Blows of the Nomads. THE PARTHIAN KINGDOM DISCOLATED.
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THE ORIGIN OF CHRISTIANITY.
CHRISTIANITY CHRISTIANITY ORIGINATED IN JUDEA, A PROVINCE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. THE JEWS DIDN'T ACCEPT THE DOCTRINE OF CHRIST, WHO CONSIDERED THE MESSIAH (SAVIOR). HE STATED THAT PEOPLE OF ALL NATIONALITIES, THE POOR, THE RICH ARE EQUAL BEFORE GOD, CALLED TO SHOW MERCY TO THE ENEMIES, TO FORGIVE THEM. AT THE INSTICTION OF THE HIGH PRIESTS OF THE JEWISH CHURCH HE WAS CRUCIFIED ON THE CROSS THE DISCIPLES TRANSFERED HIS BODY INTO A CAVE. ACCORDING TO THE NEW TESTAMENT, ON THE THIRD DAY AFTER DEATH, HE RISEN AND LEFT HIS COVENANTS TO THE DISCIPLES. HIS DEATH AS A SACRIFICE FOR THE SINS OF PEOPLE. ACCORDING TO THE CHRISTIAN, ONLY HUMILITY OPENS THE WAY TO THE KINGDOM OF GOD. IN THE 1st - 2nd CENTURIES, CHRISTIANITY GETS WIDE DISTRIBUTION IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE AMONG THE POOREST POPULATION AND SLAVES.
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DECLINE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ROME. CRISIS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. CHRISTIANITY IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE. THE FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE.
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THE GOLDEN AGE OF ROME
THE SHOCKS THAT WERE AVAILABLE IN ASIA HAVE NOT SEEN THE ROMAN EMPIRE, BUT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 2nd CENTURY IT REACHED ITS POWER. UNDER THE EMPERORS TRAJAN (98 - 117) AND ANDRIAN (117 - 138) THE TERRITORY OF THE STATE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY EXPANDED. GOT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGULATIONS OF ROMAN LAW. ECONOMIC RELATIONS DEVELOPED BETWEEN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE EMPIRE. WEALTH FLOWING TO ROME TURNED THE LIFE OF THE PLEBSI INTO A CONTINUOUS HOLIDAY. ROMAN CULTURE RECEIVED HUGE DEVELOPMENT. VERGIL, HORATIUS, JUVENAL, LUCIAN - THESE NAMES ARE FOREVER INCLUDED IN HISTORY. THE PHILOSOPHY OF STOICISM WAS DEVELOPED: Seneca, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius.
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CRISIS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
THE CRISIS OF EMPIRE BY THE END OF THE 2nd CENTURY CLIMATE CHANGE HIT THE ROMAN EMPIRE ALSO. DESERT DESTROYED THE ECONOMY OF NORTH AFRICA, COOLING HIT ITALY AND GALLIA, SPAIN. PLAGUE, SLAVES AND PEASANT REBELLIONS, DIFFICULTIES WITH TAXES LEAD TO CIVIL WARS. SOLDIER EMPERORS HAVE CHANGED IN POWER. UNDER THESE CONDITIONS, EMPERORS STARTED ALLOWING LAND TO VETERANS - LEGIONAIRES, LANDOWNERS TO ALLOW SLAVES WITH FREE LANDS SLAVES AND COLUMNS WERE NOT PAYING TAXES, ALL CALCULATIONS WERE CARRIED OUT BY THE OWNER OF THE LAND. INSTEAD OF TRADE IN-NATURAL EXCHANGE. THE BASIS OF THE ECONOMY BECOMES HUGE ESTATES IN WHICH CENTERS OF CRAFTS ARE ORIGINATED. THESE CHANGES LEAD TO POLITICAL STABILIZATION. COLUMNS BECAME THE MAIN SOURCE OF SOLDIERS FOR THE ARMY. UNDER DIOCLETIAN (284-305) THE POWER OF THE EMPIRE WAS RESTORED. ALL THE POPULATION GOT THE RIGHTS OF THE CIVIL EMPIRE IN FOUR PARTS: GALLIA, ITALY, ILLYRIA AND THE EAST. DIOCLETIAN TAKEN CONTROL OF THE EAST, AND HIS SUCCESSOR CONSTANTINE BYZANTIUS
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CHRISTIANITY IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
