home Fairy tales Project on the theme of the heroes of the partisans of the Second World War. Partisan movement in the Great Patriotic War

Project on the theme of the heroes of the partisans of the Second World War. Partisan movement in the Great Patriotic War

State educational institution

Education Center No. 000

Heroes - partisans Patriotic War 1812 D. Davydov, A. Seslavin, A. Figner their role in the victory of Russia and the reflection of their names in the names of the streets of Moscow.

Students of 6 "A" class

Degtyareva Anastasia

Grishchenko Valeria

Markosova Karina

Project leaders:

teacher of history

Ph.D. head Scientific and Information Department of the State Institution of Culture “Museum-panorama “Battle of Borodino””

Moscow


Introduction
Chapter 1 Heroes - partisans D. Davydov, A. Seslavin, A. Figner	Page 6
1.1 Basic concepts used in the work	Page 6
1.2 Hero - partisan D. Davydov	Page 8
1.3 Hero - partisan A. Seslavin	Page 11
1.4 Hero - partisan A. Figner	Page 16
	Page 27
	Page 27
2.2 Monuments of the Patriotic War of 1812 in Moscow	Wed.30
Conclusion	Page 35
Bibliography	Page 36
Applications

Introduction

The Patriotic War of 1812 is one of the brightest events in the history of Russia. As the famous publicist and literary critic of the XIX century wrote. : "Every nation has its own history, and in history there are critical moments by which one can judge the strength and greatness of his spirit ...". [Zaichenko [In 1812, Russia showed the whole world the strength and greatness of its spirit and proved that it was impossible to defeat it , even striking in the heart, capturing Moscow. From the first days of the war, the people rose to war with the invaders, all classes of Russian society were united: nobles, peasants, raznochintsy, clergymen.

Having visited the Museum-panorama "Battle of Borodino" we wanted to learn more about the heroes-partisans of the Patriotic War of 1812. From the guide we learned that for the first time the partisan movement arose during the Patriotic War of 1812. Kutuzov connected the partisan struggle with the actions of the regular army, D. Davydov, A. Seslavin, A. Figner played a big role in this.

Therefore, the choice of the theme of our project is not accidental. We turned to the head of the scientific information department, Ph.D. GUK "Museum-Panorama" Battle of Borodino" with a request to tell us about the heroes of the partisans and provide us with materials on the activities of partisan detachments.

The aim of our study- to show the need to create partisan detachments, the activities of their leaders D. Davydov, A. Seslavin, A. Figner, to note their personal qualities and fully appreciate their contribution to the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812.

In 2012 we will celebrate the 200th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812. It became interesting to us how the descendants paid tribute to the memory and honor, the courage of the heroes who saved Russia in that terrible time.

Hence the theme of our project "Heroes - partisans of the Patriotic War of 1812 D. Davydov, A. Seslavin, A. Figner, their role in the victory of Russia and the reflection of their names in the names of the streets of Moscow."

Object of study are the activities of partisans in the Patriotic War.

Subject of study are the personalities of D. Davydov, A. Seslavin, A. Figner and their activities in the Patriotic War of 1812.

We assume that without the action of the partisans, without their courage, heroism and dedication, the defeat of the Napoleonic army, its expulsion from Russia, is not possible.

Having studied the literature, diaries, memoirs, letters and poems on this topic, we developed a research strategy and defined research objectives.

Tasks

1. Analyze literature (essays, poems, stories, memoirs) and find out how partisan detachments acquired mass character and became widespread.

2. To study in what ways and means the partisans acted to achieve their goals and victories in the war of 1812.

3. To study the biography and activities of D. Davydov, A. Seslavin, A. Figner.

4. Name the character traits of the partisan heroes (D. Davydova, A. Seslavin, A. Figner), provide for discussion the appearance of partisans, partisan detachments, show how necessary, difficult and heroic their work was.

5. To study and visit the memorable places in Moscow associated with the war of 1812.

6. Collect material for the school - military museum and speak to the students of the education center.

To solve the tasks we used the following methods: definition of concepts, theoretical - analysis, synthesis, generalization, free interviewing, application of toponymic knowledge in search memorable places Moscow.

The work was carried out in several stages:

First stage, organizational, visit to the Museum - panorama "Battle of Borodino". Research planning. Finding sources of information (interviews, reading printed sources, viewing a map, finding Internet resources) for study. Determination in what form the result of the work can be presented. Distribution of responsibilities among team members.

Second phase stating the selection of the necessary material. Interviewing (Head of the Scientific Information Department, Candidate of Historical Sciences, GUK "Panorama Museum" Battle of Borodino ""). Studying the map of Moscow. Reading and analysis of sources of information.

Third stage, forming, selection of the necessary material, finding memorable places in Moscow associated with the Patriotic War of 1812.

Fourth stage, control, report of each team member on the work done.

Fifth stage, promotional, creating a presentation, collecting material for the school - military museum and speaking to the students of the education center

Chapter 1

1.1 Basic concepts used in the work.

What is Guerrilla Warfare? How is it different from ordinary war? When and where did it appear? What are the goals and significance of the Guerrilla War? What is the difference between the Guerrilla War from the Small War and from the People's War? These questions appeared in our study of the literature. In order to correctly understand and use these terms, we need to give their concepts. Using the encyclopedia "Patriotic War of 1812": Encyclopedia. M., 2004., we learned that:

guerrilla war

In the XVIII-XIX centuries. guerrilla warfare was understood as independent actions of small mobile army detachments on the flanks, in the rear and on enemy communications. The purpose of the Guerrilla war was to disrupt the communication of enemy troops with each other and with the rear, with convoys, destroy stocks (stores) and rear military establishments, transports, reinforcements, as well as attacks on milestone posts, release of their prisoners, interception of couriers. The partisan detachments were entrusted with establishing communication between the divided parts of their army, initiating people's war behind enemy lines, obtaining information about the movement and strength of the enemy army, as well as the constant anxiety of the enemy in order to deprive him of the necessary rest and thereby lead "to exhaustion and frustration." Guerrilla warfare was seen as part of small war, since the actions of the partisans did not lead to the defeat of the enemy, but only contributed to the achievement of this goal.

In the XVIII-XIX centuries. the concept of a small war denoted the actions of troops in small detachments, as opposed to the actions of large units and formations. The Small War included guarding own troops (service at outposts, guards, patrols, pickets, patrols, etc.) and actions by detachments (simple and enhanced reconnaissance, ambushes, attacks). Guerrilla warfare was carried out in the form of short-term raids by relatively strong "flying corps" or in the form of long-term "search" for small partisan parties behind enemy lines.

Partisan actions were first used by the commander-in-chief of the 3rd Western Army, General. By permission, on August 25 (September 6), the party of the lieutenant colonel was sent to the "search".

The partisan war intensified in the autumn of 1812, when the army stood near Tarutino. In September, a “flying corps” was sent to the raid on the Mozhaisk road. In September, a colonel’s party was sent to the rear of the enemy. September 23 (October 5) - the party of the captain. September 26 (Oct. 8) - the party of the colonel, September 30 (12 Oct.) - the party of the captain.

Temporary army mobile detachments, created by the Russian command for short raids ("raids", "expeditions"), were also called "small corps", "detachments of light troops". The "light corps" consisted of regular (light cavalry, dragoons, rangers, horse artillery) and irregular (Cossacks, Bashkirs, Kalmyks) troops. Average number: 2-3 thousand people. The actions of the "light corps" were one of the forms of guerrilla warfare.

We learned that guerrilla warfare refers to the independent actions of small mobile army detachments on the flanks, in the rear and on enemy lines of communication. We also learned the goals of the Guerrilla War, that the Guerrilla War is part of a small war, that “flying corps” are temporary mobile units.

1.2 Davydov (1784 - 1839)

Nevstruev, 1998
Shmurzdyuk, 1998

1.3 Hero of the partisans - A. Seslavin

Along with Denis Davydov, he is one of the most famous partisans of 1812. His name is inextricably linked with the events immediately preceding the transition of the Russian troops to the offensive, which led to the death of the Napoleonic army.

Only shortly before World War II, Seslavin was promoted to captain. Such a modest progress along the "ladder of ranks" was the result of a two-time break in military service. Having graduated from the Artillery and Engineering Cadet Corps in 1798, the best military educational institution At that time, Seslavin was released as a second lieutenant in the guards artillery, in which he served for 7 years, being promoted to the next rank for this, and at the beginning of 1805 "resigned from service at the request." In the autumn of the same year, after the declaration of war with Napoleonic France, Seslavin returned to service and was assigned to the horse artillery.

