In what countries was Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

In addition to Volodya, there were five more children in the family. In May 1887, his elder brother was hanged for participating in a conspiracy that aimed at the physical destruction of the Russian Tsar Alexander III. After 7 months, Vladimir was arrested for the first time for participating in a student demonstration.

Damaged monument to Lenin on Bessarabka. Photo "Today"

Since 1901, Vladimir Ulyanov began to use his party pseudonym, which later became widely known throughout the world. Long before that, however, this short, stocky theoretician of Marxism with the eyes of a Mongol had decided to devote his life entirely to the cause of the revolution. For the first time he was in prison already in 1895. For the next 22 years, Lenin led the Bolsheviks from Siberian exile, as well as from Switzerland, Germany, France, England and Poland. In March 1917, when the spontaneous revolt of the Russian peasantry against the Romanov dynasty began, Lenin skillfully took advantage of the situation. A huge number of various revolutionary factions fought for the political leadership of the country, but in November all power in Russia passed into the hands of Lenin and the Bolsheviks.

All six years of Lenin's stay in power were cruel and bloody. Shortly before his death, Lenin began to be tormented by the thought that he had practically betrayed ordinary workers, whose interests he had defended all his life. He also felt that he was leaving behind an even more terrible legacy: in his last letter, which he dictated, Lenin demanded that Stalin be removed from the post of General Secretary of the Party. After Lenin's death, suspicions were expressed by Trotsky and other party comrades that he had been poisoned on Stalin's orders.

Lenin's whole life was devoted to the cause of the revolution. It is not surprising, therefore, that all three women whom he loved were also active participants in the revolutionary movement. In his life, however, there was also a fourth woman, but she left him. The reason for this was also Lenin's devotion to the cause of the revolution.

Little is known about Lenin's brief love affair with Apollinaria Yakubova in 1895. She took an active part in underground work with Lenin. In all likelihood, he even proposed to her, but taught her a refusal.

In 1894, Lenin met Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya. She was a year older than him and also actively participated in the revolutionary movement. In 1897 Lenin was exiled to Siberia. The following year, Krupskaya was also sentenced to three years of exile. At her request, she was allowed to exile with her fiancé - Lenin - on the condition that they get married immediately. Lenin and Krupskaya became husband and wife in July 1898.

Some researchers believe that this marriage was mainly a political necessity. Krupskaya and Lenin, however, were perfectly suited to each other: she was happy to serve the cause of the revolution, which her husband personified, and he acquired a reliable and devoted revolutionary comrade who served as secretary, assistant, cook and party leader. Their life together continued until the day of his death. After Lenin's death, Krupskaya lived alone in their four-room apartment in the Kremlin. She died on February 27, 1938 at the age of 70.

In 1905, while living in St. Petersburg under the name William Frey, Lenin met Elisabeth de C. Elisabeth was a pretty, intelligent, and wealthy thrill-seeker. Shortly before meeting Frey, she divorced her husband. During their third meeting, "Frey" told her that he would like to hold secret meetings and meetings in her apartment. Elizabeth agreed to this. Some of these conspiratorial meetings involved only two people. This relationship continued, with some interruptions, for nine years. Their worlds, however, were too different, and it turned out that these people simply cannot be reconciled. Elisabeth's world was full of literature and art, and it was too refined and bourgeois. Lenin's cause and views were too radical for Elisabeth. Lenin once told her: "It is quite obvious that you will never become a social democrat." "And you," replied Elizabeth, "will never be anything but a Social Democrat."

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Elizabeth Armand was known as Inessa and knew French, German, English and Russian. She was 31 when she met Lenin in Paris in the spring of 1910. By this time, she had already left her young rich husband (taking her five children with her) and lived for some time with his brother. Then she left her brother ex-husband and began to study with the famous feminist Ellen Kay. After reading Lenin's work "What is to be done?", Inessa took up active revolutionary activity. She was arrested, imprisoned, then exiled. She managed to escape from exile. Soon she was devoted to Lenin no less than to the cause he served. Despite Lenin's connection with Inessa, Krupskaya also really liked the company of the young revolutionary. All three often walked, traveled, and sometimes lived together. Almost from the day she met Lenin and until her death in 1920 from typhus, Inessa was with him and with Krupskaya. She was absent only in those cases when she was carrying out another party task somewhere or was in prison. Her death was a heavy blow to Lenin. During her funeral, he was in such a state that even his comrades did not dare to approach him. One of the researchers even claims that it was these October funerals that led to a sharp deterioration in Lenin's health and practically became the starting point for Lenin's gradual loss of power.

Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. Biography

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (real name - Ulyanov) (1870 - 1924)
Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov.
Biography
Russian politician and statesman, "successor of the cause of K. Marx and F. Engels", organizer of the Communist Party Soviet Union(CPSU), founder of the Soviet socialist state. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was born on April 22 (April 10, according to the old style), 1870, in Simbirsk, in the family of an inspector of public schools, who became a hereditary nobleman. Grandfather of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - N.V. Ulyanov; was a serf in the Nizhny Novgorod province, later - a tailor-craftsman in Astrakhan. Father - Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov; after graduating from Kazan University, he taught at secondary schools in Penza and Nizhny Novgorod, later he was appointed inspector and director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. Mother - Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank); the doctor's daughter, having received a home education, passed the external exams for the title of teacher; buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovo cemetery. Elder brother - Alexander Ilyich Ulyanov; in 1887 he was executed for participating in the preparation of the assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander III. The younger brother is Dmitry Ilyich Ulyanov. Sisters - Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova (Ulyanova-Elizarova) and Olga Ilyinichna Ulyanova. All the children of the Ulyanov family connected their lives with the revolutionary movement.
In 1879-1887 Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov studied at the Simbirsk Gymnasium, from which he graduated with a gold medal. He entered the law faculty of Kazan University, but in December 1887 he was arrested for active participation in a revolutionary gathering of students, expelled from the university as a relative of the executed brother of the People's Will and exiled to the village of Kokushkino, Kazan province. In October 1888, Vladimir Ulyanov returned to Kazan, where he joined one of the Marxist circles. In the second half of August 1890 he visited Moscow for the first time. In 1891, at St. Petersburg University, he passed the exams as an external student in the program of the Faculty of Law, and on January 14, 1892, Vladimir Ulyanov received a diploma of the 1st degree. In 1889 the Ulyanov family moved to Samara, where Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov began working as an assistant barrister and organized a circle of Marxists. In August 1893 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he joined the Marxist circle of students of the Technological Institute. In 1895 he published under the pseudonym K. Tulin. In April 1895, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov went abroad to establish contact with the Emancipation of Labor group. In Switzerland, he met G.V. Plekhanov, in Germany - with W. Liebknecht, in France - with P. Lafargue. In September 1895, returning from abroad, he visited Vilnius, Moscow and Orekhovo-Zuevo. In the autumn of 1895, on the initiative and under the leadership of V.I. Ulyanov, the Marxist circles of St. Petersburg united into a single organization - the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. For participation in the organization of the Social Democratic Party in December 1895, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was arrested, and in February 1897 he was exiled for three years to Siberia - to the village of Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, Yenisei province. Together with him, as a bride, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya was also sent, also sentenced to exile for active revolutionary work. In 1898, while in Shushenskoye, N.K. Krupskaya, with whom V.I. Ulyanov met in 1894, became his wife. In exile, Ulyanov wrote over 30 works. In 1898 Minsk hosted the First Congress of the RSDLP, which proclaimed the formation of a Social Democratic Party in Russia and issued the Manifesto of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. In 1899 Ulyanov published under the pseudonym "V. Ilyin". Among his pseudonyms were V. Frei, Iv. Petrov, Karpov and others. On February 10 (January 29, according to the old style), 1900, after the exile, Ulyanov left Shushenskoye. In July 1900 he went abroad, where he set up the publication of the Iskra newspaper, becoming its editor. In 1900-1905 Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov lived in Munich, London, Geneva. In December 1901, one of his articles published in the Zarya magazine was first signed with the pseudonym "Lenin" (according to other sources, the pseudonym "Lenin" first appeared in January 1901 in a letter addressed to G.V. Plekhanov). In 1903, the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP was held, at which the Bolshevik Party was practically created, and Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, who wrote the Rules of the RSDLP and the Party Program demanding the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat for the socialist transformation of society, headed the left (“Bolshevik”) wing of the party. In 1904 Yu.O. Martov first used the term "Leninism" ("Struggle against the "state of siege" in the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party"). On November 21 (November 8, according to the old style), 1905, Lenin illegally arrived in St. Petersburg, where he took charge of the activities of the Central Committee and the St. Petersburg Committee of the Bolsheviks, the preparation of an armed uprising, and the activities of the Bolshevik newspapers Vpered, Proletary, " New life ". In two years, he changed 21 safe houses. Avoiding arrest, in August 1906 Lenin moved to the Vaza dacha in the village of Kuokkala (Finland). In 1907, he unsuccessfully ran as a candidate for the 2nd State Duma in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Vyborg, Stockholm, London, Stuttgart. In December 1907 he again emigrated to Switzerland, and at the end of 1908 to France (Paris).In December 1910, the newspaper Zvezda began to be published in St. style on April 22) 1912, the first issue of the daily legal Bolshevik working-class newspaper Pravda was published. To train cadres of party workers, in 1911 Lenin organized a party school in Longjumeau (near Paris), in which he gave 29 lectures. In January 1912, in Prague, under his leadership, a 6th (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP In June 1912, Lenin moved to Krakow, from where he led the activities of the Bolshevik faction of the 4th State Duma and directed the work of the bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP in Russia. 1912 Lenin was a representative of the RSDLP in the International Socialist Bureau of the 2nd International, heading a delegation of Bolsheviks, took part in the work of the Stuttgart (1907) and Copenhagen (1910) international socialist congresses. August 8 (old style July 26), 1914 Lenin, who was in Poronin (Austria-Hungary), was arrested by the Austrian authorities on suspicion of spying for Russia and imprisoned in the city of Novy Targ, but on August 19 (old style 6 August), thanks to the assistance of the Polish and Austrian Social Democrats, was released. On September 5 (August 23, according to the old style), he left for Bern (Switzerland), and in February 1916 he moved to Zurich, where he lived until April (until March, according to the old style), 1917. Lenin learned about the victory of the February Revolution in Petrograd from Swiss newspapers from March 15 (Old Style March 2), 1917. April 16 (Old Style 3), 1917 Lenin returned from exile to Petrograd. A solemn meeting took place on the platform of the Finlyandsky railway station and he was presented with party card No. 600 of the Bolshevik organization of the Vyborg side. From April to July 1917 he wrote more than 170 articles, pamphlets, draft resolutions of the Bolshevik conferences and the Central Committee of the party, appeals. On July 20 (Old Style July 7) the Provisional Government ordered Lenin's arrest. In Petrograd, he had to change 17 safe houses, after which, until August 21 (August 8, according to the old style), 1917, he hid not far from Petrograd - in a hut across Lake Razliv, until early October - in Finland (Jalkala, Helsingfors, Vyborg). In early October 1917, Lenin illegally returned from Vyborg to Petrograd. On October 23 (October 10, according to the old style), at a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), at its proposal, the Central Committee adopted a resolution on an armed uprising. On November 6 (October 24, according to the old style), in a letter to the Central Committee, Lenin demanded to immediately go on the offensive, arrest the Provisional Government and take power. For the direct leadership of the armed uprising in the evening, he illegally arrived in Smolny. On November 7 (October 25, according to the old style), 1917, at the opening of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Lenin's decrees on peace and land were adopted and a workers' and peasants' government was formed - the Council of People's Commissars, headed by Lenin. For 124 days of the "Smolnin period" he wrote over 110 articles, draft decrees and resolutions, delivered over 70 reports and speeches, wrote about 120 letters, telegrams and notes, participated in editing more than 40 state and party documents. The working day of the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars lasted 15-18 hours. During this period, Lenin presided over 77 meetings of the Council of People's Commissars, led 26 meetings and meetings of the Central Committee, participated in 17 meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and its Presidium, in the preparation and holding of 6 various All-Russian Congresses of Workers. After the Central Committee of the Party and the Soviet government moved from Petrograd to Moscow, on March 11, 1918, Lenin lived and worked in Moscow. Lenin's personal apartment and office were located in the Kremlin, on the third floor of the former Senate building. In July 1918, he led the suppression of the Armed Action of the Left SRs. On August 30, 1918, after the end of the rally at the Michelson plant, Lenin was seriously wounded by the Social Revolutionary F.E. Kaplan. In 1919, on the initiative of Lenin, the 3rd, Communist International was created. In 1921, at the 10th Congress of the RCP(b), Lenin put forward the task of transitioning from the policy of "war communism" to the New Economic Policy (NEP). In March 1922, Lenin directed the work of the 11th Congress of the RCP(b), the last party congress at which he spoke. In May 1922 he fell seriously ill, but returned to work in early October. Lenin's last public speech was on November 20, 1922, at the plenum of the Moscow Soviet. On December 16, 1922, Lenin's health deteriorated sharply again, and in May 1923, due to illness, he moved to the Gorki estate near Moscow. The last time in Moscow was on October 18-19, 1923. In January 1924, his health suddenly deteriorated sharply, and on January 21, 1924 at 6 o'clock. 50 min. In the evening Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) died.
On January 23, the coffin with the body of Lenin was transported to Moscow and installed in the Hall of Columns. The official farewell took place over five days and nights. On January 27, the coffin with the embalmed body of Lenin was placed in the Mausoleum specially built on Red Square (architect A.V. Shchusev). On January 26, 1924, after the death of Lenin, the 2nd All-Union Congress of Soviets granted the request of the Petrograd Soviet to rename Petrograd to Leningrad. The delegation of the city (about 1 thousand people) participated in Lenin's funeral in Moscow. In 1923 the Central Committee of the RCP(b) created the V.I. Lenin, and in 1932, as a result of its merger with the Institute of K. Marx and F. Engels, a single Institute of Marx - Engels - Lenin was formed under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (later the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU). More than 30 thousand documents are stored in the Central Party Archive of this institute, the author of which is V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin).
Winston Churchill wrote about Lenin: "Not a single Asian conqueror, neither Tamerlane nor Genghis Khan, enjoyed such fame as he did. An implacable avenger, growing out of the peace of cold compassion, sanity, understanding of reality. His weapon is logic, his disposition of the soul - Opportunism His sympathies are cold and wide like the Arctic Ocean His hatred is tight like a hangman's noose His destiny is to save the world His method is to blow up this world Absolute adherence to principles, at the same time readiness to change principles... He subverted everything. He overthrew God, Tsar, country, morality, court, debts, rents, interests, laws and customs of centuries, he overthrew the whole historical structure such as human society.In the end he overthrew himself... Lenin's intellect was overthrown at that moment when his destructive power was exhausted and the independent, self-healing functions of his searches began to appear... He alone could lead Russia out of the quagmire ... The Russian people were left floundering be in the swamp. Their greatest misfortune was his birth, but their next misfortune was his death" (Churchill W.S., The Aftermath; The World Crisis. 1918-1928; New York, 1929).
Lenin was one of the main organizers of the "Red Terror", which took on the most brutal and mass forms in 1919-1920, the liquidation of opposition parties and their press organs, which led to the emergence of a one-party system, repressions against "socially alien elements" - the nobility, entrepreneurs, clergy, intelligentsia, expulsion from the country of its prominent representatives who disagree with the policy new government, was the initiator and ideologist of the policy of "war communism" and "new economic policy". Author of the State Plan for the Electrification of the Country (GOELRO), in accordance with which several power plants were built. On the initiative of Lenin, a plan for monumental propaganda was developed: in accordance with the decree "On the Monuments of the Republic" (April 12, 1918), with the personal participation of Lenin, the demolition of "old" monuments in the Kremlin and other places in Moscow began, as well as the destruction of churches; at the same time, monuments to revolutionary figures were erected.
"In 1919, law faculties were liquidated at the universities, and in 1921 People's Commissariat education (Narkompros) abolished the historical and philological sciences as obsolete and useless for the dictatorship of the proletariat. [...] By February 5, 1922, 143 private publishing houses were registered in Moscow. Having read about this in the Izvestia newspaper, Lenin demanded that the Chekists collect systematic information about all professors and writers. "All these obvious counter-revolutionaries are accomplices of the Entente, an organization of its servants and spies and corrupters of student youth; almost all of them are the most legitimate candidates for deportation abroad. They must be caught constantly and systematically deported". [...] May 19 (1922) the leader sent to Moscow instructions "On the expulsion abroad of writers and professors who help the counter-revolution", inscribing on the envelope: "comrade Dzerzhinsky. Personally, secretly, sew up." Ten days later he suffered a stroke. By August 18, 1922, the seriously ill Ilyich was handed over the first list of those arrested, who were announced a decision on expulsion and a warning that unauthorized entry into the USSR was punishable by execution. Lenin then said to the attending physician: "Today is perhaps the first day that my head did not hurt at all." [...] The first group of exiles received in history the name "philosophical ship". [...] It was allowed to take with you per person: one winter and one summer coat, one suit, two shirts, one sheet. No jewelry, not even pectoral crosses, not a single book. Train Moscow - Petrograd. Then many hours of loading onto the German steamer "Oberburgomaster Haken": they call out a name from the ladder, enter one by one into the control booth, interrogation and search, by touch, through the dress ... " . "There were several ships and not one train. They left for several months [...] until the end of the year. [...] in addition to those expelled from Moscow and Petrograd, there was a group of people expelled from Kyiv, from Odessa, from Novorossiysk University , and there were, according to Trotsky's later confession, about 60 people expelled from Georgia.
“From the famine of 1920-1922, according to official figures, more than five million people died. Unthinkable cannibalism flourished throughout the country. I came across absolutely amazing notes, though not in Soviet press, that the brutal starving in the Volga region ate representatives of the ARA - this is an American relief organization headed by Hoover, the future US president, she saved an unknown number of millions of people in the country from starvation. According to the assumptions of the same Bolsheviks, at least 20 million people should have died from starvation, only five died. The Bolsheviks believed, in any case, the same Trotsky hardly concealed this, that the fewer eaters, the easier it would be for the country. (V. Topolyansky, "Leaders in Law. Essays on the Physiology of Russian Power")“Having created famine in the country by mass seizure of grain from the peasantry, the leader of the revolution wrote to Molotov: “It is now, and only now, when people are being eaten in hungry areas and hundreds, if not thousands of corpses are lying on the roads, that we can (and therefore must) carry out the seizure of church valuables with the most frenzied and merciless energy, not stopping before suppressing any kind of resistance. It is necessary now to teach this public a lesson in such a way that for several decades they will not even dare to think about any resistance. (E. Olshanskaya, broadcast "Lenin's List", July 21, 2002; Radio Liberty)“We must not forget that Lenin by that time was already just a delusional patient. In fact, he should have been considered in 1922 as an insane patient. In 1922, rumors spread throughout Moscow that Lenin was ill with syphilis, that he had progressive paralysis, that he delusional and, as even idle people said, he is persecuted by the Mother of God for all the troubles that he caused the country.In the same 1922, the foreign press actively discussed what Lenin was ill with, and came to the conclusion that those doctors who treated him, and those doctors who talked about the neurasthenic syndrome in the leader, in fact, concealed the fact that behind this neurasthenic syndrome lies one and only disease - progressive paralysis ... Progressive paralysis has one peculiarity, this is precisely the contingent of patients who, when overwhelmed the psychiatric departments of various clinics.As soon as the patient showed the first signs of progressive paralysis, this patient was immediately recognized as insane, even if he kept external signs of sanity and capacity. I cannot say from what time Vladimir Ilyich should be declared insane. In 1903, Krupskaya saw him have a rash, from which he suffered greatly, a lot indicates that this rash, most likely, was of syphilitic origin, but the appearance of a rash already means secondary syphilis. After 1903, he developed tertiary syphilis with gradual vascular damage. He did not undergo appropriate examination and treatment, including by psychiatrists. The psychiatrist Osipov was on duty with him continuously, that is, he simply lived in Gorki from 1923, and before that the Germans came to him, and one of the first to come was the famous Foerster, one of the largest specialists in neurosyphilis. It was Foerster who prescribed him anti-syphilitic therapy, which was described in detail in all medical diaries at that time. A long time ago, psychiatrists noticed one amazing thing, that progressive paralysis, before bringing a person to complete insanity, gives him the opportunity for incredible productivity and efficiency. Such excess energy can indeed be noted in Lenin in 1917-1918, even in 1919. But since 1920, more and more often headache, some kind of dizziness, attacks of weakness and loss of consciousness incomprehensible to doctors. That is, in any case, 1922 is the time of Lenin's already very serious illness, with repeated strokes, impaired consciousness, with repeated episodes of hallucinations and simply delirium described by the same doctors. [...] French psychiatry once described a very curious syndrome, it was called "insanity together". If there was a madman in a family, then the spouse sooner or later became imbued with the ideas of this madman, and it was already difficult to distinguish which of them was more crazy. As a result, if the madman himself temporarily recovered, that is, if a remission occurred, then the person induced by this madman could still keep these ideas intact. I cannot rule out that this very curious syndrome can be extended to large masses of people. I do not rule out that Lenin simply induced his closest associates with his nonsense, and then with the help of Soviet propaganda, which, it must be said, worked perfectly, these ideas were introduced into the consciousness of the entire population. And thus, Soviet civilization took place." (V. Topolyansky, "Leaders in law. Essays on the physiology of Russian power"; broadcast "Lenin's List", July 21, 2002; Radio Liberty)
Among the works of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) are letters, articles, brochures, books: "What are the "friends of the people" and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?" (1894), "The economic content of populism and criticism of it in the book of Mr. Struve (Reflection of Marxism in bourgeois literature)" (1894-1895), "Materials on the question of the economic development of Russia" (1895; article in the collection under the pseudonym "Tulin" ), "The Development of Capitalism in Russia" (1899; the book was published under the pseudonym "V. Ilyin"), "Economic studies and articles" (1899; the collection of articles was published under the pseudonym "V. Ilyin"), "Protest of Russian social Democrats" (1899), "What to do? Painful questions of our movement" (1902; pamphlet), "The Agrarian Program of Russian Social Democracy" (1902), "The National Question in Our Program" (1903), "One Step Forward, Two Steps back" (1904), "Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution" (August 1905), "Party Organization and Party Literature" (1905), "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism" (1909), "Critical Notes on the National Question" (1913 ), "On the Right of Nations to Self-Determination" (1914), "Imperialism as the Highest Stage of Capitalism" (1916 ), "Philosophical Notebooks", "War and Russian Social Democracy" (Manifesto of the Central Committee of the RSDLP), "On the National Pride of the Great Russians", "The Collapse of the Second International", "Socialism and War", "On the Slogan of the United States of Europe", "Military program of the proletarian revolution", "Results of the discussion on self-determination", "On the caricature of Marxism and "imperialist economism", "Letters from afar" (1917), "On the tasks of the proletariat in this revolution" ("April Theses"; 1917), The Political Situation (1917; theses), Towards Slogans (1917), State and Revolution (1917), The Impending Catastrophe and How to Fight It (1917), Will the Bolsheviks Retain State Power? " (1917), "The Bolsheviks Must Take Power" (1917), "Marxism and Insurrection" (1917), "The Crisis Is Ripe" (1917), "Advice from an Outsider" (1917), "How to Organize a Competition?" (December 1917), "Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People" (January 1918; taken as the basis of the first Soviet Constitution of 1918), "Immediate Tasks of Soviet Power" (1918), "The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky" (autumn 1918), "Theses Central Committee of the RCP(b) in connection with the situation on the Eastern Front" (April 1919), "The Great Initiative" (June 1919), "Economics and Politics in the Era of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat" (autumn 1919), "From the Destruction of the Age-old Way of Life to the Creation of a New One" ( spring 1920), "The Childhood Disease of "Leftism" in Communism" (1920), "On Proletarian Culture" (1920), "On the Food Tax (The Meaning of the New Policy and Its Conditions)" (1921), "On the Fourth Anniversary of the October Revolution" (1921), "On the Significance of Militant Materialism" (1922), "On the Formation of the USSR" (1922), "Pages from a Diary" (December 1922), "On Cooperation" (December 1922), "On Our Revolution" (December 1922) ), "How do we reorganize the Rabkrin (Proposal to the XII Party Congress)" (December 1922), "Less is better" (December 1922)
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Sources of information:
Encyclopedic resource www.rubricon.com (Great Soviet Encyclopedia, St. Petersburg Encyclopedic Guide, Moscow Encyclopedia, Biographical Dictionary "Political Figures of Russia 1917", Encyclopedia of Russian-American Relations, Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary, Encyclopedic Dictionary "History of the Fatherland" )
Elena Olshanskaya, Irina Lagutina: program "Lenin's List"; July 21, 2002; Radio Liberty, magazine "Krugozor" Viktor Topolyansky. “Leaders in law. Essays on the physiology of Russian power, M. 1996 "Russian Biographical Dictionary"
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Project "Russia congratulates!" - www.prazdniki.ru

