Description of the painting by an unknown artist Arina Rodionovna. Bad habits of Arina Rodionovna and other facts about Pushkin's nanny that were not included in the textbooks

The birth of Arina Yakovleva falls on April 10 (21), 1758. The “main nanny of the country” grew up in the village of Lampovo in large family. Serfs Rodion Yakovlev and his wife Lukerya Kirillova raised seven children. At birth, the parents gave the girl the name Irina, but at home they began to call her Arina. In those days, the serfs did not have surnames, and were named after their father, that is, in fact, the real name and surname of Arina is Irina Yakovleva. The girl knew all the sad sides of a poor, hungry childhood in a serf family.

Acquaintance with the poet's family

In 1759, Pushkin's great-grandfather A.P. Hannibal bought the villages together with the people from Count F.Ya. Apraksin. The Yakovlevs lived very poorly, and the girl asked for a job as a nanny. In 1792, Pushkin's grandmother M.A. Hannibal took her to the house to nurse her nephew Alexei. After the birth of Olga, the first granddaughter of Maria Gannibal, Arina moved to the Pushkins' house to work. Olga was older famous brother for several years, so they shared the nanny one for two. With the warmest words, Olga Sergeevna recalled Arina as a simple and devoted person with an open, primordially Russian soul.

At the age of 23, Arina married Fyodor Matveev, a simple peasant who later died of an addiction to alcohol. All this time until 1811, before young Alexander entered the lyceum, the nanny spent with her beloved "angel", as she called the poet. In 1818, when grandmother Maria died, Arina continues to live in the Pushkin family in St. Petersburg, and on summer time together with his pet Sasha goes to Mikhailovskoye. The nanny surrounds Alexander with care and love, which deserves a second affectionate appeal: "mommy."

The role of the nurse in the creative life of the poet

In literature, A. S. Pushkin never addressed Arina by name and patronymic, he always affectionately wrote: “nanny”. The image of the nanny in the legendary work "Eugene Onegin" was written off from her. Alexander was always very kind to his nurse, wrote tender letters to her and dedicated poems. Arina Rodionovna was a teacher, friend, guardian for the poet. And in his childhood, lulling him in a crib, and in the difficult years of exile, this brave woman always took care of him and loved him with all her heart.

Alexander often recalled how he loved to listen to her sayings and fairy tales. It's amazing how many of them the simple Russian soul kept in itself, and how she knew how to tell them! Undoubtedly, it was this woman who helped the poet take the first step into great literary creativity. Even Alexander himself admitted, becoming famous person that familiarity with folk art plays a huge role in a thorough knowledge of the Russian language. Fate itself decreed that a simple woman from the people could influence the creative development of the personality of the great poet.

The main nurse of Russian literature turns 260 years old.

Fate made sure that just such a person appeared on the path of Alexander Sergeevich. Arina Rodionovna gave her love to the poet, she was not only a nanny for him, but a true friend. The old woman could grumble, be feignedly strict, but Alexander knew about her boundless love for him, - says Olga Solodovnikova, head of the department of the Pushkin Central Library.

Once in the Pushkins' house as a nanny for the poet's elder sister Olga and his younger brother Leo, she did not immediately begin to follow little Sasha. He was watched by two other women and uncle Nikita Kozlov, who later accompanied the coffin with the body of the poet on his last journey. And yet, only Pushkin called her his nanny, he more than once addressed her or the images inspired by her in his poems.Arina Rodionovna brought up all the wards of the lordly children in Russian. She skillfully, sincerely told fables, terrible stories, fairy tales, she knew popular beliefs, poured proverbs and sayings. Not only children loved to listen to her, but also all domestic servants. . “Despite the fact that it was strictly forbidden for everyone around us to scare us with witches, brownies, the nannies talked about them among themselves all day,”- recalled the sister of the poet Olga. Scientists say that the information and knowledge that a child receives under the age of seven forms his personality.It was during this period that young Sasha first heard about the hut on chicken legs, and the tale of dead princess and seven heroes.Apparently, in fact, the serf peasant woman had a special gift and conquered children's souls, and her speech was forever deposited in their memory. This role of hers is especially important because in the childhood of the poet “his upbringing contained little Russian; he heard only French.Almost until 1811, before entering the Lyceum, Pushkin lived under the same roof with Arina Rodionovna.He loved her with a kindred, unchanging love,often referring to her not only as "nanny", but also as "mom".

However, a special closeness between Pushkin and Arina Rodionovna developed already during his two-year exile. In July 1824, a disgraced poet from St. Petersburg was sent to the village of Mikhailovskoye in the Pskov province under the supervision of the local authorities. And here he was greeted with joy by his aged nanny, who still loved her Sasha just as much. In Mikhailovsky, Arina Rodionovna not only guarded the estate, but also conducted all the master's affairs. IN memoir literature dedicated to the link, the names of the nanny and the poet are inseparable. In the house, the nursery and Pushkin's rooms were nearby. “The entrance to it is right from the corridor; opposite his door is the door to the nanny's room, where there were many embroidery frames,- recalled I.I. Pushchin. According to the coachman Pushkin P. Parfyonov: “ He is all with her, if at home. She gets up a little in the morning, and she runs to look at her: “Is she healthy, mom?” - he kept calling her mom ... And if the old woman gets sick there, or something, he’s all after her ... ".

They spent the evenings together.The nanny sat down at the table with her eternal stockings or with a spinning wheel and, under the spindle running briskly in her hands, she told her tales - melodiously, simply,which, according to the poet himself, she did excellently. He often came to her small house, standing next to the master's, giving rise to legends that Pushkin did not even live at home, but in the "nanny's house". In a letter to a friend, Pushkin wrote in December 1824: “... in the evening I listen to the tales of my nanny ...; she is my only friend - and with her only I am not bored.