For the first time he took part in hostilities in the campaign of 1807 in East Prussia. In the battle of Heilsberg, he was seriously wounded and awarded a golden weapon for his bravery. Soon after the end of the war, he left the service for the second time and spent 3 years in retirement, being treated for the consequences of a wound.

In 1810, Seslavin again returned to the army and fought against the Turks on the Danube. During the assault on Ruschuk, he walked in the head of one of the columns and, having already climbed the earthen rampart, was seriously wounded in his right hand. For differences in battles with the Turks, Seslavin was promoted to staff captain and soon after to captain.

At the beginning of World War II, Seslavin was Barclay de Tolly's adjutant. Possessing a good theoretical background, a broad military outlook and combat experience, he served in the headquarters of Barclay de Tolly as a "quartermaster", that is, an officer general staff. With units of the 1st Army, Seslavin took part in almost all the battles of the first period of the war - near Ostrovnaya, Smolensk, Valutina Gora and others. In the battle near Shevardino he was wounded, but remained in the ranks, participated in the Battle of Borodino and was awarded among the most distinguished officers George Cross 4th degree.

Soon after leaving Moscow, Seslavin received a "flying detachment" and began partisan searches, in which he fully showed his brilliant military talents. His detachment, like other partisan detachments, attacked enemy transports, destroyed or captured parties of foragers and marauders. But Seslavin considered his main task to be tireless monitoring of the movement of large formations of the enemy army, believing that this reconnaissance activity could most of all contribute to the success of the operations of the main forces of the Russian army. It was these actions that glorified his name.

Having decided in Tarutino to unleash a "small war" and surround the Napoleonic army with a ring of army partisan detachments, Kutuzov clearly organized their actions, assigning a certain area to each detachment. So, Denis Davydov was ordered to act between Mozhaisk and Vyazma, Dorokhov - in the Vereya - Gzhatsk region, Efremov - on the Ryazan road, Kudashev - on Tulskaya, Seslavin and Fonvizin (the future Decembrist) - between the Smolensk and Kaluga roads.

On October 7, the day after the battle of Murat's corps near Tarutin, Napoleon gave the order to leave Moscow, intending to go to Smolensk through Kaluga and Yelnya. However, in an effort to maintain the morale of his army and at the same time mislead Kutuzov, Napoleon set out from Moscow along the old Kaluga road in the direction of Tarutino, thus giving his movement an “offensive character”. Halfway to Tarutin, unexpectedly for his army, he ordered to turn right at Krasnaya Pakhra, went by country roads to the New Kaluga road and moved along it south, to Maloyaroslavets, trying to bypass the main forces of the Russian army. Ney's corps at first continued to move along the Old Kaluga road to Tarutino and united with Murat's troops. According to Napoleon's calculation, this was to disorient Kutuzov and give him the impression that the entire Napoleonic army was marching towards Tarutino with the intention of imposing a general battle on the Russian army.

On October 10, Seslavin discovered the main forces of the French army near the village of Fominskoye and, having notified the command about this, gave the Russian troops the opportunity to preempt the enemy at Maloyaroslavets and block his path to Kaluga. Seslavin himself described this most important episode of his military activity as follows: “I was standing on a tree when I opened the movement of the French army, which stretched at my feet, where Napoleon himself was in a carriage. Several people (French) separated from the edge of the forest and the road, were captured and delivered to the Most Serene, as evidence of such an important discovery for Russia, deciding the fate of the Fatherland, Europe and Napoleon himself ... I found General Dokhturov in Aristov by accident, not at all knowing about his stay there; I rushed to Kutuzov in Tarutino. Having handed over the prisoners for presentation to the most illustrious, I went back to the detachment in order to observe Napoleon's movement more closely.

On the night of October 11, the messenger informed Kutuzov about the "discovery" of Seslavin. Everyone remembers from War and Peace the meeting between Kutuzov and the messenger sent by Dokhturov (in the Bolkhovitinov novel), described by Tolstoy on the basis of Bolgovsky's memoirs.

For the next month and a half, Seslavin acted with his detachment with exceptional courage and energy, fully justifying the characterization given to him by one of the participants in the Patriotic War as an officer of "tried courage and zeal, extraordinary enterprise." So, on October 22, near Vyazma, Seslavin, having galloped between the enemy columns, discovered the beginning of their retreat and let the Russian detachments know about it, and he himself broke into the city with the Pernovsky regiment. On October 28, near Lyakhov, together with Denis Davydov and Orlov-Denisov, he captured the brigade of General Augereau, for which he was promoted to colonel; together with another famous partisan, Figner, he recaptured from the French transport with valuables stolen in Moscow. On November 16, Seslavin broke into Borisov with his detachment, captured 3,000 prisoners, and established communication between the troops of Wittgenstein and Chichagov. Finally, on November 27, he was the first to attack the French troops in Vilna and was seriously wounded in the process.

In December 1812, Seslavin was appointed commander of the Sumy Hussar Regiment. In the autumn of 1813 and in 1814 he commanded the forward detachments of the Allied army, participated in the battles near Leipzig and Ferchampenoise; Promoted to major general for military distinction.

Seslavin, according to him, took part "in 74 combat battles" and was wounded 9 times. Intense military service and severe injuries affected his health and peace of mind. At the end of hostilities, he received a long leave for treatment abroad, visited France, Italy, Switzerland, where he walked along the path of Suvorov - through St. Gotthard and the Chortov bridge, was treated on the waters, but his health did not improve. In 1820, he left the service and retired to his small Tver estate Yesemovo, where he lived alone, without meeting with any of the neighboring landowners, for more than 30 years.

Seslavin was distinguished by exceptional courage and energy, courage fully justifying the characterization given to him by one of the participants in the Patriotic War as an officer of "tried courage and zeal, extraordinary enterprise" .. () Alexander Nikitich was a deeply educated person, was interested in various sciences. After retiring, he wrote memoirs of which only fragments have survived. This man was undeservedly forgotten by his contemporaries, but deserves to be remembered and studied by posterity.