CHRISTIANITY ALTHOUGH THE ROMAN AUTHORITIES SHOWED TOLERANCE TO THE RELIGIONS OF THE CONQUERED PEOPLES, BUT CHRISTIANITY WAS CONSIDERED AS A HOSTILE RELIGION. CHRISTIANS WERE HURT IN THE ARENA OF THE COLOSSEUM. CHASED. THE REASON IS IN THE FAITH OF THE ONE GOD AND INTOLERANCE TOWARDS OTHER CULTS. BUT GRADUALLY THE NUMBER OF CHRISTIANS INCREASED AND THE ATTITUDE TO THIS RELIGION CHANGED. PREACHING HUMILITY AND NON-VIOLENCE BECOMES CONSIDERED AS A MEANS OF KEEPING THE SLAVES AND POLUMNS IN OBEDIENCE. MANY GREAT ROMANS BECOMING CHRISTIANS. IN 313 EMPEROR CONSTANTINE RECOGNIZES THE CHRISTIANS THE RIGHTS OF THE CHURCH INCREASE, IT IS EXEMPRED FROM TAXES. TO THE END OF LIFE, KONSTANTIN IS BAPTIZED HIMSELF. THERE WAS A COMPETITION OF DIFFERENT HIARCHES, BUT IN 325 THE SYMBOL OF FAITH WAS ADOPTED AND THE HERESIES WAS CONDEMNED. UNDER EMPEROR JULIAN THERE WAS AN ATTEMPT TO WEAKEN CHRISTIANITY, BUT UNDER THEODOSIA ALL RELIGIONS EXCEPT CHRISTIANITY WERE FORBIDDEN.
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Chapter 5 The collapse of the empires of the ancient world Changing the conditions for the development of the peoples of Eurasia Decline of the Roman Empire
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The peoples of Europe at the beginning of a new era. In 1-2 centuries. total strength population in the world was about 250 million people, dispersed over the globe unevenly. The bulk of the people lived in warm, humid regions of Eurasia (From the Mediterranean to China). In the Roman Empire lived - 50 million people. (in Italy - 7-8 million), the same in China, in India - about 40 million people. Changing conditions for the development of the peoples of Eurasia
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Changing conditions for the development of the peoples of Eurasia To the north of the borders of the Roman Empire, Celtic and Germanic tribes lived, to the east - Slavic and Finno-Ugric. Between the Danube and the Dnieper were the lands of the unions of the Gothic tribal associations. The population of Central and of Eastern Europe was - about 5 million people. Being farmers and hunters, they did not build large cities. Their economy was dominated by subsistence, over time, commodity-money relations began to develop.
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Changing conditions for the development of the peoples of Eurasia The life of the Germanic tribes was organized in a peculiar way. Unions of tribes numbered hundreds of thousands of people who lived in a large area. The lands of the union of tribes were divided into districts, in which meetings of the most authoritative and wealthy representatives of the settlements, the tribal nobility, were held. The nobility resolved the issues of war and peace, the peace of the tribes, elected the lagman - an expert in customs, who served as a judge.
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Changing conditions for the development of the peoples of Eurasia special role military leaders - kings (princes) played in the unions. They led the fighting squads, which consisted of the strongest and most dexterous young people. They guarded the territory of the union of tribes, raided their neighbors, and sometimes were hired to serve the Romans. The kings with a retinue built burgs - fortresses where the treasury was kept, i.e. stolen wealth. T.O. shopping centers arose there, at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. the ancient Germans and other tribes formed the prerequisites for the emergence of a state.