The whole fabulous Russian world was known to her in the shortest possible way, and she conveyed it in an extremely original way.In November 1824, Pushkin wrote to his brother Leo: Do you know my classes? Before dinner I write notes, I have dinner late; after dinner I ride, in the evening I listen to fairy tales - and thereby reward the shortcomings of my accursed upbringing. What a delight these stories are! Each is a poem!. And he wrote down fairy tales, which the nanny knew a great many, songs, with interest "collected" sayings, proverbs, folk expressions told to her.

For example, let's compare fragments of one of the nanny's fairy tales recorded by Pushkin and the prologue of the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila ”: “... here is a miracle: there is an oak tree by the sea of ​​the sea, and on that oak there are golden chains and a cat walks along those chains, tells tales up, sings songs down ... but a miracle: 30 youths come out of the sea exactly in -exactly even in voice, and hair, and face, and height, and they come out of the sea only for one hour ... and with them an old man ... ".

And in Pushkin's poem:

Near the seaside, the oak is green;

Golden goal on oak volume:

And day and night the cat is a scientist

Everything goes round and round...

The creative individuality of Arina Rodionovna the storyteller was studied by the folklorist M. K. Azadovsky. Based on Pushkin's recording of seven folk tales, the scientist noted that the performer owned the traditional repertoire, which appears in "beautifully preserved, of great artistic power and poetic freshness." She willingly used the number 30 or 33, rhymed freely. In a purely fairy-tale tradition, she used names-nicknames, especially often used her favorite epithet: golden.

Thus, the creative gift of Arina Rodionovna, wisdom, patience, hospitality and tender love for her pet earned the invariable respect of Pushkin, his friends and admirers of his talent. In a poem by A.S. Pushkin's "Matchmaker Ivan, how we will drink ..." a portrait of his beloved nanny is given:

She was a craftswoman!

And where did you get it from!

And where are reasonable jokes,

Sayings, jokes,

Fables, epics

Orthodox antiquity!

It's so comforting to listen to!

And I would not drink, and I would not eat,

Everyone would listen and sit.

Who came up with them so well?

Much later, having already become famous, Pushkin would conclude that acquaintance with old songs, epics, fairy tales is necessary for a perfect knowledge of the basics of the Russian language.The important role of nurse's tales in the life and work of Pushkin was noted by the critic and poet Apollon Grigoriev: “Oh, the tales of Arina Rodionovna ... you kept such a bright, pure stream in the soul of a young, French-bred nobleman that distant offspring will remember you with a kind word and blessing ...”.

Pushkin began to write his fairy tales later, he carried their idea in himself for a long time, time had to pass for the fabulous writings to see the light.Almost all of Pushkin's fairy tales were born already in 1830-31, that is, five years after seclusion in Mikhailovsky.

Pushkin's old "mummy", with the light hand of the poet who created a poetic, romantic myth about his nanny, entered Russian literature forever, becoming a "textbook image". He sang it in poems of different periods,calling "the confidante of magical antiquity", "friend of my youth", "good girlfriend":

Confidante of magical old times,

Friend of fictions playful and sad,

I knew you in the days of my spring,

In the days of joys and initial dreams.

I was waiting for you; in the evening silence

You were a cheerful old woman,

And she sat above me in a shushun,

In big glasses and with a frisky rattle ...

The poem "The Confidante of Magical Antiquity" is entirely unique in that in it the old nanny and the lovely maiden Muse appear as two incarnations of the same person.

According to the poet, Arina Rodionovna was the “original” of Dubrovsky’s nanny, Tatyana’s nanny from Eugene Onegin. It is generally accepted that she is also the prototype of Xenia's mother in "Boris Godunov", the female images of the novel "Peter the Great's Moor", the princess's mother ("Mermaid").

For example, in his poem "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin describes a conversation main character works - Tatyana Larina with a nanny (as Pushkin himself said, "the original nanny Tatyana"); it is likely that it conveys the mood of this fact in the life of his beloved nanny - such was the typical fate of a Russian peasant woman in those years:

Tell me nanny

About your old years:

Were you in love then?

And yes, Tanya! In these summers

We haven't heard of love;

And then I would drive from the world

My dead mother-in-law. —

“But how did you get married, nanny?”

So, apparently, God commanded.

My Vanya was younger than me, my light ...

And I was thirteen years old.

To his beloved nanny, a dear and close person, a simple peasant woman, the poet dedicated his poem, which is called “Nanny”. The poem was written in October 1826 in Moscow, where Pushkin was unexpectedly summoned by the tsar, which greatly alarmed Arina Rodionovna.Anton Delvig asks his lyceum friend in a letter: “ My soul, the position of your nurse scares me. How did she cope with a completely unexpected separation from you? Not very cheerfully endured, the courtyard Pyotr Parfenov recalled: "Arina Rodionovna loosened up, wept bitterly". At the beginning of November 1826, Pushkin was again in "his hut," as he liked to call Mikhailovskoye. From there he wrote to Vyazemsky: “You know that I don’t show sensitivity, but the meeting of my servants ... and my nanny - by God, tickles the heart more pleasantly than words ... My nanny is hilarious. Imagine that at the age of seventy she had learned a new prayer for the tenderness of the Vladyka's heart and the taming of the spirit of his ferocity, a prayer probably composed during the reign of Tsar Ivan. It is not difficult to guess whose heart Arina Rodionovna wanted to "touch" and whose ferocity to "tame". She prayed to the autocrat for mercy to the beloved of her soul - Alexander Sergeevich. From the memoirs of Alexandra Osipovna Smirnova - the maid of honor of the Empress: " The sovereign-emperor spoke with Pushkin about his poor Arina Rodionovna (the poet was very sorry for her). The sovereign spoke about old Russian servants and about poems where Pushkin mentions his grandmother and his old nanny.