Nevstruev, 1998
Shmurzdyuk, 1998

1.4 Hero of the partisans - A. Figner

The famous partisan of the Patriotic War, a descendant of an ancient German family who left for Russia under Peter I, b. in 1787, died on October 1, 1813. Figner's grandfather, Baron Figner von Rutmersbach, lived in Livonia, and his father, Samuil Samuilovich, having started his service from an ordinary rank, reached the rank of headquarters officer, was appointed director of a state-owned crystal factory near St. Petersburg and shortly thereafter, renamed state councilors, he was appointed in 1809 vice-governor in the Pskov province (died July 8, 1811). Alexander Figner, having successfully completed the course in the 2nd Cadet Corps, was released on April 13, 1805 as a second lieutenant in the 6th artillery regiment and in the same year was sent to the Anglo-Russian expedition to the Mediterranean. Here he found an opportunity to be in Italy and lived for several months in Milan, diligently studying the Italian language, with a thorough knowledge of which he subsequently managed to render so many services to the fatherland. Upon his return to Russia, on January 17, 1807, Figner was promoted to lieutenant, and on March 16 he was transferred to the 13th artillery brigade. With the beginning of the Turkish campaign of 1810, he entered the Moldavian army, participated with a detachment of General Zass in the case on May 19 during the capture of the Turtukaya fortress and from June 14 to September 15 - in the blockade and capitulation of the Ruschuk fortress by the troops of gr. Kamensky. In a number of cases near Ruschuk, Figner managed to show excellent courage and bravery. Commanding, during the imposition of the fortress, in the nearest flying sap 8 guns, he, during the repulsion of one of the enemy's sorties, was seriously wounded in the chest, but did not leave the line, but soon volunteered for a new feat. When gr. Kamensky decided to storm Ruschuk, Figner volunteered to measure the depth of the moat and did it with a boldness that amazed the Turks themselves. The assault on July 22 failed, but Figner, who brilliantly participated in it, was awarded the Order of St. George, removed by the commander-in-chief from the artillery general Sievers, who was killed on the glacis of the fortress, and on December 8, 1810, he was honored to receive a personalized Most Gracious Rescript. In 1811, Figner returned to his homeland to meet with his father and here he married the daughter of a Pskov landowner, retired state councilor Bibikov, Olga Mikhailovna Bibikova. On December 29, 1811, he was promoted to staff captain, with a transfer to the 11th artillery brigade, and soon received a light company in command of the same brigade. The Patriotic War again called Figner to the military field. His first feat in this war was the courageous defense by fire of the guns of the left flank of the Russian troops in the case at the river. Stragani; here, having stopped the shooters overturned by the French, he, at the head of them, recaptured one of the guns of his company from the enemy, for which the commander-in-chief personally congratulated Figner with the rank of captain. With the retreat of the Russian troops through Moscow to Tarutino, Figner's combat activity changed: he handed over the command of the company to the senior officer in it, having acted shortly before in the field of partisan operations. On a secret order from Kutuzov, disguised as a peasant, Figner, accompanied by several Cossacks, went to Moscow, already occupied by the French. Figner failed to fulfill his secret intention - to somehow get to Napoleon and kill him, but nevertheless his stay in Moscow was a true horror for the French. Having formed an armed party from the inhabitants who remained in the city, he made ambushes with it, exterminated lone enemies, and after his nightly attacks, many corpses of the killed French were found every morning. His actions inspired panic fear in the enemy. The French tried in vain to find a brave and secretive avenger: Figner was elusive. Knowing fluently French, German, Italian and Polish, he wandered in all kinds of costumes during the day between the heterogeneous soldiers of the Napoleonic army and listened to their conversations, and at nightfall he ordered his daring men to kill the hated enemy. At the same time, Figner found out everything necessary about the intentions of the French, and with the collected important information, on September 20, having safely got out of Moscow, he arrived at the main apartment of the Russian army, in Tarutino. Figner's courageous enterprise and sharpness attracted the attention of the commander in chief, and he was instructed, along with other partisans, Davydov and Seslavin, to develop partisan actions on enemy messages. Gathering two hundred daring hunters and backwards, putting the pedestrians on peasant horses, Figner led this combined detachment to the Mozhaisk road and began to carry out his disastrous raids here in the rear of the enemy army. During the day, he hid the detachment somewhere in the nearest forest, and himself, disguised as a Frenchman, Italian or Pole, sometimes accompanied by a trumpeter, drove around the enemy outposts, looked out for their location and, after dark, flew into the French with his partisans and every day sent to the main apartment of hundreds of prisoners. Taking advantage of the enemy's oversight, Figner beat him wherever possible; in particular, his actions intensified when armed peasants near Moscow joined the detachment. At 10 versts from Moscow, he overtook an enemy transport, took away and riveted six 12-pound. guns, blew up several charging trucks, put up to 400 people on the spot. and about 200 people, together with the Hanoverian colonel Tink, took prisoner. Napoleon appointed a prize for the head of Figner, but the latter did not stop his courageous activities; wanting to bring his heterogeneous detachment into a larger organization, he began to introduce order and discipline into it, which, however, did not please his hunters, and they fled. Then Kutuzov gave Figner 600 people at his disposal. regular cavalry and Cossacks, with officers of his choice. With this well-organized detachment, Figner became even more terrible for the French, here his outstanding abilities as a partisan developed even more, and his enterprise, reaching insane audacity, manifested itself in full splendor. Deceiving the enemy's vigilance with skillful maneuvers and secrecy of transitions and having good guides, he unexpectedly flew into the enemy, smashed foragers, burned wagons, intercepted couriers and disturbed the French day and night, appearing at different points and everywhere carrying death and captivity. Napoleon was forced to send infantry and Ornano's cavalry division to the Mozhaisk road against Figner and other partisans, but all searches for the enemy were in vain. Several times the French overtook the Figner detachment, surrounded it with superior forces, it seemed that the death of the brave partisan was inevitable, but he always managed to deceive the enemy with cunning maneuvers. Figner's courage reached the point that once, near Moscow itself, he attacked Napoleon's guards cuirassiers, wounded their colonel and captured them, along with 50 soldiers. Before the Battle of Tarutino, he passed "through all the French outposts", made sure that the French avant-garde was isolated, informed the commander-in-chief about that, and thereby had considerable benefit in the complete defeat of Murat's troops that followed the next day. With the beginning of Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, a people's war broke out; Taking advantage of this favorable circumstance for the partisan, Figner acted tirelessly. Together with Seslavin, he recaptured a whole transport with jewels looted by the French in Moscow; soon after, meeting with an enemy detachment at the village. Stone, broke it, put in place up to 350 people. and took about the same number of lower ranks with 5 officers captured, and, finally, on November 27, in the case of p. Lyakhov, uniting with the partisan detachments of Count Orlov-Denisov, Seslavin and Denis Davydov, contributed to the defeat of the French General Augereau, who laid down his weapons by the end of the battle. Admired by the exploits of Figner, Emperor Alexander promoted him to lieutenant colonel, with a transfer to the guards artillery, and awarded him 7,000 rubles. and, at the same time, at the request of the commander-in-chief and the English agent at the main apartment, R. Wilson, who was a witness to many of Figner's exploits, freed his father-in-law, the former Pskov vice-governor Bibikov, from trial and punishment. Upon his return from St. Petersburg, Figner overtook our army already in northern Germany, under besieged Danzig. Here he volunteered to fulfill the courageous commission of Mr. Wittgenstein - to get into the fortress, collect all the necessary information about the strength and location of the fortress werks, about the size of the garrison, the number of military and food supplies, and also secretly incite the inhabitants of Danzig to revolt against the French. Only with an extraordinary presence of mind and an excellent knowledge of foreign languages could Figner dare to carry out such a dangerous assignment. Under the guise of an unfortunate Italian, robbed by the Cossacks, he entered the city; here, however, they did not immediately believe his stories and put him in prison. For two months Figner languished in it, tormented by incessant interrogations; he was required to prove his true origin from Italy, every minute he could be recognized as a spy and shot. The stern commandant of Danzig himself, General Rapp, interrogated him, but his extraordinary ingenuity and resourcefulness saved this time the brave daredevil. Remembering his long stay in Milan, he introduced himself as the son of a well-known Italian family, told, at a confrontation with a native of Milan, who happened to be in Danzig, all the smallest details about how old his father and mother were, what condition, on what street they were standing. house and even the color of the roof and shutters, and not only managed to justify himself, but, hiding behind ardent devotion to the emperor of the French, even crept into the confidence of Rapp so much that he sent him with important dispatches to Napoleon. Of course, Figner, having got out of Danzig, delivered the dispatches, together with the information he had obtained, to our main apartment. For the accomplished feat, he was promoted to colonel and temporarily left at the main apartment. Following, however, his vocation, he again devoted himself to the activities of the partisan. At his suggestion, a detachment was formed from various deserters of the Napoleonic army, mostly Spaniards, forcibly recruited into it, as well as from German volunteers, and was called the "legion of revenge"; in order to ensure the reliability of partisan actions, a combined team from various hussar and Cossack regiments was attached to the detachment, which formed the core of the detachment. With this detachment, Figner again opened his disastrous raids on the enemy in the new theater of war. On August 22, 1813, he defeated an enemy detachment that he met at Cape Niske, three days later appeared in the vicinity of Bautzen, on August 26, at Koenigsbrück, he passed 800 paces past a puzzled enemy who had not even fired a single shot, and on August 29 attacked the French General Mortier at Speyrsweiler and took several hundred people prisoner. Continuing further movement ahead of the Silesian army, illuminating the area, the Figner partisan detachment met on September 26 at Eulenburg with the corps of General Sacken, but on the same day, separated from it, took the direction of the Elbe. Twice the detachment then encountered enemy detachments, so few in number that their extermination could be certain, but Figner evaded attacks and did not even allow the Cossacks to chase the lagging behind. The brave partisan was obviously saving men and horses for some more important undertaking. Seeing from the movements of the belligerents that between the Elbe and Sala the fate of Germany would be decided, Figner assumed that in early October, Napoleon, in view of the decisive battle, would remove his troops from the left bank of the Elbe, and therefore, in anticipation of this movement, he wanted, holding out for several days near Dessau, then invade Westphalia, which remained loyal to the Prussian government, and raise its population against the French. But his assumptions were not justified. Napoleon, due to changed circumstances, took the intention to cross to the right bank of the Elbe, and, according to the orders given to them, Marshals Renier and Ney moved to Wittenberg and Dessau to master the crossings. On September 30, one of the patrols informed Figner about several squadrons of enemy cavalry that had appeared on the road from Leipzig to Dessau, but he, confident that the French troops had already begun a retreat towards Sala, explained the appearance of the squadrons by foragers sent from the enemy. Soon a party of Prussian black hussars ran into the detachment, explaining that the enemy squadrons belonged to a strong vanguard, followed by the entire army of Napoleon. Realizing the danger, Figner immediately turned the detachment into the gap between the main roads that went to Wörlitz and Dessau, and approached the Elbe with a forced march towards evening. Here news was received from the head of the Prussian troops stationed at Dessau that, in view of the unexpected advance of the French army towards this city, the Tauenzin corps would retreat to the right bank of the river, leaving not a single detachment on the left. But the people and horses of the Figner detachment were tired of the reinforced transition in the vicinity of Dessau, devastated by the French and allies; in addition, Figner was sure that the French movement was only a demonstration to divert the attention of Bernadotte and Blucher, and that Tauentzin, convinced of this, would cancel the proposed retreat to the right bank of the Elbe. Figner decided to stay on the left bank. On the next day, he planned to hide his detachment in the dense bushes of a small island near Wörlitz and then, letting the French pass, rush, depending on the circumstances, either to Westphalia or to the Leipzig road to search for enemy carts and parks. Based on all these considerations, Figner deployed his detachment seven versts above Dessau; the left flank of the detachment adjoined the coastal road to this city, the right flank to the forest, which stretched for a verst along the river, in front, about seventy sazhens, lay a small village; in it, as in the forest, the Spaniards were located, and two platoons of the Mariupol and Belorussian hussars stood between the village and the forest, the Don Cossacks - on the left flank. The patrols sent in all directions reported that the enemy was nowhere to be seen at a distance of 5 versts, and the reassured Figner allowed the detachment to make fire and indulge in rest. Ho, this was the last rest for almost the entire detachment. Before dawn on October 1, the partisans roused themselves with a drawn-out command: "to the horses!" Rifle shots and the cries of the fighting were heard in the village. It turned out that two or three platoons of the enemy cavalry, taking advantage of the night and the carelessness of the Spaniards, broke their picket and rushed through the streets, but, met by the hussars, turned back and, pursued by shots, scattered across the field. Several captured Polish lancers showed that they belonged to the vanguard of Ney's corps advancing along the Dessau road. Meanwhile, dawn began, and no more than a hundred fathoms from the village, the formation of the enemy cavalry was discovered. The situation became critical, moreover, with the rising of the sun, the presence of the enemy was detected not on one, but on all sides. Obviously, a detachment of brave men was bypassed and pressed against the Elbe. Figner gathered the officers of the detachment. “Gentlemen,” he said, “we are surrounded; we need to break through; if the enemy breaks our ranks, then don’t think about me anymore, save yourself in all directions; I told you about this many times. on the Torgau road, about ten versts from here ... "The detachment entered the gap between the village, occupied by a platoon of Spaniards, and the forest and prepared for a friendly attack. Commanding words of enemy officers were heard in the fog. "Akhtyrians, Alexandrians, peaks at the ready, march - march!" Figner commanded, and the detachment cut into the enemy, making his way with bayonets and pikes. Inspired by the example of their leader, a handful of brave men performed miracles of courage, but, crushed by disproportionately superior forces, were pushed back to the very bank of the Elbe. The partisans fought to the death: their ranks were broken through, the flanks were covered, most of the officers and lower ranks were killed. Finally, the detachment could not stand it and rushed into the river, seeking salvation by swimming. Weakened and wounded people and horses were carried by the current and died in the waves or from enemy bullets raining down on them from the shore. Figner was among the dead; on the shore they found only his saber, taken by him in 1812 from a French general. Thus ended the days of the famous partisan. His name became the best asset in the history of the exploits of the Russian troops, to increase the glory of which, it seemed, he devoted all his strength.