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin is a famous Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician and statesman, founder of the Soviet Union, organizer of the CPSU. He has been involved in many areas. He is considered the most legendary leader and politician in history. Moreover, Lenin organized the first socialist state. This communist figure was interested in the policies of Mark Engels, and soon continued his work. Vladimir Ilyich changed the fate not only of the Soviet state, but of the whole world. Lenin is the founder of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. The main task of this statesman was to create a party of the working class. Such an innovation was supposed to positively affect the fate of the state in the future, according to Lenin.

Portrait of Vladimir Lenin

Biography of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

This person is considered the most important organizer and leader of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia. In addition, Vladimir Ilyich - First Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.

Despite the huge period of time that has passed since the reign of the legendary personality, historians are paying more and more attention to the study of his policies, methods of activity and life of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. He actively developed his policy at the beginning of the twentieth century. However, his form of government was not to everyone's liking. Someone condemned the politician, someone - admired. Despite everything, he still remains one of the most significant personalities in the field of politics.

Lenin was an ardent Marxist and always clearly defended his opinion. He is considered the founder of Marxism-Leninism. Vladimir Ilyich - the ideologist and creator of the Third Communist International. The state representative was also involved in the field of political and journalistic work. His pen includes works of various nature. For example, materialistic philosophy, the theory of Marxism, the construction of socialism and communism, and many others.

Vladimir Lenin and his sister Maria

Millions consider Vladimir Ilyich Lenin one of the most well-known representatives politics throughout world history. This is due to the methods of his government and the nature of his activities. The staff of the popular Time magazine added Lenin to the top 100 revolutionary figures of the twentieth century. This Russian leader was included in the category "Leaders and Revolutionaries". It is also known that the works of Vladimir Ilyich annually lead the lists of translated literature. Printed works rank third in the world after the Bible and Mao Zedong.

Childhood and youth of Vladimir Ulyanov

The real name of the great Russian leader is Ulyanov. Vladimir Ilyich was born in 1870 in Ulyanovsk (today's Simbirsk) in the family of an inspector of public schools in the Simbirsk province. Vladimir's father Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov was a state councillor. Previously, he taught at the secondary educational institutions Penza and Nizhny Novgorod.

Vladimir Lenin in childhood

Mother of Vladimir Ulyanov Maria Alexandrovna, had a Swedish and German adventure through her mother and a European one through her father. Maria Ulyanova passed the external exams for the position of a teacher. However, she later ended her career and devoted all her free time to raising her children and housekeeping. In addition to Vladimir, the family had older children - son Alexander and daughter Anna. A few more children appeared in the family - Maria and Dmitry.

As a child, young Ulyanov received Orthodox baptism and was a member of the Simbirsk religious Society of St. Sergius of Radonezh. During the school period, the boy received high marks according to the law of God.

Little Vladimir was a very developed child. At the age of five, he already knew how to read and write perfectly. Soon he entered the Simbirsk gymnasium. There he was attentive, diligent and spent a lot of time learning process. For hard work and efforts, he constantly received commendable letters and other awards. Some teachers often referred to him as a "walking encyclopedia".

Vladimir Lenin in his youth

Vladimir Ulyanov was very different from other students in the level of his development. All classmates respected him and treated him like an authoritative friend. IN school years the future leader read a lot of advanced Russian literature, which soon influenced the boy's worldview. He preferred the works of V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, N. A. Dobrolyubov, D. I. Pisarev, and especially N. G. Chernyshevsky and others. In 1880, the schoolboy received a book with gold embossing on the cover: "For good manners and successes" and a commendation sheet.

In 1887 graduated from the Simbirsk gymnasium with a gold medal, all his grades were at a high level. Then he entered the Faculty of Law of Kazan University. The leaders of the gymnasium, F. Kerensky, were extremely surprised and disappointed by the choice of Vladimir Ulyanov. He advised him to continue his studies at the Faculty of History and Literature. Kerensky argued this decision by the fact that his student was really successful in the field of Latin and literature.

In 1887, a terrible incident occurred in the Ulyanov family - Vladimir's older brother Alexander was executed for organizing an assassination attempt on the tsar Alexander III. From that moment Ulyanov's revolutionary activity began to develop. He started attending an illegal student circle "People's Will" headed by Lazar Bogoraz. In this regard, he was expelled from the university already in the first year. Ulyanov and several dozen other students were arrested and sent to the police station. The situation with his brother affected his outlook. Vladimir Ulyanov seriously protested against national oppression and tsarist policies. It was during that period that the guy began his revolutionary activities against capitalism.

Vladimir Lenin in his youth

After being expelled from Kazan University, he moved to a small village called Kukushkino, located in the Kazan province. There he lived for two years in the house of the Ardashevs. In connection with all the events, Vladimir Ulyanov was included in the list of suspicious individuals who must be carefully monitored. Moreover, the future leader was forbidden to restore education at the university.

Soon Vladimir Ilyich became a member of various Marxist organizations that Fedoseev created. Members of these groups studied the writings Karl Marx and Engels. In 1889, Vladimir's mother, Maria Ulyanova, acquired a huge plot of more than a hundred hectares in the Samara province. The whole family moved into this mansion. The mother persistently asked her son to manage such a large house, but this process was not successful.