The nanny, the first and most faithful friend of the poet, is remembered by his contemporaries, close friends, for whom Arina Rodionovna also became a loved one. Prince Pyotr Andreevich Vyazemsky writes: “My bow to the waist to Rodionovna.” Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin, returning from Mikhailovsky, asks Pushkin in a letter: "Bow to the nanny."

"Svet Rodionovna, will I forget you?" - wrote the poet Nikolai Mikhailovich Yazykov, who visited Pushkin in the spring of 1826. He was delighted with Arina Rodionovna. “I'm crazy about your nanny! What a motherly concern she has for you. Her spiritual beauty, wonderful folk speech, captivating stories about antiquity, about past life are amazing! Nikolai Mikhailovich, subsequently, dedicated the poem “How sweet is your holy hospitality ...” to her.

And according to A.P. Kern, Pushkin he truly did not love anyone, except for his nanny ... ".

The last time the poet met his beloved nanny was in the village of Mikhailovsky in September 1827. By that time, Arina Rodionovna was already 69 years old. By January 1828, Pushkin's older sister Olga had decided to get married. Parents were against the marriage of their daughter with Nikolai Pavlishchev. The couple settled in St. Petersburg, and the parents, stepping over themselves, had to provide them with serfs for housekeeping. Among them was Arina Rodionovna.

She had to travel to the capital in March. The still winter-like cold road took away a lot of strength from her - the nanny began to get sick. In the house of the Pavlishchevs, she died on August 12, 1828.

Arina Rodionovna was buried at the Smolensk cemetery in St. Petersburg. Two years later, Alexander Pushkin tried to find her grave, but could not - it was lost forever. Only in 1977 did a plaque appear at the Smolensk cemetery in memory of the poet's nanny.

In 1880, when more than 40 years had passed since Pushkin's death, the writer I.S. Aksakov at the opening of the monument to the poet in Moscow will make a speech about a simple peasant woman - Arina Rodionovna: “From adolescence to the very grave, this brilliant illustrious poet was not ashamed in public, in wonderful verses, to profess tender affection not for his mother, but for his nanny ... So this is who the first inspirer, the first muse of the great artist is the nanny, this is a simple village woman! May she, this nanny, and on behalf of Russian society, have eternal grateful memory!

Pushkin managed to create a kind poetic image of his beloved nanny, but, surprisingly, almost nothing is known about the appearance of Arina Rodionovna.

The portrait of the nanny by an unknown artist is widely known. It can be found even in school textbooks.

But does it correspond to the real appearance of the nanny? At least, it contradicts the only description of Arina Rodionovna that has come down to us, made byPraskovia Alexandrovna Osipova: “The old woman is extremely respectable - with a full face, all gray-haired, passionately loving her pet ...”. There are no more words about the appearance of the nanny in history.

There is also a well-known high relief of Arina Rodionovna, carved from bone. His story is shrouded in mystery - he first became known in 1911, when he fell into the hands of Maxim Gorky, who at that time lived in Italy on the island of Capri. Where exactly the high relief came from, has not been clarified. Today, this portrait is kept in the Central Museum of A. S. Pushkin in St. Petersburg.

In addition, Pushkin scientists found two profile portraits on the margins of Alexander Sergeevich's workbooks. First, the head of an old woman in a warrior is drawn, and next to her is a half-length portrait of a girl in a sundress, with a scythe and a bandage on her head. Upon closer examination, it turned out that the faces of the old woman and the girl are strikingly similar and are a portrait of the same person in youth and old age. In the first portrait, she is probably drawn the way the poet saw her for the last time, on her deathbed - in front of us is the face of an old woman with already frozen features, with lowered eyelids. Nearby, Pushkin painted a portrait of the young Arina Rodionovna, it is more clear: the expression on the young woman's face is lively and perky. Drawing Arina Rodionovna young, the poet probably recalled his nanny's stories about her youth.

In various sources, you can find many reproductions of paintings depicting A.S. Pushkin and his faithful nanny. But all of them are just a figment of the imagination of artists, reflecting rather the inner essence of this amazing woman, but not the external resemblance to the original.

In 1875, at the 4th exhibition of the Association of the Wanderers, Nikolai Ge exhibited his new painting "Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin in the village of Mikhailovsky."

The painting depicts a meeting of lyceum friends in January 1825 in the village of Mikhailovskoye, when in the early morning for just one day he comes to Pushkin best friend Ivan Pushchin, who brought A.S. Griboedov’s then-banned comedy “Woe from Wit”, and Pushkin wanted to read it aloud. Pushchin settled down in an armchair, while Pushkin, with his indefatigable temperament, sat and read while standing. Behind him sits the nanny with her knitting, also listening. This is the moment we see on the canvas of the artist.

The next morning, Pushchin leaves, and Pushkin writes to him in Chita, where Pushchin was in exile after the December uprising on Senate Square:

My first friend! My friend is priceless!

And I blessed fate

When my yard is secluded

covered in sad snow,

Your bell has rung.

A real ode to friendship! After the exhibition, N.A. Nekrasov acquires the painting.

An example of genre painting is the painting by P.I. Geller (1862 - 1933) "Pushkin and the Nanny", written by him for the 100th anniversary of the birth of the Poet.

The painting depicts a room filled with books, in which Pushkin and his nanny comfortably settled down. The nanny has knitting on her knees, she tells something to her beloved Alexander Sergeevich, and he listens attentively and writes down.

