Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov

Ozhegov Sergey Ivanovich
Born: September 9 (22), 1900
Died: December 15, 1964 (aged 64)

Biography

Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov - Soviet linguist, lexicographer, doctor of philological sciences, professor. The author of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, which has gone through many editions. One of the compilers of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D. N. Ushakov (1935-1940).

Sergey Ozhegov was born on September 9 (22), 1900 in the village of Kamennoye (now the city of Kuvshinovo) in the Tver province in the family of Ivan Ivanovich Ozhegov (1871-1931), an engineer-technologist of the Kamenskaya paper and cardboard factory. Sergei Ivanovich was the eldest of three brothers.

On his father's side, there were Ural artisans in his family (his grandfather was an employee of an assay tent); on the mother's side - the ancestors of the clergy: Alexandra Fedorovna (nee Degozhskaya) was the great-niece of Archpriest G. P. Pavsky, the author of the famous book "Philological Observations on the Composition of the Russian Language."

On the eve of the First World War, the family moved to St. Petersburg, where Sergei graduated from high school. Then he entered the philological faculty of Petrograd University, but the classes were soon interrupted - Ozhegov was called to the front. He participated in the battles in the west of Russia, in Ukraine. In 1922 Ozhegov graduated military service at the headquarters of the Kharkov Military District and immediately began studying at the Faculty of Linguistics and Material Culture of Petrograd University. In 1926 he completed it educational institution, having received a diploma from Leningrad University. University lecturers Viktor Vinogradov and Lev Shcherba recommended him for postgraduate study at the Institute comparative history literatures and languages ​​of the West and East. Postgraduate studies were completed in 1929. Recalling the Leningrad of those years, Sergei Ivanovich wrote that the atmosphere of an extraordinary creative upsurge reigned at the university.

In 1936 Ozhegov moved to Moscow. Since 1937 he taught at Moscow universities (MIFLI, MGPI). Since 1939, Ozhegov has been a researcher at the Institute of Language and Writing, the Institute of the Russian Language, and the Institute of Linguistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

During the Great Patriotic War Ozhegov did not evacuate the capital, but remained to teach.
Founder and first head of the Speech Culture Sector of the Russian Language Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1952).

The main works are devoted to Russian lexicology and lexicography, the history of the Russian literary language, sociolinguistics, the culture of Russian speech, the language of individual writers (P. A. Plavilshchikov, I. A. Krylov, A. N. Ostrovsky) and others.

Editor of the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language (1956, 5th edition, 1963), reference dictionaries Russian Literary Pronunciation and Stress (1955), Correctness of Russian Speech (1962). Founder and Chief Editor collections "Questions of the culture of speech" (1955-1965).

On the initiative of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov, in 1958, the Russian Language Reference Service was created at the Institute of the Russian Language, responding to requests from organizations and individuals regarding the correctness of Russian speech.

Ozhegov was a member of the Moscow Council Commission on the naming of institutions and streets of Moscow, the Subject Commission on the Russian Language of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, deputy chairman of the Commission of the Academy of Sciences on streamlining the spelling and pronunciation of foreign proper and geographical names, scientific consultant of the All-Russian Theater Society, USSR State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company; member of the Spelling Commission of the Academy of Sciences, which prepared the "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation".

S. I. Ozhegov died in Moscow on December 15, 1964. The urn with his ashes rests in the wall of the necropolis of the Novodevichy cemetery.

In the year of the 90th anniversary of the birth of the scientist (1990), the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, together with N. Yu. Shvedova, was elected a laureate of the A. S. Pushkin Prize for the work “Dictionary of the Russian Language”.

Working on dictionaries

In 1935, outstanding Russian and Soviet linguists, V. V. Vinogradov, G. O. Vinokur, B. A. Larin, S. I. Ozhegov, B. V. Tomashevsky, headed by D. N. Ushakov, began work over the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. To speed up work on this dictionary, S. I. Ozhegov moved from Leningrad to Moscow. He became the closest assistant to D. N. Ushakov, cooperation with whom left a deep mark on the work of Sergei Ivanovich. He was faithful to the memory of the teacher all his life: the portrait of D. N. Ushakov always stood on the professor's desktop. In his notes on the thirtieth anniversary since the start of work on the Explanatory Dictionary, ed. D. N. Ushakova, S. I. Ozhegov noted: “Explanatory Dictionary, ed. D. N. Ushakova became the banner of the Russian language culture of our time ... and gained worldwide fame, especially grown in the post-war years.