Disregarding life, he volunteered to carry out the most dangerous assignments, led the most risky enterprises, selflessly loving his homeland, he seemed to be looking for an opportunity for cruel revenge on Napoleon and his hordes. The entire Russian army knew about his exploits and highly appreciated them. Back in 1812, Kutuzov, sending Figner a letter to his wife, punished her: “Look at him closely: this is an extraordinary person; I have never seen such a high soul; he is a fanatic in courage and patriotism, and God knows what he won't do it." , Comrade Figner. by occupation, he decided to cast a shadow on the glorious partisan, explaining, in his letter to, all the heroism of Figner only with a thirst to satisfy his immense feelings of ambition and pride. Figner is depicted in different colors according to the testimony of his other comrades and contemporaries, who valued in the famous partisan his true heroism, bright mind, captivating eloquence and outstanding willpower.

Despite different opinions about Figner's personal qualities, this man was brave, courageous, daring, fearless. Knew a few foreign languages. The French appointed a large sum for the capture, they called him a “terrible robber”, who is elusive like the devil .. This man deserves the attention and memory of his descendants.

Conclusion

During the preparation of the counteroffensive, the combined forces of the army, militias and partisans fettered the actions of the Napoleonic troops, inflicted damage on the enemy's manpower, and destroyed military property. The troops of the Tarutinsky camp firmly covered the paths to the southern regions not devastated by the war. During the stay of the French in Moscow, their army, not conducting open hostilities, at the same time suffered significant losses every day. It became more and more difficult for Napoleon from Moscow to communicate with the rear troops, to send urgent dispatches to France and other Western European countries. The Smolensk road, which remained the only protected postal route leading from Moscow to the west, was constantly subjected to partisan raids. They intercepted French correspondence, especially valuable ones were delivered to the Headquarters of the Russian army.

The actions of the partisans forced Napoleon to send large forces to guard the roads. So, to ensure the safety of the Smolensk road, Napoleon advanced to Mozhaisk part of the corps of Marshal Victor. Marshals Junot and Murat were ordered to strengthen the protection of the Borovsk and Podolsk roads.

The heroic struggle of the army, partisans, the people's militia, led by Kutuzov and his headquarters, the feat of the people in the rear created favorable conditions for the transition of the Russian army to the counteroffensive. The war entered a new phase.

Analyzing the actions of military partisans and summing up their activities during the army’s stay in the Tarutino camp, Kutuzov wrote: “During the six-week rest of the Main Army at Tarutino, my partisans instilled fear and horror in the enemy, taking away all means of food.” Thus was laid the foundation for the impending victory. The names of Davydov, Seslavin, Figner and other brave commanders became known throughout Russia.

Denis Davydov, one of the first theorists of the partisan war in 1812, reasonably believed that during the retreat of the Napoleonic army, the partisans participated, together with the main parts of the Russian army, in all the most important military operations, inflicting enormous damage on the enemy. He emphasized that “partisan warfare also has an impact on the main operations of the enemy army” and that partisan detachments “help the pursuing army to push back the retreating army and take advantage of local benefits for its final destruction” 55. More than a third of the prisoners, a huge number of rifles, even cannons, various wagons were taken by the partisans. During the retreat of the Napoleonic army, the number of prisoners increased so rapidly that the command of the advancing Russian troops did not have time to allocate detachments for their escort and left a significant part of the prisoners in the villages under the protection of armed villagers.

Kutuzov had every reason to inform the tsar that "my partisans instilled fear and horror in the enemy, taking away all means of food."

Chapter 2 Gratitude of the descendants to the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812 in Moscow

2.1 Patriotic War of 1812 in the names of Moscow streets Many architectural ensembles and monuments of Moscow today remind of the feat of the people in 1812. Poklonnaya mountain Triumphal Arch rises on Kutuzovsky Prospekt. Near Arc de Triomphe there is a museum-panorama "Battle of Borodino", a monument to the heroes of this battle and the famous "Kutuzovskaya izba". The monument was erected on Victory Square.

From here, the road to the center of Moscow leads through the monument to the heroes of Borodino - the Borodino Bridge. And there, not far from Kropotkinskaya Street, where the partisan's house of 1812 is located, and to the Khamovniki barracks (on Komsomolsky Prospekt), where the Moscow militia was formed in 1812. Not far from here is the Manege located next to the Kremlin - also a monument to the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, built for the 5th anniversary of victory in this war.

Every place, every house or other monument associated with the Patriotic War of 1812,

gives rise to a sense of pride: for the heroic past of our people

Street names are also reminiscent of the war of 1812. So, in Moscow, a number of streets are named after the heroes of 1812: Kutuzovsky Prospekt, Bagrationovsky, Platovsky, Barclay Drives, streets of General Yermolov, D. Davydov, Seslavin, Vasilisa Kozhina, Gerasim Kurin, st. Bolshaya Filevskaya, st. Tuchkovskaya and many others.

Metro stations Bagrationovskaya, Kutuzovskaya, Fili, Filevsky Park are also reminiscent of the war.

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Fig.1 Seslavinskaya street

Seslavinskaya street (July 17, 1963) Named in honor of A.N. Seslavin () - lieutenant general of the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812

· Denis Davydov Street (May 9, 1961) Named after DV Davydov () - a poet one of the organizers of the partisan movement in 1812

https://pandia.ru/text/77/500/images/image005_7.jpg" align="left" width="294" height="221 src=">

One thousand eight hundred and twelfth year (1812) street (May 12, 1959) Named in honor of the feat committed by the peoples of Russia in 1812 to protect their Fatherland

· Kutuzovsky Prospekt (December 13, 1957). Named after -Kutuzov ()

Field Marshal General, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army during https://pandia.ru/text/77/500/images/image007_5.jpg" width="296" height="222">

Rice. 3 on

2.2 Monuments of the Patriotic War of 1812 in Moscow

· The 1812 memorial at Poklonnaya Gora includes several objects.