Local peasants robbed the Ulyanovs and stole a horse and two cows from them. Further, Ulyanova could not stand it and decided to sell both the land and the house. Today, the house-museum of Vladimir Lenin is located in this village.

Lenin Abroad

In 1889 the Lenin family changed their place of residence. They moved to Samara. There, Vladimir's connections with the revolutionaries resumed again. However, after a while, the authorities changed their mind and allowed the previously arrested Vladimir to start preparing for the exams to study jurisprudence. In the process of studying, he actively studied economic textbooks, as well as Zemstvo statistical reports.

Participation of Vladimir Lenin in revolutionary activities

In 1891 Vladimir Lenin externally entered St. Petersburg University at the Faculty of Law. There he worked as an assistant to a sworn advocate from Samara and defended prisoners. In 1893 he moved to St. Petersburg and devoted much of his time to writing works related to Marxist political economy. In the same period of time, he created the program of the Social Democratic Party. Among the popular and surviving works of Lenin are "New economic movements in peasant life."

Vladimir Lenin with newspaper

In 1895 Lenin went abroad and visited several countries at once. Among them are Switzerland, Germany and France. There Vladimir Ilyin met famous personalities like, Georgy Plekhanov, Wilhelm Liebknecht and Paul Lafargue. Later, the revolutionary leader returned to his homeland and began to develop various innovations. First of all, he united all Marxist circles in the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class". Lenin began to actively spread the idea of ​​fighting the autocracy.

For such actions, Lenin and his allies were again arrested. They were in custody for a year. Further, the prisoners were sent to the Shushenskoye village of the Elisei province. During this period, the statesman actively established relations with social democrats from various parts of the country, namely from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Nizhny Novgorod.

In 1900 he was free and visited all the cities of Russia. Lenin spent a lot of time visiting various organizations. In the same year, Lenin created a newspaper called "Spark". It was then that Vladimir Ilyich first began to sign with the surname "Lenin". A few months later he organized a congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. In connection with this event, there was a split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Lenin became the head of the Bolshevik ideological and political party. He tried with all his might to fight the Mensheviks and took radical measures.

Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin

From 1905 Lenin lived in Switzerland for three years. There he carefully prepared for an armed uprising. Later, Vladimir Ilyich illegally returned to St. Petersburg. He tried to attract the peasants to him so that they would be one strong team to fight. Vladimir Lenin called on the peasants to actively fight and asked them to use everything that was at hand as a weapon. It was necessary to attack civil servants.

Role in the execution of the family of Emperor Nicholas II criticism and accusations

As it became known, on the night of July 16-17, 1918, the family of Nicholas II and all the servants were shot. This incident occurred by order of the Ural Regional Council in Yekaterinburg. The resolution was headed by the Bolsheviks. Lenin and Sverdlov had a certain number of sanctions that were used to execute Nicholas II. These data are officially confirmed. However, historical experts and other specialists are still actively discussing Lenin's sanctions for the execution of the family and servants of Nicholas II. Some historians acknowledge this fact, others categorically deny it.

Initially, the Soviet government decided that Nicholas II should be tried. This issue was discussed in 1918 at a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars, which took place at the end of January. The party board officially confirmed such actions and the need for a trial of Nicholas II. This idea, accordingly, was supported by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and his allies.

Speech by Vladimir Lenin

As you know, at that time, Nicholas II, his family and servants were transported from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg. Most likely, this move was associated with all the events that took place. M. Medvedev (Kudrin) provided confirmation that it was not possible to obtain sanctions for the execution of Nicholas II. Lenin also argued that the king must be transferred to a safer place to live. On July 13, a meeting was held at which issues related to the military review and careful protection of the king were discussed.

Wife of Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Krupskaya She told that on the night of the murder of the tsar and his family, the Russian leader was at work all night and returned only early in the morning.

Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky

Personal life of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Krupskaya

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin tried to hide his personal life carefully, like other professional revolutionaries. His wife was Nadezhda Krupskaya. They met in 1894 during the active creation of an organization called "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class". At that time, a Marxist gathering took place, where they met. Nadezhda Krupskaya was admired by Lenin's leadership qualities and his serious character. She, in turn, interested Lenin in her analytical mindset and development in many areas. State activity brought the couple very close and a few years later they decided to tie the knot. The chosen one of Vladimir Ilyich was restrained and calm, extremely accommodating. She supported her lover in everything, no matter what. Moreover, the wife helped the Russian revolutionary in secret correspondence with various party members.

However, despite Nadezhda's excellent character and fidelity, she was a terrible hostess. It was almost never possible to notice Krupskaya in the process of cooking and cleaning. She did not do housework and rarely cooked. However, if such cases did occur, then Lenin did not complain and ate everything that was given to him. Note that once in 1916, on New Year's Eve, there was only curdled milk on their festive table.

Vladimir Lenin and Nadezhda Krupskaya

Before Krupskaya, Lenin admired Apollinaria Yakubova however, she rejected it. Yakubova was a socialist.

After they met, they fell in love at first sight. Krupskaya followed her lover everywhere and participated in all the actions of Vladimir Ilyich. Soon they got married. Local peasants became best men. The rings were built by their ally from copper nickels. The wedding of Krupskaya and Lenin took place on July 22, 1898 in the village of Shushenskoye. After that, Nadezhda truly loved her husband. Moreover, Lenin got married, despite the fact that at that time he was an ardent atheist.

In her free time, Nadezhda went about her business, namely, theoretical and pedagogical work. She had her own opinion about many situations and did not completely obey her cruel spouse.

Vladimir was always cruel and callous towards his wife, but Nadezhda always bowed before him, truly loved and helped him in all areas. In addition to Nadezhda, there were many other women in Lenin's life even after his marriage. Krupskaya knew about this, but proudly held back the pain and endured a humiliating attitude towards herself. She forgot about the feeling of pride and jealousy.

Vladimir Lenin and Inessa Armand

There is still no reliable information about the children of Vladimir Lenin. Someone claims to have been barren and had no children at all. And other historians say that the famous Russian leader had many illegitimate children. There is also information that Lenin has a child named Alexander Steffen from his beloved Inessa Armand. Their romance lasted for five years. Inessa Armand was Lenin's mistress for a long time and Krupskaya knew about everything that was happening.

They met Inessa Armand in 1909 while in Paris. As you know, Inessa Armand is the daughter of a famous French opera singer and comic actress. At that time, Inessa was 35 years old. She was completely different from Nadezhda Krupskaya neither externally nor internally. She was distinguished by beautiful features and an unusual appearance. The girl had deep eyes, beautiful long hair, an excellent figure and a beautiful voice. Krupskaya, according to Anna Ulyanova, Vladimir's sister, was completely ugly, had eyes like those of a fish, and did not have beautiful expressive features.

Inessa Armand She had an ardent character and always expressed her emotions vividly. She liked to communicate with people, had good manners. Krupskaya, unlike the French chosen one of Lenin, was cold and did not like to express her emotions. They say that Vladimir most likely had just a physical attraction to this lady, he did not feel any feelings for her. However, Inessa herself loved this man very much. Moreover, she was radical in her views and categorically did not understand free relationships. Armand also cooked well and always did housework, unlike Nadezhda Krupskaya, who was almost never involved in these processes.

Vladimir Lenin

Information was also known that Nadezhda Krupskaya suffered from infertility. It was this fact that argued the absence of children from a married couple for many years. Later, doctors stated the fact that a terrible disease was found in a woman - Graves' disease. It was this disease that was the reason for the absence of children.

In the Soviet Union, they did not disseminate information about Lenin's betrayals and about the absence of children from a married couple. These facts were considered shameful.

Nadezhda's parents were very fond of Vladimir Ilyich. They were happy that she connected her life with an intelligent young man, very educated and reserved. However, Lenin's family was not very happy about the appearance of this girl. For example, Vladimir's sister - Anna, hated Nadezhda and considered her strange, unattractive.

Nadezhda knew everything about her husband's betrayals, but she behaved with restraint and never said anything to him, and even more so to Inessa. Everyone around knew about this love triangle, since the famous revolutionary did not hide anything and did it in front of everyone. Inessa Armand has always been present in the couple's life. Moreover, Inessa and Nadezhda tried to maintain friendly relations and communicate.

Lenin Vladimir Ilyich

Lenin's French mistress helped him in everything, she went with him to party meetings throughout Europe. The woman also translated his books, articles and other works. Note that in her bedroom, Nadezhda kept a photograph of her husband's mistress and looked at her rival every day. Nearby were photographs of Vladimir and Nadezhda's mother.

Hope to the last endured the humiliation of her husband and betrayal, and, it would seem, had already come to terms with the presence of Vladimir's mistress. However, at some point she could not stand it and invited her husband to leave. He did not agree and left his mistress Inessa Armand. In 1920, Inessa died of a terrible disease - cholera. Nadezhda Krupskaya also came to the funeral of her rival. She held Vladimir's hand all the time.

The French chosen one of Lenin left two children from his first marriage, who became orphans. Their father also died earlier. Therefore, the couple decided to take care of these children and take care of them. Initially, the children lived in Gorki, later they were sent abroad.

Vladimir Lenin in the last years of his life

Death of Vladimir Lenin

After the death of Inessa Armand, Lenin's life went downhill. He also began to get sick often, the health of the Russian leader deteriorated significantly in connection with all the events taking place. He soon passed away on January 21, 1924 at the estate Gorki of Moscow province. There were many versions of the man's death. Some historians suggest that he died due to syphilis, which a French mistress may have passed on to him. As you know, he took long time drugs for the treatment of such diseases.

However, according to official figures, Lenin died of atherosclerosis, which he suffered in Lately. The last request of Vladimir Ilyich was bring Inessa's children to him. At that time they were in France. Krupskaya complied with this request of her husband, but they were not allowed to see Lenin. In February 1924, Nadezhda offered to bury Vladimir next to the ashes of Inessa Armand, but Stalin categorically denied this proposal.

Funeral of Vladimir Lenin

A few days after the death of the world famous leader, his body was transported to Moscow. He was placed in the Hall of Columns in the House of the Unions. For five days, farewell to the Russian leader, political and statesman, the head of the Soviet people took place in this building.