Nikolai Ivanovich Shestopalov, a student of Ilya Repin, created canvases dedicated to A. S. Pushkin, amazing in terms of the organic nature of the chosen topics. In the fateful, but also jubilee year of 1937, Nikolai Shestopalov became the artist of the Pushkin Museum-Reserve. And during these years, on his picturesque canvases and wonderful watercolors, landscapes of Mikhailovsky and Trigorsky, estate interiors, views of Svyatogorsky and Pechora monasteries, ancient Russian architecture of white-stone Pskov. After all, this, whatever one may say, is the whole life of a Russian landowner. This is a manor house, a wonderful nurse with Russian fairy tales, the eternal annual cycle of peasant life, visits to monasteries and church services.

Paramonov Alexander Nikitich (1874-1949), graphic artist, muralist. He studied at the Central Theater Arts of Baron Stieglitz at the department of etching and decorative painting under V.V. Mate, G.M. Manizer, A.P. Savinsky. In 1936, on the eve of the celebration of the centennial anniversary of the great poet, he painted the painting "Pushkin and the Nanny". Paper, etching, drypoint.At the bottom of the sheet - an excerpt from a poem by N. Yazykov and a view of the house in Mikhailovsky.The plot is traditional: the nanny, knitting, tells Pushkin her “traditions of the deep antiquity”, and the poet, sitting in an armchair, listens to her and writes down what she heard in a notebook.

In 1938, the young artist Yuri Neprintsev, graduating from the institute, as thesis presented the painting "Pushkin in the village of Mikhailovsky". Throughout his later life, the “Pushkin” theme of Yu.M. Neprintsev considered one of the most important in his work.

Among the well-known Russian artists and graphic artists is the no less famous book illustrator Yuri Valentinovich Ivanov. Many people know his beautiful painting "Pushkin and Arina Rodionovna".

The poet is depicted at the same table with his faithful and reliable friend, nanny. We see part of the room: the wooden walls are hung with icons, on the table in the corner of the room there is a single candle in a candlestick and a box with nurse's knitting supplies. Pushkin's nanny sits at the table with a ball of thread for knitting. Pushkin himself sits on the opposite side of the table. His head is propped up by his hand. A thoughtful look. The poet is dressed as always in a formal suit. The head is covered with curls of hair with long sideburns. On the floor, near the feet, the nanny has closed in a ball and the cat is sleeping sweetly.

Petersburg artist Igor Shaimardanov, the author of a series of paintings about Pushkin, provided works dedicated to the poet's nurse. As conceived by the artist, in the gallery of images of Arina Rodionovna, the viewer is presented with portraits stylized as old canvases from the early 19th century. Shaimardanov also repeatedly turned in his work to Pushkin theme, creating several series of comic pictures about the life of the poet, which, according to the author himself, depict "invented, fictional and almost true stories."

Around the image of the legendary Arina Rodionovna - the nanny of the great Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - there were many different rumors and legends. Despite the fact that the famous pupil himself always spoke of this respected woman with sincere love and gratitude, some Pushkinists and the poet's contemporaries noted amazing and even contradictory moments in the biography and character of the nanny, whose name became a household name.

Izhorka or Chukhonka?

Arina Rodionovna (1758-1828) was a peasant serf. She was born in the village of Lampovo, Petersburg province, not far from the village of Suyda. Her parents Lukerya Kirillova and Rodion Yakovlev raised seven children. The real name of the girl was Irina (or Irinya), but in the family she was always called Arina, and so it happened.

Despite the fact that officially in the 18th century almost all the serfs of the St. Petersburg province were considered Russian, the majority of the inhabitants of those places, in fact, were representatives of assimilated Finno-Ugric nationalities. The environs of Suida were inhabited mainly by Izhors - the descendants of one of the tribes of the people, who bore the name "Chud". In addition to them, Chukhons also lived on these lands.

Historians and Pushkin scholars do not have exact information to which of these Finno-Ugric nationalities, completely mixed with Russians and not preserved, Arina Rodionovna belonged. But some of the tales she told to her famous pupil have a distinct northern flavor. Even the image of an oak standing near the Lukomorye clearly echoes the Scandinavian legends about the Yggdrasil tree, which connects different levels of the universe.

From a family of Old Believers?

Some historians note that families of Old Believers have long lived in the vicinity of the village of Suyda in the St. Petersburg province. Many of these people hid their religious views so as not to be persecuted by the official church.

In addition to the fact that Arina Rodionovna was born in the places of the traditional settlement of the Old Believers, her origin from this environment is also indicated by the information contained in the letter of A.S. Pushkin to his friend P.A. Vyazemsky on November 9, 1826. So, the great poet writes: “My nanny is hilarious. Imagine that at the age of 70 she memorized a new prayer "For the tenderness of the heart of the lord and the taming of the spirit of his ferocity", probably composed during the reign of Tsar Ivan. Now her priests are tearing up a prayer service ... "

The simple fact that Arina Rodionovna knew by heart or learned from somewhere a rare ancient prayer that existed even before the schism Orthodox Church, may indicate her close communication or kinship with the Old Believers. After all, only they so reverently preserved religious texts, many of which were lost by the official church.

Serf without a surname

Arina Rodionovna did not have a last name, like many serfs. Although her parent is recorded in church registers as Yakovlev, and her husband as Matveev, these were not names, but patronymics. In those days, Peter, the son of Ivan, was called Peter Ivanov, and the grandson of the same Ivan did not inherit the surname of his grandfather, but was called after his father - Petrov.