Triumphal Arch

Kutuzov hut

Church of the Archangel Michael near the Kutuzov hut

Panorama Museum "Battle of Borodino"

Kutuzov and glorious sons of the Russian people

Fig. 4 Arc de Triomphe

https://pandia.ru/text/77/500/images/image011_4.jpg" align="left" width="235" height="312 src=">

Fig. 5 Kutuzov and the glorious sons of the Russian people

Fig.6 Kutuzovskaya hut

Rice. 7 Church of the Archangel Michael near the Kutuzov hut

Monuments of the Patriotic War of 1812 in Moscow

Cathedral of Christ the Savior

Kremlin arsenal

Moscow Manege

Alexander Garden

Georgievsky Hall of the Grand Kremlin Palace

Borodinsky bridge

Fig. 8 Cathedral of Christ the Savior

Fig. 9 Kremlin arsenal

Rice. 10 Moscow Manege

Fig. 11 Alexander Garden

Fig. 12 Georgievsky Hall of the Grand Kremlin Palace

Fig.13 Borodinsky bridge

Conclusion

In the process of working on the project, we studied a lot of material about partisans and their activities during the Patriotic War of 1812.

Even from literature lessons, we know the name of Denis Davydov, but he was known as a poet. Having visited the Museum-panorama "Battle of Borodino", we recognized Denis Davydov from the other side - a brave, brave partisan, a competent commander. Reading his biography in more detail, we became aware of the names of Alexander Seslavin,

Alexander Figner, who were also leaders of partisan detachments.

The guerrillas made daring raids on the enemy, obtained important information about the activities of the enemy. highly appreciated the activities of military partisans for their courage, unbridled courage,

Denis Davydov after the Patriotic War of 1812 summarized and systematized

military results of the actions of military partisans in two works of 1821: "Experience in the theory of partisan actions" and "Diary of partisan

actions of 1812”, where he rightly emphasized the significant effect of the new

for the 19th century forms of war to defeat the enemy. [12 c.181]

The collected material replenished the information fund of the school museum.

1. 1812 in Russian poetry and memoirs of contemporaries. M., 1987.

2. . Moscow: Moscow worker, 1971.

3. Heroes of 1812: Collection. M .: Young Guard, 1987.

4. , . Military Gallery of the Winter Palace. L .: Publishing house "Aurora", 1974.

5. Davydov Denis. Military notes. Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1940.

6. Moscow. Big illustrated encyclopedia. Moscow studies from A to. Eksmo, 2007

7. Moscow magazine. History of Russian Goverment. 2001. No. 1. p.64

8. Moscow is modern. Atlas. M. Print, 2005.

9. "Thunderstorm of the twelfth year ..." M. "Science" 1987 p.192

10. Patriotic War of 1812: Encyclopedia. M., 2004.

11. Popov Davydov. Moscow: Education, 1971.

12. Sirotkin war of 1812: Prince. For students Art. environment classes. school-M.: Enlightenment, 198s.: ill.

13. Khataevich. Moscow: Moscow worker, 1973.

14. Figner Posluzhn. list, store in the archives of St. Petersburg. artillery. museum. - I. R .: "Travel notes of an artilleryman from 1812 to 1816", Moscow, 1835 - "Northern Post", 1813, No. 49. - "Rus. Inv.", 1838, No. No. 91-99. - "Military Collection", 1870, No. 8. - "To All. Illustr.", 1848, No. 35. - "Russian Star", 1887, v. 55, p. 321- 338. - "Military encyclical lexicon", St. Petersburg, 1857. D.S. [Polovtsov]

During the Great Patriotic War in the territories occupied by fascist troops Soviet Union a people's war was waged, which is a partisan movement. We will tell about its features and the brightest representatives in our article.

The concept and organization of movement

Partisans (partisan detachments) are unofficial persons (armed groups) who are hiding, avoiding direct confrontation, while fighting the enemy in the occupied lands. An important aspect of partisan activity is the voluntary support of the civilian population. If this does not happen, then the battle groups are saboteurs or simply bandits.

The Soviet partisan movement began to form immediately in 1941 (very active in Belarus). The partisans were required to take an oath. The detachments operated mainly in the frontline zone. During the war years, about 6,200 groups (a million people) were created. Where the terrain did not allow the creation of partisan zones, underground organizations or sabotage groups operated.

The main goals of the partisans:

Violation of the operation of the support and communication systems of the German troops;
Conducting reconnaissance;
Political agitation;
Destruction of defectors, false partisans, Nazi managers and officers;
Combat assistance to representatives who survived in the occupation Soviet power, military units.

Partisan movement was not out of control. Already in June 1941, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a directive listing the main necessary actions of the partisans. In addition, part of the partisan detachments was created in free territories, and then transported to the enemy rear. In May 1942, the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement was formed.

Rice. 1. Soviet partisans.

Hero guerrillas

Many underground workers and partisans of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 are acknowledged heroes.
We list the most famous:

Tikhon Bumazhkov (1910-1941): one of the first organizers of the partisan movement (Belarus). Together with Fedor Pavlovsky (1908-1989) - the first partisans who became heroes of the USSR;
Sidor Kovpak (1887-1967): one of the organizers of partisan activity in Ukraine, commander of the Sumy partisan unit, twice Hero;
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya (1923-1941): scout saboteur. She was taken prisoner, after severe torture (did not give out any information, even her real name) was hanged;
Elizaveta Chaikina (1918-1941): participated in the organization of partisan detachments in the Tver region. After fruitless torture - shot;
Vera Voloshina (1919-1941): scout saboteur. Diverted the attention of the enemy, covering the retreat of the group with valuable data. Wounded, after torture - hanged.

Rice. 2. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya.

Separately, it is worth mentioning the partisan pioneers:

What have we learned?

We learned about the specifics of the Soviet partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War, which operated with the support of the local population and with the approval of the military command. About 250 partisans received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The most famous are named in the article.

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On awarding the title of Hero of the Soviet Union to commanders of partisan formations and partisans Leningrad region For the exemplary performance of command assignments in the fight against the Nazi invaders behind enemy lines and the display of courage and heroism, and for special merits in organizing the partisan movement in the Leningrad Region, to be awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the award of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal: Golikov Leonid Aleksandrovich… Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR M. Kalinin Secretary of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR A. Gorkin Moscow, Kremlin, April 2, 1944 Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

In the village of Zuya, in the Vitebsk region, the guys created the Young Avengers organization. They helped the partisans, conducted reconnaissance behind enemy lines. In December 1943, near the village of Mostishche, she was betrayed by a traitor, and the Germans captured her. During one of the cruel interrogations, Zina, seizing the moment, grabbed a pistol and shot the fascist point-blank. The officer who ran into the shot was also killed. Zina tried to escape, but the Nazis overtook her and brutally tortured her.

When the fascist troops occupied Shepetovka, Valya Kotik was 11 years old, he recently became a pioneer. Despite his age, he managed to inspire the confidence of the underground, and he began to help them. Once Valik and two of his comrades killed the head of the gendarmerie. After this dangerous operation, they had to go into the forest, to the partisans. Once in a battle, Valya covered the commander with himself and was seriously wounded, but after a few months he returned to duty. Valya Kotik died in the battle for the city of Izyaslav.

Petya Shepelev, the son of the regiment, reached Germany with tankers and returned home with combat medals. Petya Shepelev is a Siberian. He was born in the village of Novo-Pokrovka, he is in the village of Novo-Pokrovka, Sargatsky District, Omsk Region. This is one of the few areas. This is one of the few Siberian boys who, by the will of fate, ended up on the territory occupied by the Germans. Then our tankers came to the farm, and Petya Shepelev was enrolled in a technical company, enrolled in a technical support company ... support ...

Memory is our history from the origins to the present day. And part of our history, our pain, is that blizzard day on December 4, 1942, when, by order of a desperate SS officer, who, despite all the tortures, failed to get from Shura Kober and Vitya Khomenko the addresses of the appearances and the names of the underground workers, young people were hanged scouts.

When the Nazis occupied the village of Kolenetsy, Kiev region, he was still small, and he could not get to the partisans. He began to act alone and left notes everywhere with the signature “Peter Zaichenko's Partisan Detachment.” Once a boy was sitting by a fire in the forest, and partisans stumbled upon him. He introduced himself to them as the commander of the detachment, Petr Zaichenko. Having learned about the detachment, which consisted of one person, they took him to themselves. Petya transported weapons across the river, delivered reports from the Soviet radio, and took part in hostilities. He died in the battles near Berlin.