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Nomadic tribes of Asia and China In the vast territories of Eurasia, from the Danube to the Yellow River, a belt of steppe lands stretched. There was not enough land suitable for cultivation. The main value of the nomadic tribes living here was cattle, especially horses. Each nomadic tribe controlled a huge territory, which they considered their own. There was a constant struggle between the tribes for the best pastures. Almost all adult men fought among the nomads. One of the most powerful nomadic peoples at the beginning of a new era were the Huns. Their first major association - the union of 24 tribes - arose as early as the 3rd century. BC.
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The nomadic tribes of Asia and China The Huns posed a serious threat to China, after each raid they took away 10 thousand prisoners. The settled population of northern China paid tribute to the Huns. Huns by the middle of the 1st century. suffered serious defeats, their tribal union broke up. Some of the Hunnic tribes recognized themselves as tributaries of China, some migrated to the west, to the steppes of Kazakhstan, and then to the shores of the Caspian and Azov Seas.
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The beginning of the Great Migration of Nations in the 2nd century. global climate changes began, a cooling occurred, which reached by the 5th century. maximum. During the Little Ice Age, deserts were advancing in the south, in the north the area became swampy, and the vegetation changed. These factors radically influenced the life of the peoples of Eurasia. The struggle for land between nomadic tribes intensified. The Huns began to move west and south, resuming attacks on China. The Han Empire failed to resist their onslaught.
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Beginning of the Great Migration of Nations in 184. China was engulfed by the uprising of the "yellow bandages" (reasons: a drop in productivity, a reduction in sown areas, famine, the spread of vagrancy, cannibalism, an epidemic of plague), which was hardly suppressed by 208. The rebels demanded a new happy life, whose symbol was considered yellow. The small peasantry was completely ruined, only "strong houses" remained, which switched to subsistence farming. To the least extent climate change and the raids affected India, the nomads managed to capture only its northern part.
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The emergence of Christianity Christian doctrine originated in the Judaean province of the Roman Empire, where the majority of the population were Jews who professed one of the religions of salvation - Judaism. Work with the text of the textbook on pages 115-116 or watch the movie "Christians"
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The upheavals that swept Asia did not bypass Europe. The greatest Roman Empire in the world, after its heyday, was rapidly declining. It marked the onset of a new historical era - the Middle Ages. Decline of the Roman Empire
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Rome: from golden age to decline At the beginning of the 2nd century. The Roman Empire reached the pinnacle of its power. Under Emperor Trajan (98-117), Dacia, Arabia, Armenia, Mesopotamia recognized his authority. Under Hadrian (117-138), attention was paid to strengthening the borders of the empire, improving the management of its vast possessions. Significant development was given to legal norms: Roman law subsequently became a role model in medieval Europe. Decline of the Roman Empire
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Rome: From Golden Age to Decline The division of labor between the provinces developed rapidly within the empire. The North African lands were its breadbaskets. Crafts flourished in Gaul (supplying ceramics, glass, metal. Products, linen, cloth). Italy and Spain produced wines, oils, and metals. Gold was mined in Dacia. The Eastern provinces are a transit point for trade with Asian countries and China. Decline of the Roman Empire
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Crisis of the Roman Empire By the end of the 2nd century. Agricultural conditions in the Roman Empire began to deteriorate due to climate change. Famine set in, plague broke out in many provinces. Discontent in the army led to a series of military coups. The empire plunged into the abyss civil war (183-197). Political crisis lasted a century. Soldier emperors came to power, people from the military environment. Trade cities were empty and fell into decay.
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Crisis of the Roman Empire Changes in economic life The Roman Empire contributed to the stabilization political position. Under the emperor Diocletian (243-313), the son of a freedman slave, the entire population of the Roman Empire, except for slaves, received the rights of its citizens. At the same time, the power of the Senate weakened. Administrative reform divided the empire into four parts - Gaul, Italy, Illyria and the East. Diocletian took control of the East, where economic life and trade were more developed. Under the successor of Diocletian, Constantine 1 (285-337), the Greek city of Byzantium, renamed Constantinople, became the capital of the empire.