January 27, 1924 Lenin's body was embalmed. For the body of this legendary personality, the Mausoleum was specially built, which to this day is located on Red Square. Every year, the issue of reburial of Vladimir Lenin is raised, but no one does this.

Lenin Mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow

Creativity, writings and works of Lenin

Lenin was a famous successor Karl Marx. He often wrote works on this subject. Thus, hundreds of works belong to his pen. IN Soviet time more than forty "Lenin collections" were published, as well as collected works. Among Lenin's most popular works are The Development of Capitalism in Russia (1899), What Is to Be Done? (1902), "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism" (1909). Moreover, in 1919-1921, he recorded sixteen speeches on records, which testifies to the oratorical abilities of the people's leader.

Cult of Lenin

Around the personality of Vladimir Lenin, a real cult began during his reign. Petrograd was renamed to Leningrad, many streets and villages were named after this Russian revolutionary. In every city of the state, a monument to Vladimir Lenin was erected. In many scientific and journalistic works, the legendary man was quoted.

Revolutionary Lenin Vladimir Ilyich

A special survey was conducted among the population of Russia. More than 52% of respondents claim that the personality of Vladimir Lenin has become one of the most important and necessary in the history of their people.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin is a world-famous Russian revolutionary, the main leader of the Soviet people, a politician and statesman. He was involved in the field of journalism, hundreds of works belong to this legendary person. Over the past decades, many poems, ballads, poems have been released in his honor. In almost every city there is a monument to Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, whose reign will be talked about for decades all over the world.

Studied for 3 months at Kazan University.

Family

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was born in Simbirsk, in the family of Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov (1831-1886), an inspector of public schools, who had a personal (non-hereditary) nobility. The family of the future most prominent revolutionary of the twentieth century was heterogeneous in origin, but for the most part consisted of raznochintsy (intelligentsia). Representatives of several nationalities are distinguished in the Lenin family - Russians, Kalmyks, Chuvashs, Jews, Germans and Swedes.

Lenin's paternal grandfather, Nikolai Vasilievich Ulyanov, a Chuvash by nationality, was a serf from the Nizhny Novgorod province, and moved to Astrakhan, where he worked as a tailor-craftsman. Already a mature man, he married Anna Alekseevna Smirnova, whose father was a Kalmyk, and whose mother was probably Russian. When Ilya Ulyanov was born, Nikolai Ulyanov was already 60 years old. After the death of Nikolai Vasilievich, Ilya was taken care of by his elder brother Vasily Ulyanov. He helped his brother get enough education to enter the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kazan University, from which he graduated in 1854. After graduating from the university, Ilya Ulyanov worked as a teacher of mathematics and physics in gymnasiums, institutes and schools in Penza and Nizhny Novgorod, from 1869 he was an inspector and director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. After being awarded the Order of St. Vladimir III degree, Lenin's father in 1882 received the right to hereditary nobility.

Lenin's second grandfather (by mother) Alexander Dmitrievich Blank (before baptism Israel Moishevich Blank), converted to Christianity to become a military doctor. Having retired from the post of medical inspector of hospitals at the State Arms Plant in Zlatoust (with the rank of state councilor), Dr. Blank was assigned to the Kazan nobility (the rank gave him the dignity of a personal nobleman). Soon he acquired the Kokushkino estate in the Kazan province, becoming a middle-class landowner. The early orphaned mother of Lenin, Maria Alexandrovna, like her four sisters, was raised by her maternal aunt, who taught her nieces music and foreign languages.

There is evidence that the biological father of Lenin and several other children in the family was a family doctor who lived in the Ulyanov family for more than 20 years, Ivan Sidorovich Pokrovsky. If you compare their photos, the similarity will be obvious. And in his youth, in some documents [in particular, examination sheets from the time of his studies at St. Petersburg University], Ulyanov even directly writes his middle name as Ivanovich, which indicates that he knew about this fact and did not hide it.

In the manuscript of the memoirs of Lenin's older sister Anna, there is a place where she writes that when Pisarev was banned, they took his books from the family doctor. And then he immediately crosses out and writes: "... at the doctor's friend." That is, he hides the fact that this doctor was a close person to Ulyanov's mother. She obviously took his closeness to her mother hard and tried to erase him from her memory.

Youth. Beginning of revolutionary activity

In 1879-1887 he studied at the Simbirsk gymnasium. Lenin's views in the years of his youth took shape under the influence of family upbringing, the example of his parents, under the influence of revolutionary-democratic literature and contact with the life of the people. His brother Alexander, who was an indisputable authority for him, had a very strong influence on Volodya. The boy tried to be like his brother in everything, and if they asked him what he would do in this or that case, he invariably answered: "like Sasha." Over the years, the desire to be equal to the older brother has not passed, but has become deeper and more meaningful. From Alexander Volodya learned about Marxist literature - for the first time I saw K. Marx's "Capital" from him.

Even in his youth, he breaks with religion. The impetus for this was a scene that angered him to the core. Once, in a conversation with a guest, Ilya Nikolaevich said about his children that they did not attend church well. Looking at Vladimir, the guest said: "Fight, flog!" Volodya ran out of the house and, in protest, tore off his pectoral cross. What had matured for a long time broke out.

His revolutionary moods manifested themselves even in his classroom work. Once the director of the gymnasium, F. M. Kerensky (father of the later notorious Socialist-Revolutionary A. F. Kerensky), who always used Ulyanov’s writings as an example to other students, warned: “What oppressed classes are you writing about here, what does it have to do with it?”

In January 1886, at the age of 54, Ilya Nikolayevich died suddenly from a cerebral hemorrhage. The orphaned family was left without a livelihood. Maria Alexandrovna began to apply for a pension, in anticipation of which several months passed.

Before the family had time to recover from one blow, a new grief fell upon it - on March 1, 1887 in St. Petersburg, Alexander Ulyanov was arrested for participating in the preparation of the assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander III. Following him, his sister Anna, who studied in St. Petersburg, was also arrested.

The family did not know about the revolutionary activities of Alexander Ilyich. After graduating from the Simbirsk gymnasium with a gold medal, he studied brilliantly at St. Petersburg University. His research in the field of zoology and chemistry attracted the attention of prominent scientists such as N. P. Wagner and A. M. Butlerov; each of them wanted to leave him at the university in his department. One of his works on zoology, completed in the third year, was awarded a gold medal. During the last summer he spent at home, he devoted all his time to the preparation of his dissertation and seemed to have completely devoted himself to science. No one knew that while in St. Petersburg, Alexander Ilyich participated in circles of revolutionary youth and conducted political propaganda among the workers. Ideologically, he was on the way from Narodnaya Volya to Marxism.

When his older brother Alexander was executed in 1887, Vladimir Ulyanov uttered the famous phrase: "We will go the other way," which meant his rejection of the methods of individual terror.

In 1887, Lenin graduated from high school with a gold medal and entered the law faculty of Kazan University, but was soon expelled for participating in student unrest and sent to relatives in the village of Kokushkino, Kazan province.

In the autumn of 1888, Vladimir Ilyich was allowed to return to Kazan. Here he joined one of the Marxist circles organized by N. E. Fedoseev, in which the works of K. Marx, F. Engels, G. V. Plekhanov were studied and discussed. The works of Marx and Engels played a decisive role in shaping the worldview of Lenin - he becomes a staunch Marxist.

In the autumn of 1889, the Ulyanov family settled in Samara, where Lenin also kept in touch with local revolutionaries. Young Vladimir brilliantly passed the exams at St. Petersburg University, after which he worked for some time as an assistant to a barrister (lawyer) in court, where he defended the proletarians (cases of the theft of a bag of grain, an iron rail and a wheel). Not finding himself in this activity, he plunged into the revolution as an active Marxist.

The memories of this time of the doctor Vladimir Krutovsky are amusing:
“I rode on a crowded train, where enterprising railway workers, apparently, sold extra tickets. I drew attention to a young man of small stature who quarreled with his superiors, “demanding the attachment of an extra wagon,” and organized the people in such a way that in Samara the station chief said: “Well, his to hell, hitch the wagon…”

He meets with Plekhanov in Switzerland, with W. Liebknecht in Germany, with P. Lafargue and other leaders of the international labor movement in France, and upon his return to the capital in 1895, under the leadership of Zederbaum-Martov, organizes the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class" . The "Union of Struggle" carried out active propaganda activities among the workers, they issued more than 70 leaflets. In December 1895, Lenin was arrested and a year and two months later he was exiled to the village of Shushenskoye in the Yenisei province for 3 years. Here Lenin married N. K. Krupskaya (in July 1898), wrote the book “The Development of Capitalism in Russia”, based on the material collected in prison, directed against populist theories, translated, and worked on articles. During the exile, more than 30 works were written, contacts were established with the Social Democrats of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Voronezh and other cities.

In exile

In February 1900 Lenin's term of exile ends. In the same year, he leaves Russia and founds in exile the Iskra newspaper, designed to serve as the propaganda of Marxism; at the same time, the distribution of the newspaper allows you to create a fairly extensive network of underground organizations in the territory Russian Empire. In December 1901, for the first time, he signed one of his articles published in Iskra with the pseudonym Lenin (he also had pseudonyms: V. Ilyin, V. Frei, Iv. Petrov, K. Tulin, Karpov, and others). In 1902 in the work “What is to be done? Painful questions of our movement" Lenin came up with his own concept of the party, which he saw as a centralized militant organization ("Give us an organization of revolutionaries and we will turn Russia over!").

Participation in the work of the II Congress of the RSDLP

From July 17 to August 10, 1903, the II Congress of the RSDLP was held in Geneva, Brussels and London. Lenin was looking forward to it with great impatience, because the First Congress, which took place 5 years ago, did not actually create a party: it did not adopt a program, did not rally the revolutionary forces of the proletariat; elected at the first congress of the Central Committee was immediately arrested. Lenin took the preparations for the congress into his own hands. On his initiative, an "Organizing Committee" was created, whose members evaluated the work of social democratic organizations before the congress. Long before the congress, Lenin wrote a draft of the party's rules, drafted many resolutions, thought out and outlined the congress's work plan. With the participation of Plekhanov, Lenin also drew up a draft program of the party. The program outlined the immediate tasks of the workers' party: the overthrow of tsarism, the establishment of democratic republic, the destruction of the remnants of serfdom in the countryside, in particular the return to the peasants of the lands cut off from them by the landlords during the abolition of serfdom (“segments”), an 8-hour working day, complete equality of nations and peoples. The ultimate goal of the working-class movement was the construction of a new, socialist society, the means of achieving it was the socialist revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat.