However, Irina, the daughter of a peasant, Rodion Yakovlev, is indicated in the birth record. There is also information about the wedding of Irinya Rodionova and Fyodor Matveev in the church book of the village of Suyda. These facts confused many researchers who mistakenly called Pushkin's nanny Yakovleva as a girl, and Matveeva as a wife.

mother of four children

Some people believe that Arina Rodionovna did not have her own family, and therefore she was strongly attached to her pupil. However, this was not the case. In 1781, a 22-year-old peasant woman got married and moved to the village of Kobrino, Sofia district, where her husband Fyodor Matveev (1756-1801), who was two years older than his young wife, lived.

Four children were born in this marriage. The eldest son of the legendary nanny was called Yegor Fedorov. In the revision tale for 1816, he is listed as the head of the family, since he was the eldest man in the house of the widowed mother.

And the husband of Arina Rodionovna died at the age of 44. Some sources claim that from drunkenness.

Drinker

All posts by A.S. Pushkin about his nanny are imbued with special warmth and gratitude. But some people who knew this woman pointed out that Arina Rodionovna liked to knock over a glass or two from time to time.

So, the poet Nikolai Mikhailovich Yazykov wrote in his memoirs: "... she was an affectionate, caring troublemaker, an inexhaustible storyteller, and sometimes a cheerful drinking companion." This man, who knew his friend's nanny well, noted that despite her fullness, she was always a mobile and energetic woman.

Quite frankly, a neighbor of the great poet on the estate in the village of Mikhailovskoye also spoke about Arina Rodionovna. The noblewoman Maria Ivanovna Osipova left the following entry in her memoirs: "... an extremely respectable old woman, all gray-haired, but with one sin - she loved to drink."

Perhaps in the poem "Winter Evening" A.S. Pushkin, it is far from accidental that the following lines appeared:

Let's drink, good friend

My poor youth

Let's drink from grief; where is the mug?

The heart will be happy.

Although there is no other information that this respected woman ever drank or (God forbid!) introduced her famous pupil to alcohol, does not exist.

Folk storyteller

It is unlikely that any of the Pushkinists would deny that Arina Rodionovna had a noticeable influence on the work of the great poet. Some historians call her a real folk storyteller - an inexhaustible storehouse of ancient legends, legends and myths.

Becoming an adult, A.S. Pushkin realized what an invaluable national and cultural asset fairy tales were, which his dear nanny knew by heart. In 1824-1826, while in exile, the great poet took advantage of the moment to once again listen and write down the magical stories about Tsar Saltan, the golden cockerel, the Lukomorye, the dead princess and the seven heroes, as well as many others. The author breathed new life into these tales, bringing to them his literary gift and poetic look.

At the beginning of November 1824 A.S. Pushkin wrote to his younger brother Lev Sergeevich from the village of Mikhailovsky that he was engaged in writing until lunch, then he rides, and in the evening he listens to fairy tales, thereby making up for the shortcomings of his education. Perhaps the poet meant that early XIX centuries, the nobles did not study oral folk art at all.

“What a charm these fairy tales are! Each is a poem! exclaimed the poet in a letter to his brother.

As the Pushkinists established, according to their nanny A.S. Pushkin also recorded ten folk songs and several expressions that seemed very interesting to him.

Gorynina Alexandra 9 in class

The project reveals the role of Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva in the life and works of A.S. Pushkin

Download:

Preview:

MBOU "Rylskaya secondary comprehensive school№4"

Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva in the life and work of A. S. Pushkin

The work of a student of the 9th "in" class

Gorynina Alexandra Alexandrovna

Project Manager:

Zalunina Tatyana Nikolaevna

Rylsk

2018

Introduction………………………………………………………………2

Chapter 1. Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva in the life and work of A. S. Pushkin……………………………………………………………………..3

1.1. Biography of Arina Rodionovna………………………………………………………………3

1.2. Tales of the nanny and A.S. Pushkin himself…………………………………………………………………….7

1.3. Arina Rodionovna in the works of A. S. Pushkin…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Conclusion……………………………………………………………13

References…………………………………………………...14

Introduction

Who does not know Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin? After all, he is one of the most the greatest poets of all times and peoples, if not the most. He is considered the creator of the modern Russian literary language. A. S. Pushkin became one of the main all-Russian national poets during his lifetime. I believe that anyone who has ever read at least one of his works, could not help but fall in love with his work. A significant role in the life of the writer and poet was played by his nanny Arina Rodionovna. Her beloved pupil always spoke of her with pure love and deep respect. Around the legendary, I would even say, the image of the great poet's nanny has arisen and there are many disputes, legends and rumors.

Target: to find out what influence Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva had on the life and work of A. S. Pushkin.

Tasks:

1. To study the biography of Arina Rodionovna;
2. Analyze the images of Arina Rodionovna in the works of A. S. Pushkin to understand her role in his work;
3. Find out the role of Arina Rodionovna in the life of A. S. Pushkin.

Hypothesis: Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva made a great contribution to the life and work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.

Chapter 1. Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva in the life and work of A. S. Pushkin

1.1 Biography of Arina Rodionovna

Arina Rodionovna was born on April 10, 1758. For only one year she was a serf of Fyodor Alekseevich Apraksin. In 1759, the Suida estate and the villages closest to it, together with the peasants, were bought from Fedor Alekseevich by Pushkin's great-grandfather, A.P. Gannibal.

In ancient times, the birthplace of Alexander Sergeevich's nanny was called the Izhora land. These regions belonged to Veliky Novgorod and were part of the Vodskaya Pyatina. Most likely, the knowledge of fairy-tale and song material came from the ethnographic features of the homeland.

Arina Rodionovna's parents were Rodion Yakovlev and Lukerya Kirillovna. They lived in the village of Voskresensky. The future nanny was the third child in the family. The oldest was her sister named Evdokia. The next in seniority was their brother Semyon.