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Christianity in the Roman Empire The Roman authorities were tolerant in matters of faith. Many emperors persecuted the first Christians, poisoned them with lions in the arenas of the coliseums for the amusement of the plebs, perceived Christianity as a hostile religion to Rome. In 313 A compromise was reached between Emperor Constantine and the Christians. They recognized the divinity of the imperial power (but not the personality of the emperor), promised not to evade military service. The Christian Church received the right to accept inheritances and gifts and not pay taxes. Emperor Constantine generously endowed Christians and at the end of his life he himself was baptized. This step secured him support from the Christian church, which quickly turned into an influential and economic force. Under Emperor Theodosius (379-395), all religions except Christianity were banned.
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Fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 4th c. the onslaught of the tribal unions of Northern, Central and Eastern Europe on the possessions of the Western Roman Empire intensified. Reasons: Because of the climate: entire tribes moved south, settling in countryside Roman provinces, Gaul. The invasion of the Huns, who moved from the east to Northern Black Sea(IVc). The Huns crowded out the tribes of the Sarmatians and Goths, who lived between the Dniester and the Danube. From the north, the Slavic tribes advanced on the Goths, the Goths, in turn, headed for Central Europe, to the south, to the territory of the Roman Empire.
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The fall of the Western Roman Empire The power of the empire could not prevent the development of the "barbarians" of Roman possessions. The Visigoths, fleeing the Huns, settled south of the Danube. In 378. The Visigoths defeated the Roman army at Adrianople. With great difficulty, Emperor Theodosius managed to pacify the Visigoths for a while. After the death of Theodosius in 395. The Roman Empire collapsed. The military leaders of the western part of the empire refused to recognize the authority of Constantinople. In 410 Visigoth king Alaric (370-410) captured and sacked Rome. In 492, having taken possession of the fleet, they invaded North Africa, where they founded their state.
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The fall of the Western Roman Empire The Huns, led by Attila (died in 453) in 436, delivered the strongest blow to the empire. launched an attack on Europe. Having passed the Germanic lands, the Huns began to devastate Gaul. This forced the Visigoths, Franks, Burgundians to temporarily unite with the Romans and oppose Attila. He was defeated in 451. in the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields (Gaul). The union of the Hunnic tribes broke up. In the Western Roman Empire, 9 emperors were replaced in 21 years. In 476. the leader of the German mercenaries Odoacer (431-493) overthrew the last emperor Romulus Augustus and was proclaimed king of Italy.
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Civilizational heritage of the ancient world. With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the migrations of peoples did not end; they continued until the 8th century. In the territory former empire 10 kingdoms emerged. Roman legal norms are reflected in the laws of many European states. Latin was the universal language of the church and the nobility. The most important legacy of Rome is the Christian faith.
Learning new material:
Today in class we will look at new theme: "Changing the conditions for the development of the peoples of Eurasia". Let's look at the main points of the development of the peoples of Eurasia. Let us recall what caused the Great Migration of Nations, and how Christianity arose.
Students write the topic of the lesson in their notebooks.
stage of goal-setting and motivation:
Plan for studying new material:
The peoples of Europe at the beginning of a new era
Nomadic tribes of Asia and China
Beginning of the Great Migration
Rise of Christianity
The study of the first question "The peoples of Europe at the beginning of a new era" is based on working with the text from the memo. Students characterize the social structure and features of the economic development of the Germanic tribes (“barbarians”) at the beginning of our era.
Algorithm for revealing the development of tribes.
Influence of natural conditions on economic development.
Features of housekeeping.
Development of forms of ownership.
Lifestyle.
Prerequisites for the formation of statehood.
Summing up: at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. e. the ancient Germans and other tribal unions (including Slavic) formed the prerequisites for the emergence of the state. They caused the decomposition of the tribal system.
And what changes are taking place at this time among nomadic peoples?