With the opening of the congress, the heterogeneity of the party became obvious, a sharp controversy arose between Lenin's supporters - "hard" Iskra-ists on the one hand and his opponents - "soft" Iskra-ists and "Economists" on the other. Lenin stubbornly defended the provisions on the dictatorship of the proletariat, on strict requirements for party members. On most points, the "solid" Iskra-ists won, but the party split into two factions - the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, and the Mensheviks, led by Martov.

Revolution of 1905

Revolution of 1905-07 found Lenin abroad, in Switzerland. Maintaining close contact with local party organizations, he possessed comprehensive information about the growing revolutionary wave. At the Third Congress of the RSDLP, held in London in April 1905, Lenin emphasized that the main task of this revolution was to put an end to the autocracy and the remnants of serfdom in Russia. Despite the bourgeois character of the revolution, according to Lenin, the working class, as the most interested in its victory, should become its leader, and the peasantry should be its natural ally. Having approved the point of view of Lenin, the congress determined the tactics of the party: organizing strikes, demonstrations, preparing an armed uprising.

Lenin wanted to take a direct part in the revolutionary events. At the first opportunity, in early November 1905, he illegally, under a false name, arrived in St. Petersburg and launched an active work. Lenin headed the work of the Central and St. Petersburg committees of the RSDLP, paid much attention to the leadership of the Novaya Zhizn newspaper, which became very popular among the workers. Under the direct leadership of Lenin, the party was preparing an armed uprising. At the same time, Lenin wrote the book "Two Tactics of Social Democracy in a Democratic Revolution", in which he points out the need for the hegemony of the proletariat and an armed uprising. In the struggle to win the peasantry over to his side (which was actively waged with the Socialist-Revolutionaries), Lenin wrote the pamphlet Towards the Rural Poor. This struggle turned out to be successful: from the moment Lenin arrived in Russia and until his departure, the membership of the party increased by an order of magnitude. By the end of 1906, the RSDLP consisted of approximately 150 thousand people.

The presence of Lenin could not go unnoticed by the tsarist secret police; further stay in Russia became dangerous. In 1906 Lenin moved to Finland, and in the fall of 1907 emigrated again.

Despite the defeat of the December armed uprising, Lenin proudly said that the Bolsheviks used all revolutionary opportunities, they were the first to embark on the path of the uprising and the last to leave it when this path became impossible.

Second emigration

In early January 1908, Lenin returned to Switzerland. The defeat of the revolution of 1905-1907 did not force him to fold his hands, he considered the repetition of the revolutionary upsurge inevitable. “Broken armies learn well,” wrote Lenin. In 1912 he decisively broke with the Mensheviks, who insisted on the legalization of the RSDLP.

On May 5, 1912, the first issue of the legal Bolshevik newspaper Pravda was published. Lenin was in fact its editor-in-chief. He wrote articles to Pravda almost daily, sent letters in which he gave instructions, advice, and corrected editorial errors. For 2 years, about 270 Leninist articles and notes were published in Pravda. Also in exile, Lenin led the activities of the Bolsheviks in IV State Duma, was a representative of the RSDLP in the Second International, wrote articles on party and national issues, studied philosophy.

From the end of 1912, Lenin lived on the territory of Austria-Hungary. Here, in the Galician town of Poronin, he was caught by the First World War. Austrian gendarmes arrested Lenin, declaring him a tsarist spy. To release him, the help of the deputy of the Austrian parliament, the socialist V. Adler, was required. To the question of the Habsburg minister "Are you sure that Ulyanov is an enemy of the tsarist government?" Adler replied: "Oh, yes, more accursed than Your Excellency." On August 6, 1914, Lenin was released from prison, and after 17 days he was already in Switzerland. Shortly after his arrival, Lenin announced his theses on the war at a meeting of a group of Bolshevik émigrés. He said that the war that had begun was imperialist, unjust on both sides, and alien to the interests of the working people.

Many modern historians accuse Lenin of defeatist moods, but he himself explained his position as follows: A lasting and just peace - without robbery and violence of the victors over the vanquished, a world in which no people would be oppressed, it is impossible to achieve while the capitalists are in power . Only the people themselves can put an end to the war and conclude a just, democratic peace. And for this, the working people must turn their weapons against the imperialist governments, turn the imperialist massacre into a civil war, into a revolution against the ruling classes, and take power into their own hands. Therefore, whoever wants a lasting, democratic peace must be in favor of a civil war against the governments and the bourgeoisie. Lenin put forward the slogan of revolutionary defeatism, the essence of which was to vote against war loans to the government (in parliament), to create and strengthen revolutionary organizations among the workers and soldiers, to combat government patriotic propaganda, and to support the fraternization of soldiers at the front. At the same time, Lenin considered his position deeply patriotic: "We love our language and our homeland, we are full of a sense of national pride, and that is why we especially hate our slave past ... and our slave present."

At party conferences in Zimmerwald (1915) and Kienthal (1916), Lenin defended his thesis on the need to transform the imperialist war into a civil war and at the same time argued that a socialist revolution could win in Russia (“Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism”).

"Sealed Wagon"

After the February Revolution of 1917 (the fact of which Lenin learned from the newspapers), the German authorities allowed Lenin, accompanied by 35 party comrades, among whom were Krupskaya, Zinoviev, Lilina, Armand, Sokolnikov, Radek and others, to leave Switzerland by train through Germany. Moreover, Lenin was traveling in the so-called "sealed carriage" - in other words, he and his closest colleagues were forbidden to leave their carriage at all stations up to the border. Moreover, the German government and the General Staff were well aware of who Lenin was and how his ideas could be socially explosive for the Russian government, which was determined to continue the bloody war. It is noted that the German government financed all opposition parties in Russia, in proportion to their numbers. Thus, the Socialist-Revolutionaries had the greatest support (6 million people in 1917), and the support of the Bolsheviks (30 thousand people in 1917) was very insignificant. There is a hypothesis that this is why they allowed Lenin to freely cross their territory. The arrival of Lenin in Russia on April 3, 1917 found a great response in the proletarian environment. The next day, April 4, Lenin made a report to the Bolsheviks. These were the famous "April Theses", in which Lenin outlined his plan for the party's struggle for the transition from a bourgeois-democratic revolution to a workers', socialist revolution. Taking control of the RSDLP(b) into his own hands, Lenin implements this plan. From April to July 1917, he wrote more than 170 articles, pamphlets, draft resolutions of the Bolshevik conferences and the Central Committee of the party, appeals. After the execution by the Provisional Government of a peaceful demonstration that took place in Petrograd on July 3-5, the period of dual power ends. The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, go into open confrontation with the government and prepare for a new revolution.

On July 20 (Old Style July 7) the Provisional Government ordered Lenin's arrest. In Petrograd, he had to change 17 safe houses, after which, until August 21 (August 8, according to the old style), 1917, he hid not far from Petrograd - in a hut on Lake Razliv, until early October - in Finland (Jalkala, Helsingfors, Vyborg).

October Revolution of 1917

On the evening of October 24, 1917, Lenin arrived in Smolny and began direct leadership of the uprising, together with the then chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, L. D. Trotsky. It took 2 days to overthrow the government of A.F. Kerensky. November 7 (October 25, old style) Lenin wrote an appeal for the overthrow of the Provisional Government. On the same day, at the opening of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Lenin's decrees on peace and land were adopted and a workers' and peasants' government was formed - the Council of People's Commissars, headed by Lenin. On January 5, 1918, the Constituent Assembly opened, in which the Socialist-Revolutionaries received the majority. Lenin, with the support of the Left SRs, put the Constituent Assembly before a choice: ratify the power of the Soviets and the decrees of the Bolshevik government, or disperse. Russia at that time was an agrarian country, 90% of its population were peasants. The Social Revolutionaries expressed their political views. The Constituent Assembly, which did not agree with this formulation of the question, was dissolved.

For 124 days of the "Smolnin period" Lenin wrote over 110 articles, draft decrees and resolutions, delivered over 70 reports and speeches, wrote about 120 letters, telegrams and notes, participated in editing more than 40 state and party documents. The working day of the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars lasted 15-18 hours. During this period, Lenin presided over 77 meetings of the Council of People's Commissars, led 26 meetings and meetings of the Central Committee, participated in 17 meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and its Presidium, in the preparation and holding of 6 various All-Russian Congresses of Workers. After the Central Committee of the Party and the Soviet government moved from Petrograd to Moscow, on March 11, 1918, Lenin lived and worked in Moscow. Lenin's personal apartment and office were located in the Kremlin, on the third floor of the former Senate building.

Post-revolutionary activity

In accordance with the Decree on Peace, it was necessary for Lenin to withdraw from the world war. Fearing the capture of Petrograd by German troops, at his suggestion, the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the RCP (b) moved to Moscow, which became new capital Soviet Russia. Despite the opposition of the left communists and L. D. Trotsky, Lenin managed to achieve the conclusion of the Brest peace treaty with Germany on March 3, 1918. He lived and worked in the Kremlin, implementing his program of transformations on the path to socialism. On August 30, 1918, an attempt was made on him by the Socialist-Revolutionary Fanny Kaplan, which led him to a serious wound.
(the question of the possibility of the half-blind Fanny Kaplan to hit Lenin from a distance of 50 meters remains controversial). In 1919, on the initiative of Lenin, the 3rd, Communist International was created. In 1921, at the 10th Congress of the RCP(b), he put forward the task of transitioning from the policy of "war communism" to the New Economic Policy. Lenin contributed to the establishment of a one-party system and an atheistic worldview in the country. Thus, Lenin became the founder of the world's first socialist state.