In 1768, at the age of 10, Arina Rodionovna lost her father.

Rodion Yakovlev died at the age of thirty-nine, leaving a wife and seven children (two sons and five daughters). Since childhood, Arina Rodionovna was taught to work hard, but she also knew how to spin, weave, sew, embroider, knit and weave lace. She has been a needlewoman since childhood. Later, when she lives in the village of Mikhailovsky, she will teach needlework to all the girls of the estate.

In 1780, the elder brother of Arina Rodionovna Semyon married. It was her turn to get married. The future nanny remembered her difficult childhood in colors. The stories of Arina Rodionovna about her past were reflected in the work of Alexander Sergeevich, and in particular in the work "Eugene Onegin". Pushkin's nanny was the prototype of Tatyana's nanny, the main character of the novel. In the work, she was known under the name Filipievna. In fact, that was the name of Arina Radionovna's grandmother. Full name- Nastasya Filippovna. Apparently this heroine was also created by Alexander Sergeevich under the impressions of the stories of the nanny. Indeed, Arina Rodionovna's grandmother was also married at the age of 13, just like the heroine of the novel.

“Let's talk about antiquity,” Tatiana insists in the third chapter of Eugene Onegin. I think that Alexander Sergeevich more than once turned to his nanny, “the confidante of magical antiquity”, “who kept in her memory a lot of old stories, fables ...”

They married Arina Rodionovna to a poor peasant named Fyodor Matveev. The relatives of the bride and groom were in a hurry to marry the young. Because the owner of these two villages Hannibal was dying. And after his death, the inheritance will be divided by his sons. And if Arina and Fedor are husband and wife, they will not be able to separate them.

Fedor, like his wife, was an orphan, and also did not have his own hut. In his village called Kobrino, rarely anyone lived in his own yard. One fortress yard consisted of three or more families. In 1782, Arina and Fyodor had a son, whom they named Yegor. Four years later, a daughter named Nadezhda was born. Two years later, daughter Maria was born. The last child in the family was a boy named Stephen, who was born in 1797.

The family of peasants lived in cramped quarters and not offended for about fourteen more years. After she was taken as a servant in the Pushkin-Hannibal family. In 1795, the grandmother of Alexander Sergeevich Maria Alekseevna presented a separate hut in Kobrin for the family of Arina Rodionovna. She knew Arina herself and her older sister well, so she took the first one to serve in the master's house.

Arina Rodionovna gave all her love to Alexander Sergeevich. She treated him like a mother.

Alexander Sergeevich truly appreciated and loved Arina Rodionovna. Growing up, the poet sketched a portrait of his nanny. He removed the wrinkles from his native face. He depicted her with a long braid in a sundress with a perky look. He presented her as she might have been as a girl.

The family of Arina Rodionovna, of course, was in a special disposition with the gentlemen, as the family of the nurse and nurse of the master's children. They were not given freedom, but they certainly were given some benefits: they were released for a certain time, the opportunity to earn money. Such relations between the master and the serfs were quite common.

In 1808, Nadezhda Fedorova, the daughter of Arina Rodionovna, lives with her in the Pushkins' house in Moscow. In 1816, her sons lived with her in the village of Mikhailovsky, as well as the wife of Yegor Agrafen with their daughter Katerina.

Maria Alekseevna was unable to give freedom to the children of Arina Rodionovna, but she was able to take care of them. In the village of Kobrino, there was a hut specially built for this family. In 1800, while selling the village with the peasants and all the buildings, Alexander Sergeevich's grandmother somehow managed to agree with the new owners that the husband and children of Arina Rodionovna would live in this hut. They were, of course, excluded from sale.

From 1824 to 1826, Arina Rodionovna lived with Alexander Sergeevich in the village of Mikhailovsky, where the poet was sent into exile. According to neighbors, Pushkin's nanny was a respectable old woman, with full kind face, her hair was completely gray. Among the peasants of the estate, she also occupied a high place. Alexander Sergeevich loved his nanny with all his heart. Always extremely concerned about her health. After the expiration of the term of exile, Alexander Sergeevich left for St. Petersburg, and Arina Rodionovna remained the mistress of the estate. The sister of Alexander Sergeevich in 1828, against the will of her parents, married Nikolai Ivanovich Pavlishchev. Olga Sergeevna decides to take Arina Rodionovna to her place. Therefore, recent years of her life, the nanny spent in the house of her pupil.

Arina Rodionovna arrived at the Pavlishchev estate in March 1828. Before that, she last saw her son Yegor, granddaughter Katerina and other relatives. A few months later, the nanny died. For a very long time, the exact date of Arina Rodionovna's death was not known. The only thing we managed to find out was that she was buried at the Smolensk cemetery. And then the date of death became known - July 29, 1828.

Perhaps that is why Alexander Sergeevich did not like city cemeteries, knowing that his beloved nanny was buried in one of them? His experiences can be seen in the lines of the poems "Do I wander along the noisy streets" and "When outside the city, thoughtful, I wander."

Perhaps that is why in the eighth chapter of "Eugene Onegin", when the main character Tatyana's memories of the grave of her nanny are described, the poet wrote about it so touchingly?

A commemorative plaque was unveiled at the Smolensk cemetery during the June Pushkin Days of 1977. At the entrance to the cemetery, in a special niche on the marble, an inscription is carved: “Arina Rodionovna nanny A.S. is buried in this cemetery. Pushkin. 1758-1828."