The boy wanted to fly just like his father. When did V.O. war the boy came to work at the airfield. Experienced pilots sometimes trusted him to fly the plane. Once, during an air battle, a pilot was wounded. Losing consciousness, he handed over control to Arkady and the boy managed to land the plane at his airfield. After that, he was allowed to seriously study flying. Once, from a height, a young pilot saw our plane, shot down by the Germans. He landed, transferred the pilot to his plane and returned to his own under heavy fire. Until the very victory, Arkady Kamanin fought with the Nazis.

Spring 1942. Borya Kuleshin is only 12 years old, but he knows well what war is. The boy persuades the commander to take him to the ship "Tashkent". On board the ship, Borya gives the anti-aircraft gunners heavy clips with shells, and in between battles helps the wounded. Borya spent more than 2 heroic years at sea, on a warship, fighting the Nazis for the freedom of our Motherland.

Sasha Kolesnikov studied in the 3rd grade of a Moscow school. In the autumn of 1943 he ran away from home to go to the front. It was necessary to blow up the bridge across the river, along which military reinforcements and military equipment were going to the Germans. The bridge was very heavily guarded, they could not even approach it. But Sasha climbed into the box under the car and, driving over the bridge, set fire to the fuse fuse, and jumped into the river himself. The Germans fished him out of the river, tortured him, but achieved nothing and crucified him on a wooden cross. Nails were hammered into his hands and feet, and his fingers were beaten with a hammer. But the partisans recaptured it from the Germans. After the war he lived in Moscow.

Leningraders take water from the ice-hole In August 1941, the city of Leningrad (as St. Petersburg was called from 1924 to 1991) found itself in a blockade, that is, in the ring of fascist hordes. The daily norm of bread in December 1941 for workers gr., For everyone else - 125 gr.

In the summer of 1941, Lara Mikheenko went to rest in the village of Pechenevo, Kalinin Region. This is where the war found her. Lara and her friends went into the forest to the partisans. She had to perform very difficult tasks. Pretending to be a beggar woman, she walked along roads and villages, finding out the location of military equipment and manpower of the enemy. She mined the road, and 5 fascist cars exploded on her mines. She participated in operations to blow up trains and bridges. When the Nazis grabbed Lara, she threw a grenade to destroy the enemies and herself, but the grenade did not explode. The Nazis shot the young partisan.

For a year and a half she was a pioneer of a partisan liaison. In the cold of winter, at night she made her way to the partisans to deliver not only food, but also very important information. She herself wrote and posted leaflets in her native village of Tarkovichi, Leningrad Region, occupied by the Nazis. And then she was arrested. The girl spent two months in the Gestapo. She was beaten daily and dragged unconscious to a cell. On February 20, 1943, Galya Komlev was not able to get a confession and was shot.

The small town of Shchors was occupied by the Nazis. Nina Sagaydak could not sit idly by. Gathering classmates, they began to put up leaflets in city squares. Nina received assignments from partisans. On November 7, Nina's detachment made its way to the radio center, and a ringing girl's voice was heard over the city, congratulating the residents on the holiday. Nina was captured by the Gestapo. They beat her, then they persuaded her, then they brought her home: you see your grandmother, brother - confess, betray your comrades and you will be at home again. She was silent. She was shot on May 19, 1943.

As soon as the Germans entered the village of Nechepert in the Leningrad Region, Nina began to help the partisans. And then she completely went to the partisans and became a scout. Pretending to be a beggar, she entered the village of Gory and saw everything in detail: where is the headquarters, where is the arsenal, where is the weapons depot. And at night, a partisan detachment, following a report from Nin, defeated the Nazis. The girl did many glorious military deeds. But one day Nina went into reconnaissance and did not return ... Nina was posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree.

The partisans made a huge contribution to the victory of the Soviet Union over the German invaders, by their actions inflicting significant losses in the enemy ranks. Our top 10 famous WWII partisans will tell you about the real heroes of that time.

10 Zaslonov Konstantin Sergeevich

In 1941 he voluntarily went behind enemy lines. The underground group he created blew up 93 German trains within three months. In March 1942, Zaslonov organized a partisan detachment that destroyed a lot of enemy equipment. In November 1942, the RNNA punishers captured the headquarters of the partisan detachment. During the battle, many partisans died, including Zaslonov.

9 Mehdi Hanifa-ogly Huseynzade

In 1942 he was sent to the front. Seriously wounded, he was taken prisoner and taken to Italy. In 1944, he escaped from captivity and, having joined the partisans, became the commissar of a company of Soviet partisans. His detachment was engaged in sabotage, reconnaissance, explosions of bridges and airfields, and the release of prisoners of war. Killed in November 1944

8 Medvedev Dmitry Nikolaevich

He led the reconnaissance and sabotage task force "Mitya". From June 1942 to February 1944 he headed the partisan detachment of special forces "Winners", which accounted for 120 major successful operations. Members of the detachment killed 11 generals, 2 thousand German soldiers, 6 thousand policemen and Ukrainian nationalists, 81 enemy echelons.

7 Naumov Mikhail Ivanovich

In 1941, as an ordinary fighter of the Chervony partisan detachment, he actively fought against the invaders. From the autumn of 1942 - chief of staff of the partisan detachments of the Sumy region. 1943 - led the partisan cavalry unit, which carried out the "Steppe raid" on the enemy's rear across the territories of 9 regions with a total length of 2379 km. The raid was carried out in 65 days. During the war years, in addition to other operations, Naumov conducted 3 large-scale raids behind enemy lines.

6 Kovpak Sidor Artemevich

He was the commander of the Putivl partisan detachment. A little later, he led the formation of partisan detachments of the Sumy region, which fought for more than 10 thousand km in enemy rear areas, defeating 39 German garrisons. In the autumn of 1942, Kovpak's partisan formation carried out the "Carpathian raid" - a raid beyond the Dnieper.

5 Shmyrev Minai Filippovich

In June 1941, he organized a partisan detachment, which fought the enemy 27 times. In the spring of 1942, Shmyrev led the First Belarusian Partisan Brigade, consisting of 4 united detachments. The partisans drove out the fascists from 15 villages and created the “Surazh gates” - a 40 km zone through which the partisans were supplied with weapons and food.

4 Bumazhkov Tikhon Pimenovich

In the summer of 1941, Bumazhkov created a "destruction detachment", which later grew into the partisan detachment "Red October", inflicting significant blows on enemy rear lines and headquarters. A major operation was carried out in July 1941, when "Red October" defeated the headquarters of the German division, capturing prisoners, a lot of enemy equipment and headquarters documents. Bumazhkov died in action in November 1941 while leaving the encirclement.

3 Fedorov Alexey Fedorovich

He was the commander of the Chernihiv-Volyn partisan unit of the NKVD of the USSR. The partisans carried out 16 battles, destroyed about a thousand Germans, blew up 5 warehouses, several dozen bridges, 5 German trains. Under the leadership of Fedorov, the largest partisan operation "Kovel Knot" was carried out, during which partisans on the lines of the Kovel railway junction destroyed 549 enemy echelons with ammunition, equipment and fuel.

2 Molodtsov Vladimir Alexandrovich

In July 1941, he arrived in Odessa with a special assignment - the organization of partisan formations and the leadership of reconnaissance and sabotage work in the enemy's rear. Detachments led by Molodtsov destroyed more than 250 officers and officials, blew up the dam of the Khadzhibey estuary, the Romanian commandant's office and the luxury echelon with the administration. Also, the Molodtsov partisans destroyed wire communication lines, railway tracks, and committed sabotage in the seaport. In February 1942 Molodtsov and his contacts were arrested, tortured and executed.

1 Golikov Leonid Alexandrovich

At the age of 16, he joined the 4th Leningrad Partisan Brigade in the 67th detachment. Participated in 27 battles, in the defeat of the German garrisons. Leonid destroyed 12 highway and 2 railway bridges, 2 warehouses, 10 vehicles with ammunition, 78 Germans. In August 1942, he blew up a passenger car with the German Major General of the Engineering Troops Richard von Wirtz, capturing important papers and military drawings. In January 1943 he died in an unequal battle.

The main goal of the partisan detachments was the destruction of the front support system, namely, the disruption of the work of auto and railway communications, communications and communications.

The partisan movement in the rear of the Nazi troops in the temporarily occupied territory began literally from the first days of the war. It was integral part armed struggle Soviet people against the fascist invaders and was an important factor in achieving victory over Nazi Germany and her allies.