The consequences of the injury and excessive work led Lenin to a serious illness. (The version according to which Lenin was ill with syphilis, which began to spread during his lifetime, is most likely erroneous). In March 1922, Lenin directed the work of the 11th Congress of the RCP(b), the last party congress at which he spoke. In May 1922 he fell seriously ill, but returned to work in early October.
Lenin's last public speech was on November 20, 1922, at the plenum of the Moscow Soviet. On December 16, 1922, his health deteriorated sharply again, and in May 1923, due to illness, he moved to the Gorki estate near Moscow. Lenin was in Moscow for the last time on October 18-19, 1923. In January 1924, his health suddenly deteriorated sharply, and on January 21, 1924 at 6 o'clock. 50 min. In the evening Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) died.

After death

On January 23, the coffin with the body of Lenin was transported to Moscow and installed in the Hall of Columns. The official farewell took place over five days and nights. On January 27, the coffin with the embalmed body of Lenin was placed in the Mausoleum specially built on Red Square (architect A. V. Shchusev). On January 26, 1924, after the death of Lenin, the 2nd All-Union Congress of Soviets granted the request of the Petrograd Soviet to rename Petrograd to Leningrad. The delegation of the city (about 1 thousand people) participated in Lenin's funeral in Moscow. It was also announced the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR to build a Mausoleum near the Kremlin wall. The project was carried out by the architect A. Shchusev. By January 27, 1924, a temporary Mausoleum was built. It was a cube topped with a three-stage pyramid. In the spring of the same year, it was replaced by another temporary Mausoleum, also made of wood.

The modern stone Mausoleum was built in 1930, also according to the project of A. Shchusev. This is a monumental structure, lined with dark red granite, porphyry and black labradorite. Its external volume is 5.8 thousand cubic meters, and internal - 2.4 thousand cubic meters. Red and black tones give the Mausoleum a clear and sad austerity. Above the entrance, on a monolith made of black labrador, the inscription in red quartzite is inscribed: LENIN. At the same time, guest stands for 10,000 people were built on both sides of the building along the Kremlin wall.

During the last restoration, carried out in the 70s, the Mausoleum was equipped with the latest instruments and equipment for managing all engineering systems, the structures were strengthened and more than 12 thousand marble blocks were replaced. The old guest stands were replaced with new ones.

At the entrance to the Mausoleum there was a guard, established by order of the head of the Moscow garrison on January 26, 1924, the day before Lenin's funeral. After the events of October 3-4, 1993, the guard was removed.

In 1923, the Central Committee of the RCP(b) created the V.I. Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU). More than 30 thousand documents are stored in the Central Party Archive of this institute, the author of which is V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin).

And after his death, Lenin divides society - about half of Russians are in favor of his burial according to Christian custom (although he was an atheist), next to the grave of his mother; and about the same number think that he should be left lying in his mausoleum.

Lenin's main ideas

The Communist Party should not wait for the realization of Marx's predictions, but implement them on its own: "Marxism is not a dogma, but a guide to action." the main objective Communist Party - the implementation of the communist revolution, followed by the construction of a classless society, free from exploitation.

There is no universal morality, but only class morality. According to proletarian morality, everything that contributes to the communist revolution is moral (“our morality is completely subordinated to the interests of the class struggle of the proletariat”). Therefore, for the good of the revolution, any actions, no matter how cruel, are permissible.

The revolution will not necessarily take place all over the world at the same time, as Marx believed. It can first occur in one, separately taken country. This country will then help the revolution in other countries.

After the death of Marx, capitalism passed into its last stage - imperialism. Imperialism is characterized by the formation of international monopoly unions (empires) that divide the world, and the territorial division of the world is completed. Since each such monopolistic union seeks to increase its profits, wars are inevitable between them.

In order to carry out a revolution, it is necessary to turn the imperialist war into a civil war. Tactically, the success of the revolution depends on the rapid capture of communications (post, telegraph, railway stations).

Before building communism, an intermediate stage is needed - socialism. Under socialism, there is no exploitation, but there is still no abundance of material goods that would satisfy any needs of all members of society.

Miscellaneous facts about Lenin

Quote " any cook is capable of running the state” is distorted. In fact, in the article “Will the Bolsheviks Retain the State Power” (Poln. Sobr. Works, vol. 34, p. 315), Lenin wrote:
We are not utopians. We know that any unskilled worker and any cook are not capable of immediately entering into government. On this we agree with the Cadets, and with Breshkovskaya, and with Tsereteli. But we differ from these citizens in that we demand an immediate break with the prejudice that only rich officials or officials taken from rich families can govern the state, carry out the everyday, daily work of government. We demand that public administration be taught by conscious workers and soldiers, and that it be started immediately, that is, that all working people, all the poor, should be immediately enlisted in this training.

Lenin believed that communism will be built in 1930-1940. In a speech entitled "The Tasks of the Youth Unions" (1920), he said:
And so, the generation, which is now 15 years old and which in 10-20 years will live in a communist society, must set all the tasks of its teaching in such a way that every day in any village, in any city, young people solve practically this or that task of common labor, let the smallest, let the simplest.

Quote " study, study and study' is not taken out of context. It is taken from the work "Reverse Direction of Russian Social Democracy", written in 1899 and published in 1924.

In 1917, Norway took the initiative to award Nobel Prize Peace to Vladimir Lenin, with the wording "For the triumph of the ideas of peace", as a response to the "Decree on Peace" issued in Soviet Russia, which led Russia out of the First World War separately, but the Nobel Committee rejected this proposal.

V. I. Ulyanov is one of the few politicians who without an autobiography. A single sheet was found in the archives, where he tried to begin his biography, but there was no continuation.

This work was done for him by his older sister. Anna Ulyanova was 6 years older than her brother, and the process of his growing up and upbringing took place before her eyes. She writes that Volodya began to walk only at the age of 3, he had short, weak legs and a large head, as a result of which the boy often fell. falling down Volodya began to beat his head on the floor in anger and anger. The impact echoed throughout the house. So he attracted attention, writes Anna. At the same age, he cold-bloodedly tore off the legs of a horse from papier-mâché, and later destroyed a collection of theater posters that belonged to his older brother. Such cruelty and intolerance caused concern among parents, Anna admits.

Anna first raised the issue of Jewish origin Ulyanovs. Alexander Blank - Lenin's maternal grandfather - was a baptized Jew. Until now, it is still unknown why Prince Alexander Golitsyn, through whose efforts the baptism took place, patronized this Jewish boy. One way or another, it was thanks to the prince-grandfather of the future leader that many things were successful in life: education, promotion, a successful marriage. Evil tongues claim that Blank was the illegitimate son of Golitsyn. Anna tried for a long time to publicize the facts found. Two letters to Stalin with a request for permission to publish have survived. complete biography. But Iosif Vissarionovich considered that the proletariat did not need to know this at all.

Some today doubt whether then we celebrate anniversary of the birth of Lenin. Rumors arose because of the allegedly false date of birth. Indeed, in the work book of V. I. Ulyanov, the date is April 23. The fact. that the discrepancy between today's - the Gregorian - and the Julian calendar in the 19th century was 12 days, and in the 20th - already 13. The work book was filled out in 1920, when a random error crept in.

They say that Ulyanov, in his gymnasium years was friends with Alexander Kerensky. They really lived in the same city, but a considerable age difference could not lead to such a tandem. Although their fathers often met on duty. And Kerensky's father was the director of the gymnasium where Volodya studied. By the way, this was the only teacher who gave Ulyanov a four in the certificate. Thus, in order for the boy to receive a gold medal, his father had to make a deal: he recommended F. M. Kerensky as a candidate for the same position of people's inspector that he himself held. And they did not refuse him - Kerensky was accepted for this position and went to inspect schools in Central Asia.

Until now, another possible meeting between Lenin and Hitler remains a mystery. The game of these two historical figures in chess is depicted in a 1909 engraving by the artist Emma Löwenstamm, Hitler's art mentor. On the reverse side engravings are signed in pencil "Lenin", "Hitler" and the artist Emma Löwenstamm herself, the place (Vienna) and the year of creation (1909) of the etching are indicated. The artist's signature is also on the edge of the front side of the image. The meeting itself could have taken place in Vienna, in a house belonging to a wealthy and somewhat famous Jewish family. By this time, Adolf Hitler was an unsuccessful young watercolorist, and Vladimir Lenin was in exile there, and wrote the book Materialism and Empirio-Criticism.




IN AND. Ulyanov at the age of 21 became the youngest lawyer in Russia. What is the great merit of the authorities. forbidding him to study full-time. I had to take it externally.

V. I. Ulyanov was of the Orthodox faith and even got married in a church - at the insistence of his mother-in-law. Few people know that in London in 1905 he met with the priest Gapon. And even gave him his book with an autograph.

On Lenin's connection with Inessa Armand there are a lot of rumors. For now, this remains a mystery to historians. However, in the Krupskaya family album, photographs of Ilyich and Inessa are located on the same page. Moreover, Nadezhda Konstantinovna writes the most intimate letters to her daughters Armand. Armand herself writes in her dying diary that she lives "only for children and V.P."

Rumors about it. what real name Krupskaya- Rybkina, are groundless. It's just that usually her underground nicknames were associated with the underwater world - "Fish", "Lamprey" ... Most likely this is due to Nadezhda Konstantinovna's Graves' disease, expressed in slightly bulging eyes.

Children of the revolutionary couple, as you know, was not. The last hope collapsed in Shushenskoye. “Hopes for the arrival of a little bird did not come true,” Nadezhda Konstantinovna writes to her mother-in-law from exile. The miscarriage was caused by the occurrence of Graves' disease in Krupskaya.

According to the testimony of both the attending physicians, and the commission created in the 70th year, and today's specialists, Lenin had atherosclerosis of the brain. But proceeded very atypically. The world-famous professor G. I. Rossolimo, having examined Ulyanov, wrote in his diary: “The situation is extremely serious. The hope for recovery would be if the basis of the brain process were syphilitic changes in blood vessels. Perhaps this is where the version of Lenin's venereal disease came from.

After the first stroke on May 22, Ulyanov returned to working condition for several months. And in October he started working. For two and a half months, he received more than 170 people, wrote about 200 official letters and business papers, chaired 34 meetings and meetings of the Council of People's Commissars, the STO, the Politburo and made a report at the session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and at the IV Congress of the Comintern. A case in medical practice unprecedented.