On the basis of the four-volume "Explanatory Dictionary ..." S. I. Ozhegov created a standard dictionary for Russian-national dictionaries, which was extremely important for the lexicography that was developing in the national republics. This vocabulary served as an essential practical guide for compiling bilingual dictionaries.

In 1939-1940. work began on a one-volume dictionary, the plan for its publication was approved, and an editorial board headed by D. N. Ushakov was formed. After his death in 1942, the main author's work in the dictionary was carried out by S.I. Ozhegov. G. O. Vinokur and V. A. Petrosyan took part in compiling the first edition.

A one-volume dictionary was published in 1949. After the completion of the work, the name of S.I. Ozhegov became on a par with the names of V.I. Dahl and D.N. Ushakov.

The dictionary with corrections and updates has been reprinted several times, of which six are lifetime editions of the author, since 1992 - with the participation of N. Yu. Shvedova. For decades, the dictionary has been capturing modern common vocabulary, demonstrating word compatibility and typical phraseological units. The glossary of Ozhegov's dictionary formed the basis of many translation dictionaries.

Probably every Russian at home has a huge Dictionary, whose compiler, Sergey Ozhegov, has long been on everyone's lips. What kind of life should a person have in order to engage in the interpretation of various terms, categories and concepts? How did the compiled explanatory dictionary affect the system Soviet education? The answers to these questions, as well as a brief biography of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov, will be given in our article.

Youth Ozhegov

Sergei Ivanovich was born on September 22, 1900 in the village of Kamennoye, Tver province. Sergei's parents were respected people. Father, Ivan Ivanovich, was a process engineer at the Kamensk paper mill. Mother, Alexandra Fedorovna Degozhskaya, had in her family the famous philologist and spiritual figure Gerasim Pavsky. Gerasim was an archpriest and a great connoisseur of Russian literature. One of Pavsky's most famous works is called Philological Observations on the Composition of the Russian Language.

When Sergei Ozhegov was still a teenager, the First World War. Because of her, the family moved to the territory of St. Petersburg. Here Sergei graduated from the gymnasium, after which he entered the Petrograd University, at the Faculty of Philology. Not having studied even a year, the hero of our article goes to the front. Sergei Ivanovich, being a member of the Red Army, took part in the battles near Narva, in Riga, Pskov, Karelia, in Ukraine and in many other places.

In 1922 Ozhegov returned to his studies. The country was poorly educated, people needed to master the art of reading and writing. Continuing to study, Sergei Ivanovich begins to teach Russian.

Scientific activity

In 1926, Sergei Ivanovich graduated from the university. On the recommendation of his teachers, he enters the graduate school of the Institute of the History of Languages ​​and Literature at Leningrad State University - Leningrad University.

Sergei Ozhegov took up in-depth study lexicology, history of grammar, orthography and even phraseology. The main object of Sergei Ivanovich's scientific research is Russian colloquial speech - with all its features, accents, slang and dialects.

Compiling scientific works, Sergey Ozhegov simultaneously teaches at the Pedagogical Institute. Herzen. He began work on the famous "Explanatory Dictionary" in the late 1920s.

Life during the war

The editor of the dictionary published by Ozhegov was Dmitry Ushakov. All 4 volumes released by Sergei Ivanovich entered the history of culture as "Ushakov's Dictionaries".

In the 30s, Ozhegov moved to Moscow, where he began teaching at the Institute of Art, Philosophy and Literature. Three years later, Sergei Ivanovich received the status of a researcher at this institute.

During the Great Patriotic War, Ozhegov served as interim director at the Institute of Culture and Literature. At the same time, he develops and introduces into the program a course of Russian paleography - the science of ancient writings. Sergey Ivanovich also developed his own paleographic direction, connected with the wartime language.

About the Russian language dictionary

Ozhegov's main work is his famous explanatory dictionary, which contains the rules for writing, pronunciation, as well as definitions for more than 80 thousand expressions and words. Initially, Sergei Ivanovich planned to create a small dictionary with brief descriptions of the main Russian concepts and verbal categories. However, the first edition of the book, published in 1949, caused such enthusiasm in society that it was decided to expand the work.

From 1949 to 1960 the dictionary was published 8 times. The entire biography of Sergei Ozhegov is closely connected with the work on the dictionary. The Soviet scientist supplemented his work until the end of his life: he constantly made corrections, changes and improvements.