On June 29, 1941, the Directive of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was issued to the party and Soviet organizations of the front-line regions, which indicated the need to create partisan detachments: “in areas occupied by the enemy, create partisan detachments and sabotage groups to fight against parts of the enemy army ..., create unbearable conditions for the enemy and all his accomplices, pursue and destroy them at every step, disrupt all their activities.”

The partisan movement had a high degree organizations. In accordance with the Directive of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of June 29, 1941 and the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of July 18, 1941 "On the organization of the struggle in the rear of the German troops", the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement (TSSHPD) headed by the 1st secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus P.K. .

These documents gave instructions on the preparation of the party underground, on the organization, recruitment and arming of partisan detachments, and determined the tasks of the partisan movement.

Already in 1941, 18 underground regional committees, more than 260 district committees, city committees, district committees and other bodies, a large number of primary party organizations and groups, in which there were 65.5 thousand communists, were operating in the occupied territories.

The struggle of Soviet patriots was led by 565 secretaries of regional, city and district committees of the party, 204 chairmen of regional, city and district executive committees of working people's deputies, 104 secretaries of regional committees, city committees and district committees of the Komsomol, as well as hundreds of other leaders. In the autumn of 1943, 24 regional committees, more than 370 district committees, city committees, district committees and other party bodies operated behind enemy lines. As a result of the organizational work of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the combat capability of the partisan detachments increased, their zones of action expanded and the effectiveness of the struggle increased, in which the broad masses of the population were involved, and close cooperation was established with the Soviet troops.

By the end of 1941, over 2 thousand partisan detachments were operating in the occupied territory, in which up to 90 thousand people fought. In total, during the war years, there were more than 6 thousand partisan detachments behind enemy lines, in which more than 1 million 150 thousand partisans fought.

In 1941 - 1944 in the ranks of Soviet partisans in the occupied territory of the USSR fought:

RSFSR (occupied regions) - 250 thousand people.
Lithuanian SSR -10 thousand people
Ukrainian SSR - 501750 people.
Byelorussian SSR - 373942 people.
Latvian SSR - 12,000 people.
Estonian SSR - 2000 people.
Moldavian SSR - 3500 people.
Karelian - Finnish SSR - 5500 people.

By the beginning of 1944, they were: workers - 30.1%, peasants - 40.5%, employees - 29.4%. 90.7% of the partisans were men, 9.3% were women. In many detachments, communists made up up to 20%, about 30% of all partisans were Komsomol members. Representatives of most nationalities of the USSR fought in the ranks of the Soviet partisans.

The partisans destroyed, wounded and captured over a million fascists and their accomplices, destroyed more than 4,000 tanks and armored vehicles, 65,000 vehicles, 1,100 aircraft, destroyed and damaged 1,600 railway bridges, derailed over 20,000 railway echelons.

Partisan detachments or groups were organized not only in the occupied territory. Their formation in the unoccupied territory was combined with the training of personnel in special partisan schools. The detachments that were trained and trained either remained in the designated areas before their occupation, or were transferred to the rear of the enemy. In some cases, formations were created from military personnel. During the war, it was practiced to send organizing groups behind enemy lines, on the basis of which partisan detachments and even formations were created. Such groups played a particularly important role in the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus, in the Baltic states, where, due to the rapid advance Nazi German troops, many regional committees and district committees of the party did not have time to organize work on the deployment of the partisan movement. For the eastern regions of Ukraine and Belarus, for the western regions of the RSFSR, advance preparation for a guerrilla war was characteristic. In the Leningrad, Kalinin, Smolensk, Oryol, Moscow and Tula regions, in the Crimea, fighter battalions, which included about 25,500 fighters, became the base for formation. Base areas for partisan detachments and warehouses for materiel were created in advance. A characteristic feature of the partisan movement in the Smolensk, Oryol regions and in the Crimea was the participation in it of a significant number of Red Army soldiers who were surrounded or escaped from captivity, which significantly increased the combat effectiveness of the partisan forces.

The main tactical unit of the partisan movement was a detachment - at the beginning of the war, usually several dozen people, later - up to 200 or more fighters. During the course of the war, many detachments united into formations (brigades) numbering from several hundred to several thousand people. Light weapons (assault rifles, light machine guns, rifles, carbines, grenades) predominated in armament, but many detachments and formations had mortars and heavy machine guns, and some had artillery. People who joined partisan formations took the partisan oath. A firm military discipline was established in the detachments.

Depending on the specific conditions, small and large formations, regional (local) and non-regional, were organized. Regional detachments and formations were constantly based in one area and were responsible for protecting its population and fighting the invaders in this area. Non-regional formations and detachments carried out tasks in various areas, making long raids, maneuvering which, the leading bodies of the partisan movement concentrated their efforts on the main directions to deliver powerful blows to the rear of the enemy.

Physical and geographical conditions influenced the forms of organization of partisan forces and the methods of their action. Vast forests, swamps, mountains were the main bases for partisan forces. Here arose partisan territories and zones where various methods of struggle could be widely used, including open battles with enemy punitive expeditions. In the steppe regions, however, large formations operated successfully only during partisan raids. The small detachments and groups that were constantly here usually avoided open clashes with the enemy and inflicted damage on him mainly by sabotage.

In a number of regions of the Baltic states, Moldavia, and the southern part of Western Ukraine, which became part of the USSR only in 1939-40, the Nazis managed to spread their influence through bourgeois nationalists to certain sections of the population. The small partisan detachments and underground organizations that existed in these areas were mainly engaged in sabotage and reconnaissance operations and political work.

The general strategy, the leadership of the partisan movement was carried out by the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command. The direct strategic leadership was carried out by the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (TSSHPD) at the Headquarters, created on May 30, 1942. He was operationally subordinate to the republican and regional headquarters of the partisan movement (ShPD), which were headed by secretaries or members of the Central Committee of the Communist Parties of the republics, regional committees and regional committees of the CPSU (b) (since 1943, the Ukrainian SPD was directly subordinate to the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command). The broadbands were also subordinate to the Military Councils of the respective fronts.

In cases where several fronts operated on the territory of a republic or region, representative offices or operational groups of republican and regional broadband operations were created under their Military Councils, which, while directing the combat activities of partisans in the zone of a given front, were subordinate to the corresponding broadband and the Military Council of the front.

The strengthening of the leadership of the partisan movement proceeded along the lines of improving the connection of the partisans with the mainland, improving the forms of operational and strategic leadership, and improving the planning of combat activities. If in the summer of 1942 only about 30% of the partisan detachments registered with broadband access had radio communication with the mainland, then in November 1943 almost 94% of the detachments maintained radio contact with the leadership of the partisan movement through the walkie-talkies of the partisan brigades.

A large role in the development of partisan struggle behind enemy lines was played by a meeting of senior officials of NGOs, TsSHPD with representatives of underground party bodies, commanders and commissars of large partisan formations in Ukraine, Belarus, Oryol and Smolensk regions, held by TsSHPD on behalf of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks at the end of August - early September 1942. The results of the meeting and the most important issues of the struggle behind enemy lines were formulated in the order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR I.V. Stalin of September 5, 1942 "On the tasks of the partisan movement".

Much attention was paid to the uninterrupted supply of partisans with weapons, ammunition, mine-explosive equipment, medicines, and the evacuation of the seriously wounded and sick to the mainland by aircraft. During its existence, the TsSHPD sent 59,960 rifles and carbines, 34,320 machine guns, 4,210 light machine guns, 2,556 anti-tank rifles, 2,184 mortars of 50 mm and 82 mm calibers, 539,570 hand-held anti-personnel and anti-tank grenades to the headquarters of the partisan movement. In 1943, more than 12,000 sorties behind enemy lines were made by ADD and GVF aircraft alone (half of them landed on partisan airfields and sites).

The expansion of the partisan movement was facilitated by the enormous political work of partisans and underground fighters among the population of the occupied regions. The population provided assistance to the partisans with food, clothing and footwear, sheltered them and warned them of danger, and sabotaged all enemy measures. The disruption of the fascist plans to use the human and material resources of the occupied regions is one of the most important merits of the partisans.

Much attention in party-political work among the partisans was given to the education and combat training of personnel. During the war years, the central and republican schools of the partisan movement trained and sent to the rear of the enemy about 30 thousand various specialists, among them were demolition workers, organizers of the underground and partisan movement, radio operators, intelligence officers, etc. Thousands of specialists were trained behind enemy lines at "forest courses".

Communications, especially railways, became the main object of the partisans' combat activity, which, in its scope, acquired strategic importance.

For the first time in the history of wars, the partisans carried out, according to a single plan, a number of large-scale operations to disable enemy railway communications over a large area, which were closely connected in time and objects with the actions of the Red Army and reduced the capacity of railways by 35-40%.