1.2. Tales of the nanny and A. S. Pushkin himself

Arina Rodionovna really knew folk tales but she also knew the stories of the serfs. The first fairy tales that she told Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin were called "The Tale of Bove the Cow", "Yeruslan Lazarevich". While studying at the Lyceum, Alexander Sergeevich wrote the poem "Dream".

Mental anguish magical healer,

My friend Morpheus, my old comforter!

I have always loved to sacrifice to you,

And you blessed the priest long ago:

Will I forget that golden time

Will I forget the blessed bliss of the hour,

When, in the corner in the evening, lurking,

I called and waited for you in peace...

I myself am not happy with my talkativeness,

But I love remembering my childhood.

Oh! I will keep silent about my mother,

About the charms of mysterious nights,

When in a cap, in an old robe,

She, evading the spirits with a prayer,

Cross me with zeal

And in a whisper it will tell me

About the dead, about the exploits of Bova...

I won’t move from horror, it happened,

Barely breathing, I'll snuggle up under the covers,

Feeling neither legs nor head.

Under the image of a simple clay night lamp

Slightly illuminated deep wrinkles,

Dragoy antique, great-grandmother's cap

And a long mouth, where two teeth chattered, -

Everything in the soul involuntary settled fear.

I trembled - and quietly at last

The languor of sleep fell on his eyes.

Then the crowd from the azure height

On a bed of roses winged dreams,

Wizards, sorceresses flew

My sleep was enchanted by deceptions.

I was lost in a fit of sweet thoughts;

In the wilderness of the forest, among the Murom desert

Met the dashing Polkanovs and Dobrynyas,

And a young mind rushed in fiction ...

Unfortunately, only a fragment of the poem, which Pushkin also wrote during his years of study at the Lyceum, "Bova", has survived. This story was very popular at the time. The plot was as follows: The stepfather of Bova the King imprisoned his stepson and wanted to execute him. But Bove is helped by an ordinary maid and he runs away. The rest of the time he travels, defeating his enemies. His assistant was a werewolf (half dog, half man) named Polkan. Bova marries a very beautiful daughter of the king, but was separated from her. He returned to the princess only when she was about to marry another. Then they separate again. Bova decides to marry another girl. But his children find him and report to their mother. In general, Alexander Sergeevich really liked this tale. Around 1822, he wanted to write a poem on this subject. But, to our regret, only drafts and excerpts have been preserved.

In 1820, Alexander Sergeevich finished his work on the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". I think that he changed the name of the main character from Eruslan, which was also in one of the nanny's fairy tales. They also inspired him to create the sorcerer Finn. Such wizards are mentioned in northern tales. And Pushkin heard them from Arina Rodionovna.

Here's another example. "The tale of wonderful children and a slandered wife."

Plot: One king decided to marry. But he didn't like anyone. One day he accidentally overheard a conversation between three sisters. The eldest boasted that the state would feed with one grain, the second that the state would dress with one piece of cloth, the third that from the first year she would give birth to 33 sons. The king decided to marry his younger sister. The stepmother of the ruler was terribly jealous of the girl and, in the end, decided to ruin her. After nine months, the princess has now given birth to 34 boys. The last one was born unexpectedly.

Doesn't it remind you of anything? Of course, it reminds, because this is the basis of "The Tale of Tsar Saltan and his son, the brave and mighty hero, Prince Gvidon Saltanovich and the beautiful Swan Princess." In the fairy tale of Arina Rodionovna, the king's name was Sultan Sultanovich. IN Pushkin's fairy tale The Swan Princess has magical powers, and the nanny has 34 sons.

On the basis of another tale of the nanny, Pushkin created "The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda." But I haven't found a single story similar to her.

It is also interesting that Arina Rodionovna named the main character exactly Balda, and not Ivan the Fool, as in many fairy tales.

Another tale served as a plot for writing "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs." Similar ones are very popular in European folklore, but with Arina Rodionovna it is a little peculiar. The content of similar tales is as follows: the evil stepmother, jealous of her stepdaughter, decided to destroy her. But the girl is sure to escape and live in the house of robbers, gnomes or dwarfs. The stepmother must try to kill her three times. Last time becomes lethal for the girl. She is placed in a coffin, but at the end of the tale she comes to life.

1.3. Arina Rodionovna in the works of A. S. Pushkin

Recall Pushkin's poem "Winter Evening". By genre, it is a message, an appeal to the nanny. In this work, the lyrical hero understands that, like an attack bad mood, the blizzard and the storm will subside, you just have to wait it out. Lyrical hero encourages his interlocutor - the nanny, tries to explain that there is no reason to be sad.

Or howling storms

You, my friend, are tired

Or slumber under the buzz

Your spindle?

He invites the nanny to remember the folk songs that she sang to him earlier and in which life is captured in bright colors. The poet offers the interlocutor another way to cheer up during bad weather

Let's drink, good friend

My poor youth

Let's drink from grief; where is the mug?

The heart will be happy.

According to Pushkin, it is unnatural for the human heart to be in a state of depression and sadness, a person is created for happiness and love.

In another poem by the poet "Nanny" we hear lines filled with Pushkin's love for his old nanny. He calls her

Friend of my harsh days,

My decrepit dove!

The poet describes the nurse's longing for him, but in these lines we hear Pushkin's longing for the woman who became his second mother.

Looking through the forgotten gates

On a black distant path;

Longing, forebodings, care

They squeeze your chest all the time.

Arina Rodionovna was also the prototype of Yegorovna in Pushkin's story "Dubrovsky". “She looked after him like a child, reminded him of the time of food and sleep, fed him, put him to bed.” In these lines, Arina Rodionovna stands before us, as if alive.