Today, the Dictionary of the Russian Language by linguist Sergei Ozhegov includes more than 80 thousand different expressions and words. Each a new version dictionary reflects changes in Russian vocabulary.

Russian language service

In 1958, Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov created the Russian Language Reference Service. The organization appeared on the basis of the Russian Language Institute. Its purpose was to promote literate speech. It was possible to submit requests to the service itself about the correct spelling of individual words or expressions. All the data obtained were entered into the books of the popular science series "Issues of the Culture of Speech", which was published from 1955 to 1965.

Along with filling the "Dictionary of the Russian language" Sergei Ivanovich was engaged in writing the journal "Russian speech". This is a large-circulation academic publication, the first issue of which appeared only in 1967, after the death of Ozhegov. The magazine is still respected today. Philologists, writers, publicists and other persons who are not indifferent to the fate of their native language use it as a reference book on many issues.

Ozhegov about the Russian language

Compilers short biography Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov, namely his contemporaries, spoke flatteringly about the scientist. According to them, Ozhegov was not an armchair researcher. Nor could he be called a conservative. On the contrary, Sergei Ivanovich was sympathetic and even interested in innovations in the language. Neologisms, borrowings from other languages, and even youth "verbal pranks" were not alien to him. Ozhegov only wanted to know the origin of new phrases or words, to understand their meaning and meaning.

Together with Alexander Reformatsky, the hero of our article created the famous "Card file of Russian obscenities." It was not just a collection of obscene expressions, but Scientific research individual elements of ancient linguistic usage. It was Ozhegov who began to destroy the stereotype that the mat is an element Mongolian. A lot of evidence collected by Sergei Ivanovich indicates that Russian foul language comes from the Slavic category of the Indo-European language group.

Relations with linguists

There are many interesting facts about Sergei Ozhegov. So, it is known for certain that Sergei Ivanovich sometimes came into conflict with his colleagues. The reason for this is the innovative scientific style of the famous linguist, which clearly did not suit conservative Soviet scientists.

Ozhegov was loyal to all innovations and additions in the Russian language. This is what he was not like other philologists, whose goal was some kind of "equalization". Sergei Ivanovich advocated the preservation of many dialects, as well as the adoption of everything new. Soviet scientists took the opposite approach.

received harsh criticism and main work Sergei Ivanovich - his famous explanatory dictionary. The Soviet philologist Rodionov wrote a review in the newspaper "Culture and Life" - "About one unsuccessful dictionary". Subsequently, a serious controversy broke out between Rodionov and Ozhegov, the result of which many scientists recognized the unconditional victory of Sergei Ivanovich.

Personal life

The biography of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov contains some information about his family. It is known that the famous linguist had two brothers. Eugene, the younger brother, died of tuberculosis before the war. Boris, the middle brother, died of starvation in besieged Leningrad.

Sergei Ivanovich married a student of the philological faculty of the Pedagogical Institute. The Ozhegovs had no children, and therefore it was decided to adopt Sergei Ivanovich's five-year-old niece.

The hero of our article was friends with many famous cultural figures: Lev Uspensky, Korney Chukovsky, Fedorov Gladkov and many others. Ozhegov often spoke on the radio, published notes in magazines, and even advised theater workers.

The scientist died of infectious hepatitis in 1964. The urn with the ashes of Ozhegov is stored in the necropolis of the Novodevichy cemetery.

(1900-1964) Russian linguist, lexicographer

The Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, created by the scientist, has long become the most popular reference book on the Russian language, a model for creating many Russian-national dictionaries that record modern vocabulary. Ozhegov himself joked that in terms of the number of published copies, his dictionary is not inferior to the works of the classics of Marxism-Leninism.

The biography of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov and his relatives is so full of complex, dramatic events that it could well become the basis of an independent work dedicated to the fate of the Russian intelligentsia.

The Ozhegovs came from Demidov serfs who worked in the Ural factories (“burn” was a stick that was dipped into molten metal to determine the degree of readiness of the mass). Sergey's grandfather worked as a laboratory assistant at the Yekaterinburg plant, he managed to give all his fourteen sons and daughters higher education. Sergei's father, Ivan Ivanovich, became an engineer and got a job at the Kuvshinova paper mill, famous for its technical innovations. Kuvshinova herself was close to social democratic ideas and managed to create a well-maintained residential village in Kamennoye, in which there were not only hospitals and schools, but even the People's House. The young engineer received a four-room apartment, which became the center of the gathering of the local intelligentsia. It is known that Maxim Gorky, who was a guest, also visited there.