In the winter of 1942-1943, when the Red Army smashed the Nazi troops on the Volga, the Caucasus, the Middle and Upper Don, they launched their attacks on the railways, along which the enemy threw up reserves to the front. In February 1943, in the sections Bryansk - Karachev, Bryansk - Gomel, they undermined several railway bridges, including the bridge over the Desna, along which from 25 to 40 echelons passed daily to the front and the same number of trains back - with broken military units, equipment and stolen property.

In Belarus, only from November 1, 1942 to April 1, 1943, 65 railway bridges were blown up. Ukrainian partisans blew up the railway bridge across the Teterev River in the Kiev-Korosten section and several bridges in other areas. Under the blows of the partisans almost all the time were such large railway junctions as Smolensk. Orsha, Bryansk, Gomel, Sarny, Kovel, Shepetovka. Only from November 1942 to April 1943, in the midst of the counter-offensive at Stalingrad and the general offensive, they derailed about 1500 enemy echelons.

Strong blows were dealt to enemy communications during the summer-autumn campaign. This made it difficult for the enemy to regroup, transport reserves and military equipment, which was a huge help to the Red Army.

Grandiose in scale, in terms of the number of forces involved and the results achieved, was a partisan operation that went down in history under the name "Rail War". It was planned by the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement and prepared for a long time and comprehensively. The main goal of the operation was to paralyze the transportation of the Nazis by railroads by simultaneous massive undermining of the rails. Partisans from Leningrad and Kalinin were involved in this operation. Smolensk, Oryol regions. Belarus and partly Ukraine.

Operation "Rail War" began on the night of August 3, 1943. On the very first night, more than 42 thousand rails were blown up. Mass explosions continued throughout August and the first half of September. By the end of August, more than 171,000 rails had been put out of action, which is 1,000 km of a single-track railway track. By mid-September, the number of undermined rails reached almost 215,000. “In just one month, the number of explosions increased thirty times,” the command of the security forces corps of the Army Group Center reported in its report on August 31.

On September 19, a new such operation began, which received the code name "Concert". This time, the rail war also spread to other areas. It included the partisans of Karelia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Crimea. Even stronger blows followed. So, if 170 partisan brigades, detachments and groups, numbering about 100 thousand people, took part in Operation Rail War, then 193 brigades and detachments numbering more than 120 thousand people took part in Operation Concert.

Attacks on railways were combined with attacks on individual garrisons and enemy units, with ambushes on highways and dirt roads, as well as with disruption of the Nazis' river traffic. During 1943, about 11,000 enemy trains were blown up, 6,000 steam locomotives, about 40,000 wagons and platforms were disabled and damaged, more than 22,000 cars were destroyed, about 5,500 bridges on highways and dirt roads were destroyed or burned. and over 900 railway bridges.

Powerful partisan blows behind the entire line of the Soviet-German front shocked the enemy. Soviet patriots not only inflicted great damage on the enemy, disorganized and paralyzed railway traffic, but also demoralized the occupation apparatus.

The enemy was forced to divert large forces to the protection of railway communications, the length of which in the occupied territory of the USSR was 37 thousand kilometers. As the experience of the war showed, for organizing even weak security railway for every 100 km, 1 battalion is needed, for strong protection - 1 regiment, and sometimes, for example, in the summer of 1943 in the Leningrad region, the Nazis were forced due to active action to allocate partisans for the protection of up to 2 regiments.

An important role was played by the reconnaissance activities of partisans and underground fighters, who kept a vast territory under surveillance. Only from April to December 1943, they established the areas of concentration of 165 divisions, 177 regiments and 135 divisions. enemy battalions, while in 66 cases they disclosed their organization, staffing, names of command personnel. On the eve of the Belarusian operation in 1944, the partisans reported the location of 33 headquarters, 30 airfields, 70 large warehouses, the composition of 900 enemy garrisons and about 240 units, the direction of movement and the nature of the transported goods of 1642 enemy echelons, etc.

During the defensive battles of 1941, the interaction of the partisans with the troops of the Red Army was carried out mainly in the tactical and operational-tactical framework and was expressed mainly in reconnaissance in the interests of the Soviet troops and minor sabotage behind enemy lines.

During the winter offensive of the Red Army in 1941-42. interaction between partisans and troops expanded. The partisans struck at communications, headquarters and warehouses, participated in the liberation of settlements, directed Soviet aviation on enemy targets, assisted airborne assaults.

In the summer campaign of 1942, in the interests of the defensive operations of the Red Army, partisans solved the following tasks: making it difficult to regroup enemy troops, destroying manpower, enemy military equipment and disrupting its supply, diverting forces to guard the rear, reconnaissance, guidance Soviet aircraft on purpose, the release of prisoners of war.

The actions of the partisans diverted 24 enemy divisions, including 15-16 were constantly used to guard communications. In August 1942, 148 train wrecks were made, in September - 152, in October - 210, in November - 238. However, in general, the interaction of partisans with the Red Army was still episodic.

Since the spring of 1943, plans for the operational use of partisan forces have been systematically developed. During the winter offensive of 1942-43, during Battle of Kursk 1943, the battle for the Dnieper and in operations to liberate the eastern regions of Belarus, the partisans stepped up their actions in the interests of the advancing Soviet troops. The offensive of the Red Army in 1944 was carried out in close cooperation with the partisans, who actively participated in almost all strategic operations.

The importance of tactical interaction increased, since the offensive of the Soviet troops passed through areas where geographical conditions contributed to the creation of a strong defense by the enemy (wooded and swampy areas of the Leningrad and Kalinin regions, Belarus, the Baltic states, and northwestern regions of Ukraine). It was here that large groups of partisans operated, which significantly helped the troops overcome enemy resistance. With the beginning of the offensive of the Red Army, they disrupted the enemy transfer of troops, disrupted their organized withdrawal and control, etc. As the Soviet troops approached, the partisans delivered blows to the enemy from the rear and contributed to breaking through his defenses, repelling his counterattacks, and encircling the Nazi groups. The guerrillas contributed Soviet troops in capturing settlements, they provided open flanks for the advancing troops. The guerrillas, assisting the offensive of the Red Army, in addition to disrupting enemy communications, seized river crossings, liberated individual settlements, road junctions and held them until the advanced units approached. So, in Ukraine, during the offensive of Soviet troops to the Dnieper, they captured 3 crossings through the Desna, 10 through the Pripyat and 12 through the Dnieper.

The most striking example of such effective interaction is the Belarusian operation of 1944, in which a powerful group of Belarusian partisans was, in essence, a fifth front, coordinating its operations with four advancing fronts.

In 1944, to assist the fraternal peoples in the struggle against the Nazi invaders, partisan detachments and formations carried out raids outside Soviet territory. In the occupied territory of Poland, there were 7 formations and 26 divisions. large detachments of Soviet partisans, in Czechoslovakia - more than 40 formations and detachments, of which about 20 came here in raids, the rest were formed on the basis of landing organizing groups.

Fight Soviet people behind enemy lines was a vivid manifestation of Soviet patriotism. The significance of the partisan movement in the war was determined by the great assistance it provided to the Soviet troops in order to achieve victory over the enemy.

In this war, the concept of "partisan movement" as spontaneous and independent actions of individual detachments and groups disappeared. The leadership of the partisan movement was centralized to a strategic extent.

Unified management of the combat activities of partisans with stable communication between broadband and partisan formations, interaction of partisans with the Red Army on a tactical, operational and strategic scale, large-scale operations by partisan groups, widespread use of modern mine-explosive equipment, systematic training of partisan personnel, supply of partisans from the rear of the country, the evacuation of the sick and wounded from the enemy rear to the mainland, the actions of Soviet partisans outside the USSR - these and other features of the partisan movement in the Great Patriotic War greatly enriched the theory and practice of partisan struggle as a form of armed struggle.

To fight against the Soviet population, which offered fierce resistance to the Nazis, the invaders abandoned a total of 50 divisions, which amounted to 20% of all German troops stationed on the Soviet-German front, moreover, until the summer of 1944 on all other fronts (against the allies) , taken together, there were only 6% of the troops of the Nazi Wehrmacht.

The German General Guderian wrote that "partisan warfare has become a real scourge, strongly influencing the morale of front-line soldiers."

The partisan movement and the Bolshevik underground behind enemy lines had a truly broad popular-patriotic character. They fully met the requirements that were presented to them in the speech of I.V. Stalin July 3, 1941: "In the occupied areas, create unbearable conditions for the enemy and all his accomplices, pursue and destroy them at every turn, disrupting all their activities."