It is still unknown who shot Lenin. But rumors that Kaplan survived remain rumors. Although neither in the Central Archives of the KGB, nor in the files of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, a written verdict of execution was found. But the commandant of the Kremlin, Malkov, claimed to have held this conclusion in his hands.

Shortly before death Vladimir Ilyich recalled the people with whom he parted long ago. He was no longer able to say anything specific about them and only named their names - Martov, Axelrod, Gorky, Bogdanov, Volsky ...

Ulyanov was always afraid of being paralyzed, unable to work. Feeling the approach of a stroke, he called Stalin to him and asked in case of paralysis give him poison. Stalin promised, but as far as is known, this request was not fulfilled.

The main works of Lenin

“What are ‘friends of the people’ and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?” (1894);
"The Development of Capitalism in Russia" (1899);
"What to do?" (1902);
"One step forward, two steps back" (1904);
"Materialism and Empirio-Criticism" (1909);
"On the right of nations to self-determination" (1914);
"Socialism and War" (1915);
"Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism" (1916);
"State and Revolution" (1917);
"Children's Disease of 'Leftism' in Communism" (1920);
"The Tasks of Youth Unions" (1920)
"On the pogrom persecution of Jews" (1924);
"Pages from a Diary", "On Cooperation", "On Our Revolution", "Letter to the Congress"
What is Soviet power?

Family tree of Lenin

--- Grigory Ulyanin --- Nikita Grigorievich Ulyanin --- Vasily Nikitovich Ulyanin --- Nikolai Vasilievich Ulyanov (Ulyanin) ¦ L-- Anna Simeonovna Ulyanina --- Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov (1831-1886) ¦ ¦ --- Lukyan Smirnov ¦ ¦ ---Aleksey Lukyanovich Smirnov ¦ L--Anna Alekseevna Smirnova ¦ Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ¦ ¦ ---Moshka Itskovich Blank ¦ --- Alexander Dmitrievich (Abel) Blank ¦ ¦ L--Miriam Blank L--Maria Aleksandrovna Blank (1835-1916) ¦ --- Yugan Gottlieb (Ivan Fedorovich) Grosshopf L -- Anna Ivanovna Grosshopf ¦ --- Carl Reingald Estedt ¦ --- Karl Frederick Estedt ¦ ¦ L--Beate Eleonora Niemann L--Anna Beatta (Anna Karlovna) Estedt ¦ --- Karl Borg L--Anna Christina Borg ¦ --- Simon Novelius L--Anna Brigitte Novelia L--Ekaterina Arenberg

Lenin is a world famous political figure, the leader of the Bolshevik Party (revolutionary), the founder of the state of the USSR. Who is Lenin, almost everyone knows. He is a follower of the great philosophers F. Engels and K. Marx.

Who is Lenin? Summary of his biography

Ulyanov Vladimir was born in Simbirsk in 1870. And in the city of Ulyanovsk he spent his childhood and youth.

From 1879 to 1887 he studied at the gymnasium. After graduating with a gold medal, Vladimir in 1887, together with his family, already without Ilya Nikolaevich (he died in January 1886), moved to live in Kazan. There he entered Kazan University.

In the same place, in 1887, for active participation in the gathering of students, he was expelled from the educational institution and exiled to the village of Kokushkino.

The patriotic spirit of protest against the tsarist system existing at that time and the oppression of the people awakened early in the young man.

The study of advanced Russian literature, the works of great writers (Belinsky, Dobrolyubov, Herzen, Pisarev) and especially Chernyshevsky led to the formation of his advanced revolutionary views. The elder brother introduced Vladimir to Marxist literature.

From that moment on, young Ulyanov devoted his entire future life to the struggle against the capitalist system, to the cause of the liberation of the people from oppression and slavery.

Ulyanov family

Knowing who Lenin is, one involuntarily wants to know in more detail what family such a brilliant, enlightened person came from.

Vladimir's parents, in their views, belonged to the Russian intelligentsia.

Grandfather - N. V. Ulyanov - from the serfs of the Nizhny Novgorod province, an ordinary tailor-craftsman. He died in poverty.

Father - I. N. Ulyanov - after graduating from Kazan University, he was a teacher in secondary schools in Penza and Nizhny Novgorod. Subsequently, he worked as an inspector and director of schools in the province (Simbirsk). He loved his job very much.

Vladimir's mother - M. A. Ulyanova (Blank) - a doctor by training. She was gifted and had great abilities: she knew several foreign languages She played the piano well. She received her own education at home and, having passed an external exam, became a teacher. Dedicated to children.

Vladimir's elder brother A.I. Ulyanov was executed for participating in the attempt on the life of Alexander III in 1887.

Vladimir's sisters - A. I. Ulyanova (by her husband - Elizarova), M. I. Ulyanov, and brother D. I. Ulyanov at one time became prominent figures in the Communist Party.

Parents brought up in them honesty, diligence, attention and sensitivity to people, responsibility for their deeds, actions and words, and most importantly - a sense of duty.

Ulyanov library. The acquisition of knowledge

In the process of studying (with numerous awards) at the Simbirsk gymnasium, Vladimir received excellent knowledge.

In the home family library, the Ulyanovs had a huge number of works by great Russian writers - Pushkin, Lermontov, Turgenev, Gogol, Dobrolyubov, Tolstoy, Herzen, as well as foreign ones. There were editions of Shakespeare, Huxley, Darwin and many others. others

This advanced literature of those times had a great and important influence on the formation of the views of the young Ulyanovs on everything that happened.

Formation of personal political views, publication of the first political newspapers

In 1893, in St. Petersburg, Vladimir Ulyanov studied social democratic issues, was engaged in journalism and was fond of political economy.

Since 1895, the first attempts to travel abroad have been made. In the same year, Lenin traveled outside the country to establish good ties with the Emancipation of Labor group and other leaders of the European Social Democratic parties. In Switzerland, he met with GV Plekhanov. As a result, politicians from other countries learned about who Lenin was.

After the trips, Vladimir Ilyich, already in his homeland, organizes the party "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class" (St. Petersburg, 1895).

After that, he was arrested and sent to the Yenisei province. Three years later, it was there that Vladimir Ilyich married N. Krupskaya and wrote many of his works.

Moreover, at that time he had several pseudonyms (except for the main one - Lenin): Karpov, Ilyin, Petrov, Frey.

Further development of revolutionary political activity

Lenin is the organizer of the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP. Subsequently, he drew up the charter and plan of the party. Vladimir Ilyich, with the help of the revolution, tried to create a completely new society. During the revolution of 1907, Lenin was in Switzerland. The leadership then passed to him after the arrest of most of the party members.

After the next congress of the RSDLP (3rd), he was engaged in preparing an uprising and demonstrations. Although the uprising was crushed, Ulyanov did not stop working. He publishes "Pravda", writes new works. Who is Vladimir Lenin, at that time, many have already learned from his numerous publications.

The strengthening of new revolutionary organizations continues.

After the February Revolution of 1917, he returned to Russia again and led an uprising against the government. Goes underground to avoid arrest.

After the revolution (October 1917), Lenin began to live and work in Moscow in connection with the Central Committee of the party and government moving there from the city of Petrograd.

The results of the revolution of 1917

After the revolution, Lenin founds the proletarian Red Army, the 3rd Communist International and concludes a peace treaty with Germany. From now on, the country has a new economic policy, the direction of which is growth National economy. Thus, a socialist state, the USSR, is being formed.

The overthrown exploiting classes launched a struggle and terror against the new Soviet power. In August 1918, an attempt was made on Lenin, he was wounded by F. E. Kaplan (Socialist-Revolutionary).

Who is Vladimir Ilyich Lenin for the people? After his death, the cult of his personality grew. Monuments to Lenin were laid everywhere, many urban and rural facilities were renamed in his honor. Many cultural and educational institutions (libraries, houses of culture) named after Lenin were opened. The mausoleum of the great Lenin in Moscow still keeps the body of the greatest political figure.

Last years

Lenin was a militant atheist and fought hard against the influence of the church. In 1922, taking advantage of the dire situation of famine in the Volga region, he called for the seizure of the valuables of churches.

Pretty hard work and an injury spoiled the health of the leader, and in the spring of 1922 he became seriously ill. Periodically, he returned to work. Last year its tragic. A serious illness prevented him from completing all his affairs. Here, between close associates, a struggle arose for the great "Leninist heritage."

He was able, overcoming illness, at the end of 1922 and at the beginning of February 1923, to dictate several articles and letters that made up his "Political Testament" for the Party Congress (12th).

In this letter, he suggested that I.V. Stalin be removed from his post Secretary General to another place. He was convinced that he would not be able to use his immense power carefully, as he should.

Shortly before his death, he moved to Gorki. The proletarian leader died in 1924, on January 21.

Relations with Stalin

Who is Stalin? Both Lenin and Iosif Vissarionovich worked together along the party line.

They met in person in 1905 at the RSDLP conference in Tammerfors. Until 1912, Lenin did not single him out among many party workers. Until 1922, there were more or less good relations between them, although disagreements often arose. Relations deteriorated greatly towards the end of 1922, as it is believed, in connection with Stalin's conflict with the leadership of Georgia ("Georgian affair") and a small incident with Krupskaya.

After the death of the leader, the myth about the relationship between Stalin and Lenin changed several times: either Stalin was one of Lenin's comrades-in-arms, then he became his student, then a faithful continuer of the great cause. And it turned out that the revolution began to have two leaders. Then Lenin turned out to be not so needed, and Stalin acted as the only leader.

Outcome. Who is Lenin? Briefly about the stages of its activity

Under the leadership of Lenin, a new state administrative apparatus was formed. The lands of the landlords were confiscated and nationalized along with transport, banks, industry, etc. The Soviet Red Army was created. Slavery and national oppression have been abolished. There were decrees on food issues. Lenin and his government fought for world peace. The leader introduced the principle of collective leadership. He became the leader of the international labor movement.

Who is Lenin? Everyone should know about this unique historical figure. After the death of the great leader, people were brought up on the ideals of Vladimir Ilyich. And the results were good.