Sergei Ozhegov's mother worked as a midwife in a factory hospital. She gave birth to three sons, the eldest of whom was Sergei. The middle of the brothers later studied at the Institute of Civil Officers at the Faculty of Architecture, the youngest became a student at the Institute of Communications.

In 1909 the Ozhegovs moved to St. Petersburg. Ivan Ivanovich began to work in the Expedition for the Procurement of State Papers (the future Goznak). He received an apartment that housed his extended family. Sergei began to go to the gymnasium, became interested in chess, was a member of a sports society. After graduating from high school, he entered the Petrograd University, but soon went to relatives in the town of Opochka.

December 5, 1918 Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov enlisted as a volunteer in the Red Army. He had to fight near Narva as the chief of staff of the battalion. For the battles in Karelia, he was awarded a special sign "In memory of the liberation of Soviet Karelia from the White Finnish gangs."

In the middle of 1920, the division in which Ozhegov served was transferred to southern Ukraine. He heads the regimental intelligence, then the regimental headquarters. At that time, intense battles were fought with Wrangel's troops, but Sergei Ozhegov also had to participate in the elimination of local gangs. Soon he was appointed chief of staff of the rear.

Until 1922, Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov served in senior positions at the headquarters of the Kharkov Military District in Yekaterinoslav (now Dnepropetrovsk). He is offered to continue his education at the military academy, but Sergei refuses, is demobilized for health reasons and returns to Petrograd, continues his studies at the philological faculty of the university.

Shortly before graduating from the university, Ozhegov married a student of the Faculty of Philology Pedagogical Institute named after Alexander Herzen. Ozhegov's father-in-law, a priest, once dreamed of a conservatory, but fate decreed otherwise, and he realized his love for music in the family circle. In the memoirs of Ozhegov's son, it is said that the grandfather masterfully played both classical and folk music on the harmonium.

Already in senior years, Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov began to teach Russian. In 1926 he graduated from Leningrad University and gradually entered the circle of Leningrad linguists. He called future academicians V.V. Vinogradova and L.V. Shcherba. special role in the fate of Ozhegov played D.N. Ushakov, who attracted him to work on a four-volume explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. At the same time, the young philologist strikes up a friendship with A. Reformatsky, who later wrote the classic textbook on the course "Introduction to Linguistics".

Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov did not belong to the armchair recluses, he loved friendly companies and considered communication with friends the best vacation. Ozhegov's wife knew how to create a friendly and trusting atmosphere in the house. The couple lived in marriage for almost forty years, raising their son.

Shortly before the start of World War II, the family moved to Moscow. Sergey Ozhegov quickly gets used to the Moscow way of life and gets a rare opportunity to observe native speakers of different cultural levels. At the same time, he began to work on the Dictionary of the Russian Language.

Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov decided to create short dictionary"of a popular type, striving for the active normalization of modern literary speech." Later he summarized his observations in the articles “On three types of explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian language” and “On the structure of the dictionary of the Russian language”.

The established life was cut short with the beginning of the war. Having sent his family to relatives in Tashkent, Ozhegov enrolls in civil uprising. But, being a famous scientist, he was subject to "reservation" and, remaining in Moscow, headed the Institute of Language and Writing of the Academy of Sciences until his return from the evacuation of the former leadership.

During the war, Sergei Ozhegov lost almost all of his Leningrad relatives. His five-year-old niece ended up in an orphanage. Later, Sergei Ivanovich found the girl, brought her to Moscow and adopted her.

After the war, Ozhegov continued his scientific activity, constantly improving the structure and composition of the dictionary. In total, he managed to prepare four reprints, fixing in each new release the changes that took place in the vocabulary of the modern Russian language. successful scientific activity Ozhegova was duly appreciated by her colleagues: he was awarded, without defense, first the degree of a candidate, and then a doctor of philological sciences.

The works of Sergei Ozhegov are devoted to the problems of lexicology, lexicography, sociolinguistics, the theory and practice of the culture of speech, the history of the Russian literary language, and the language of individual writers. The scientist prepared the Dictionary for the Plays of Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky for publication, but it was only released after Ozhegov's death.