One of the strongest nomadic peoples of this period, the Huns took an active part in the Great Migration of Peoples, which began in the III-IV centuries. n. e. The task is set: how did this event affect the development of the peoples of Europe and Asia?
During the conversation with the class, the second question “The Beginning of the Great Migration of Nations” is studied:
Remember why this stage in the development of peoples and states received such a name?
What demographic and climatic factors led to the Great Migration? After the teacher's explanation about climate change - the Little Ice Age, famine, epidemics, uprisings in China (the uprising of the "yellow bands" 184-208)
What are the reasons why the states of Central Asia and China could not resist the invasion of the Huns?
Students conclude that under the blows of the nomadic tribes, the states of Central Asia (the Kushan kingdom and Khorezm) fell into decay, the Parthian kingdom fell apart. The nomads began to threaten the European peoples.
On the territory of the Roman Empire, many changes are also taking place in the economy, politics, and spiritual life. In the Judean province of the Roman state in the 1st century AD. e. Christianity was born.
Question for students:
What segments of the population of the Roman Empire became followers of the new faith and why?
Religious beliefs in ancient world before the rise of Christianity. Religion of Rome.
The gospel is a sacred book about the life of Jesus Christ.
The first Christians in Rome.
Spread and adoption of Christianity.
Religious beliefs in the ancient world before the rise of Christianity. Religion of Rome.
What beliefs existed among the ancient peoples of the world? What united them? What is paganism?
Who did the ancient Romans worship, they conclude that
V Ancient Rome the gods protecting the family were especially revered: the goddess Vesta (goddess of the hearth and fire), lares (patron spirits of the family, clan, crossroads, city), penates (patron gods of the hearth). It is known that the Romans could worship not only their own, but also the eastern gods. Students are asked to explain why interest in Eastern beliefs was especially widespread during the time of the empire. Further, schoolchildren will learn that in ancient Rome a temple was erected dedicated to all the gods - the Pantheon, where everyone could pray to their revered god.
What testified to state control over religious beliefs? What was the title of high priest? Which of the emperors who held this position do you know?
What people believed in one god and when did this faith originate?
What did the Jews call their god? What was the name of the holy book of the Jews?
The gospel is a sacred book about the life of Jesus Christ.
A new religion, Christianity, was born in Judea. Judea in the 1st century AD e. was a Roman province, they determine on the map the location of Jerusalem and Nazareth - the cities where Christianity was born, as well as the birthplace of Jesus Christ - Bethlehem. Students are introduced to a new concept - the gospel. When Jesus Christ grew up, his destiny was revealed to him - to be a preacher of kindness, love for people. The painting “Christ in the Desert” by artist I. N. Kramskoy depicts the moment when Jesus makes a difficult decision: to follow this destiny, to devote his whole life to bringing people words of kindness and mercy. It was the choice of a difficult path of selfless service to people in a world where there was a lot of violence, cruelty, and lies. Jesus with his 12 disciples (apostles) in different cities addressed the people, urging them to take care of their souls, doing good deeds. most known to people was his Sermon on the Mount.
The first Christians in Rome.
The teachings of Christ were not forgotten after his execution on the cross. His students continued to carry the ideas of their teacher to people. They claimed that Christ, the son of God, would return to Earth. The first followers of Christ were the inhabitants of Rome - the poor of Rome. Among the Christians were also people from noble families.
Who were called Christians?
Why did the Roman authorities persecute Christians?
Spread and adoption of Christianity
Over time, statesmen in power began to accept the Christian faith. Roman emperor Constantine in 313 AD. e. made Christianity the official religion of the state. (Konstantin's gift).
In the future, the Christian religion began to spread first in Europe, and then in other parts of the world.
Why did the pagan beliefs of the ancient peoples become a thing of the past, while the Christian religion exists today?
Conclusion:
Thus, the Great Migration of Peoples was a time of major changes in the lives of European and Asian tribes and states, the consequences of these changes were reflected in the settlement of peoples, their way of life, and culture.