Nostalgia for Mikhailovsky and for the deceased nanny was the poem "... I visited again", written in 1835. Thematically, the work is devoted to Pushkin's return to Mikhailovskoye, where he had not been for a long time. The poet sees the “disgraced house”, where he lived with his nanny, his faithful companion from birth. But the nurse is no longer alive. Only memories of her remain.

Here is a disgraced house,

Where I lived with my poor nanny.

Already the old woman is gone - already behind the wall

I don't hear her heavy steps...

In 1833, Pushkin wrote the poem “Holy Ivan, how we will drink…” (it was not published during his lifetime). Here, under the name of Pakhomovna, the poet recalls the late Arina Rodionovna. In poems, as if written on behalf of a Russian peasant, Pushkin recreated the atmosphere of the nationality that surrounded the nanny. It is dedicated to the memory of Arina Rodionovna - a wonderful storyteller:

Let's also remember it:

We will tell fairy tales

The master was

And where did it come from.

And where are reasonable jokes,

Sayings, jokes,

Fables, epics

Orthodox antiquity!...

Listening is so comforting.

And I wouldn't drink or eat.

Everyone would listen and sit.

Who came up with them so well?

Listen, matchmaker, I'll start first.

The story will be yours.

Conclusion

Having studied the biography of the poet's nanny and his work, I concluded:

1. Thanks to A.S. Pushkin, the name of Arina Rodionovna became known to the whole world.
2. Not just a nanny, but a great friend became Arina Rodionovna for the poet.
3. Nanny influenced the formation of Pushkin as a poet and a person.
4. Many plots and motifs of fairy tales told by the nanny, the poet used in his work.
5. From Arina Rodionovna Pushkin learned the first lessons of literary skill.

Bibliography

1. Blinova S.G. "Pushkin and his time", Moscow, "Terra", 1977.
2. Korovina R.N. "Creativity of A.S. Pushkin", Moscow, 1992. 4. Pushkin A.S. "Poems", Moscow, "Ripol Classic", 1977
3. Internet resources

Almost all Russians since primary school the name of Arina Rodionovna, the nanny of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, is familiar. However, few people know that she lived for 70 years, gave birth to four children and refused to go free, deciding to remain a serf in the Pushkin family.

And the woman’s name was actually not Arina, but Irinya or Irina - this is the name that was recorded at her birth in the metric book of the temple of the village of Suyda on the territory of modern Leningrad region. However, then people more often used not “official” names, but their colloquial forms - so everyone knew the nanny as Arina. The serfs did not have surnames, but Arina Rodionovna is often called Yakovleva (after her father Rodion Yakovlev), less often - Matveeva (after her husband Fyodor Matveev). It is interesting that the poet himself almost never mentioned the name of the nanny and more often spoke of her as “my old lady” or “good friend”, as in the work “Winter Evening”.

The husband of Arina Rodionovna Fyodor was, like her, a serf. In the year of the wedding, she was already 23 years old - at that time she got married quite late. Becoming Fedor's wife, she settled in his native village of Kobrino near Gatchina. It is possible that it was this event that influenced the fate of the woman, because these lands, together with the serfs, were owned by A.P. Hannibal - the grandfather of A.S. Pushkin. In 1792, Maria Alekseevna, the poet's grandmother, took Arina Rodionovna to the Hannibals' house as a nurse for her nephew Alexei. She nursed not only Alexander, but also his brother Leo; the woman was also the breadwinner of his older sister Olga. Of course, the poet met Arina Rodionovna back in early age, however, he really became close to her only during his exile in Mikhailovsky.

Almost nothing is known about the nanny's appearance; one of the poet's contemporaries, Maria Osipova, described her as a "full-faced" gray-haired old woman, and the poet Nikolai Yazykov said that she was quite plump, mobile, cheerful and talkative. A portrait by an unknown artist is widespread - it depicts a thin elderly woman with a tired face and a rather sad look. However, this contradicts the available descriptions, so it is impossible to say that this is a portrait of Arina Rodionovna. Another portrait of the nanny, carved on bone by Ya. P. Seryakov, has been preserved - he long time was in Italy and was brought to Russia only at the end of the last century. This image is similar to a sketch by A. S. Pushkin, on which the poet allegedly painted a nanny at a young and old age.

All members of the Pushkin family treated Arina Rodionovna well; also in late XVIII century, the poet's grandmother gave her a separate house in Kobrino, where four children of the nanny subsequently lived - two girls and two boys. The poet's grandmother was going to give her freedom, but Arina Rodionovna refused and remained in her service, performing not only the duties of a nanny, but also various other assignments. When Maria Alekseevna died, she passed to A.S. Pushkin's sister Olga, but the elderly woman did not manage to babysit the poet's nephews for long: she lived with Olga for about six months and died due to illness at the age of 70. The pupil did not come to the funeral of the nanny, but he did not forget about "his old woman": a few years later the poet published in the almanac "Northern Flowers" the poem "Winter Evening" dedicated to her, and in the later work "I visited again" Arina Rodionovna is also mentioned . Others also remember her: in the 70s of the last century, the museum “House of A. S. Pushkin’s nanny” was opened in Kobrino - its exposition is located in the very house that belonged to her family, and monuments dedicated to the nanny are installed in many parts of the country.

Kaluga region, Borovsky district, Petrovo village

It was installed on the territory of ETNOMIR on December 21, 2008, in honor of the 250th anniversary of the birth of the nanny A.S. Pushkin - Arina Rodionovna. The touching monument is surrounded by traditional huts from different regions of Russia. They have workshops and guided tours. According to the plan of the sculptor Ekaterina Shchebetova, the nanny and pupil are resting in the apple orchard. Therefore, ETNOMIR employees, together with students of the Borovsk noospheric school, planted apple trees around the monument.