The scientist edited orthographic dictionary Russian language "(1956), other reference dictionaries - "Russian literary pronunciation and stress" (1955), "Correctness of Russian speech" (1962). It is difficult for a modern reader to even imagine what a colossal work is behind a simple enumeration dictionary works Ozhegov. Indeed, together with his associates, he practically prepared a reform of the Russian language, which led to certain changes in established norms.

Since 1952, Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov headed the Speech Culture Sector of the Institute of the Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences. We can say that Sergei Ivanovich is the founder of the culture of speech as an independent philological discipline. He came up with the idea of ​​organizing a public reception room, in which the employees of the institute are still on duty, patiently answering phone calls when subscribers ask to confirm the rules for the use of certain words. Ozhegov was also the founder and editor-in-chief of the collection Questions of the Culture of Speech.

The death of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov came as a surprise to his relatives: after the operation, he contracted infectious hepatitis and died suddenly. The urn with the ashes of the scientist rests at the Novodevichy cemetery.

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S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language

Ah, union. 1. Connects sentences or members of a sentence, expressing opposition, comparison. He went and I stayed. Write with a pen, not a pencil. Handsome, not smart. 2. Attaches sentences or members of a sentence with the meaning of adding something. with a consistent presentation, with the meaning of explanation, objection, amplification, transition to another thought. There is a house on the mountain, and a stream under the mountain. It would be a swamp, but there are devils (last). What you. are you doing today? and tomorrow? It's not his fault. - And who is to blame, if not him? 3. Use. at the beginning of interrogatives and exclamatory sentences, as well as at the beginning of speech to enhance expressiveness, persuasiveness (often in combination with pronouns, adverbs, other unions). And how we will have fun! And yet I do not agree. * And also (and), union - expresses attachment, amplifying or comparative addition. Skillful driver, as well as a locksmith. Acts in films as well as on television. And then - 1) union, otherwise, otherwise. Hurry, or you'll be late; 2) in reality, but in reality. If it were so, otherwise the opposite is true; And then! (but how!) (simple) - expresses in response: 1) confident agreement, confirmation. Frozen? - And then! Frost in the yard; 2) ironic disagreement, denial: Will he go? -And then! Wait! And not that, the union is the same as that (in 1 value). And even, the union - attaches a message about something. unwanted or unexpected. Screaming, and then beat.

A2, particle (colloquial). 1. Indicates a question or response to someone. the words. Let's go for a walk, shall we? Why don't you answer? - A? What's happened? 2. Strengthens circulation. Vanya, Vanya! 3. [pronounced with varying degrees of duration]. Expresses clarification, satisfied understanding. Ah, so it was you! Why didn't you call? - The phone didn't work! - Ah! Ah, so wat what's the matter!

A3 [pronounced with varying degrees of duration], int. Expresses annoyance, bitterness, as well as surprise, gloating and other similar feelings. What have I done? - Ah! Ah, got it!

Ah... an attachment. Forms nouns and adjectives with meaning. absence (in words with a foreign root), the same as "not", for example. asymmetry, illogical, immoral, arrhythmic, asynchronous.

Lampshade, -a, m. A cap for a lamp, a lamp. Green a. 11 app. lampshade, th, th.

ABAZINSKY, th, th. 1. see Abaza. 2. Relating to the Abaza, to their language, national character, lifestyle, culture, as well as to the territory of their residence, its internal structure, history; such as the Abaza. A. language (Abkhaz-Adyghe group of Caucasian languages). In Abaza (adv.).

ABAZINS, -in, units. -inets, -ntsa, m. The people living in Karachay-Cherkessia and in Adygea. II well. abaza, -i. II adj, Abaza, -th, -th.

ABBAT, -a, m. 1. Rector of a male Catholic monastery. 2. Catholic clergyman. II adj. abbey, th, th.

ABBATIS, -y, f. Mother Superior of a female Catholic monastery.

ABBEY, -a, cf. Catholic monastery.

ABBREVIATION, -s, f. In word formation: a noun formed from truncated segments of words (for example, executive committee, Komsomol), from the same segments in combination with a whole word (for example, maternity hospital, spare parts), as well as from the initial sounds of words or their names initial letters(for example, university, automatic telephone exchange, Moscow art theater, computer, hard currency), compound word. II adj. abbreviation, -th, -th.

ABERRATION, -i, g. (specialist.). Deviation from something, as well as distortion of something. A. light rays. A. optical systems (image distortion). A. ideas (trans.). II adj. aberrational, th, th.

PARAGRAPH, -a, m. 1. Red line, indent at the beginning of the line. Start writing with a paragraph. 2. Text between two such indents. Read the first a.

ABYSSINIAN, th, th. 1. see Abyssinians. 2. Relating to the Abyssinians, to their language, national character, way of life, culture, as well as to Abyssinia (the former name of Ethiopia), its territory, internal structure, history; such as the Abyssinians in Abyssinia. Abyssinian (adv.).

ABISSINIANS, -ev, vd. -net, -ntsa, m. The former name of the population of Ethiopia (Abyssinia), Ethiopians. II well. Abyssinian, -i. II adj. Abyssinian, th, th.

APPLICANT, -a, m. 1. Graduate high school(outdated). 2. A person entering a higher or special educational institution. II well. entrant, and II adj. entrant, th, th.

SUBSCRIPTION, -a, m. A document granting the right to use something, something. service, as well as the right itself. A. to the theatre. A. for a series of lectures. Interlibrary a. II adj. subscription, th, th.

SUBSCRIBER, -a, m. A person using a subscription, having the right to use something. by subscription. A. libraries. A. telephone network (person or institution that has a telephone). II well. subscriber, -i (colloquial). II adj. subscriber, -th, -th.

SUBSCRIBE, -ruyu, -ruesh; -any; owls. and nesov., that. Get (-chat) by subscription, become (be) a subscriber of something. A. I lie down in the theater.

BOARDING, -a, m. In the era of rowing and sailing fleet: Attack an enemy ship when approaching it directly for hand-to-hand combat. Take on a. (also trans.). II adj. boarding, th, th.

ABORIGEN, -a, m. (book). Indigenous inhabitant of the country, locality. II well. aborigine, -i (colloquial).

NATIVE, th, th. Relating to the natives, to their life, to the places of their original habitat; like the aborigines.

ABORTION, -a, m. Premature termination of pregnancy, spontaneous or artificial, miscarriage.

ABORTIVE, -th, -th (spec.). 1. Suspending or dramatically changing the development, course of the disease. A. method. Abortive remedies. 2. Underdeveloped. Abortive organs of plants. II n. abortion, and (to 2 values).

ABRASIVE, -a, m. (special). Solid fine-grained or powdery substance (flint, emery, corundum, carborundum, pumice, garnet) used for grinding, polishing, sharpening. II adj. abrasive, th, th. abrasive materials. A. tool (grinding, polishing).

ABRACADABRA, -s, f. A meaningless, incomprehensible set of words [originally: a mysterious Persian word that served as a saving magic spell].

ABREK, -a, m. During the annexation of the Caucasus to Russia: a mountaineer who participated in the struggle against the tsarist troops and administration.

APRICOT, -a, genus pl. -ov, m. Southern fruit tree rosaceous, giving juicy sweet fruits with a large stone, as well as its fruit. II adj. apricot, th, th apricot, oh, th.

APRICOT, th, th. 1. see apricot. 2. Yellow-red, the color of a ripe apricot.

ABRIS, -a, m. (book). The outline of the object, the contour. II adj. outline, th, th.

ABSENTHEISM [sente], -a, m. (book). Evasion of voters from participating in elections to state bodies. II adj. ab-senteist, th, th.

ABSOLUTE, -a, m. (book). 1. In philosophy: the eternal, unchanging fundamental principle of everything that exists (spirit, idea, deity). 2. Something self-sufficient, independent of any. conditions and relationships. Raise something. in a.

ABSOLUTISM, -a, m. The form of government, under which the supreme power entirely belongs to the autocratic monarch, an unlimited monarchy. adj. absolutist, th, th.

ABSOLUTE, -th, -th; -ten, -tna. 1. full f. Unconditional, independent of anything, taken beyond comparison with something. Absolute value real number(in mathematics: the number itself, taken without a + or - sign). A. zero (temperature at -273.15 ° C). A. champion (athlete - winner in the all-around, in some other types of competitions). 2. Perfect, complete. A. peace. He is absolutely (adv.) right. Absolute majority (overwhelming majority). Absolute monarchy (autocracy). A. hearing (hearing, accurately determining the height of any tone). II n. absoluteness, -i, f. (to 2 values).

ABSTRACT, -ruyu, -ruesh; -a-ny; owls. and nonsov., that (book). Produce (-lead) an abstraction (in 1 meaning) of something.