Compound sentence with allied coordinating and subordinating. Complex sentences with different types of connection

The subordinating relationship in a complex sentence has several types. By the presence or absence of an analogy with the types of subordinating connection in a phrase and a simple sentence, there is reason to distinguish two types of subordinating connection in complex sentences: 1) a connection similar to connections in a phrase and a simple sentence; 2) a connection that is not similar to connections in a phrase and a simple sentence.
The subordinating relationship of the first kind is further subdivided according to what kind of relationship it is analogous to. For a subordinating connection in a complex sentence, the most significant feature is predictability ~ unpredictability. Accordingly, they stand out:

1. a predictive subordinating connection, similar to the connection between a word and the form of the word that spreads it, determined by the properties of the main word;
2. non-predictive subordinating connection, similar to the connection between the predicative center of the sentence and its non-constitutive situational distributors - determinants. Wed: He was waiting for the director to come. - When the director arrived, they went to the workshop. In the first sentence, the subordinate clause is in a subordinate relationship with the word wait, the categorical properties of which explain both its very presence with this word and the nature of its design; in the second sentence, the subordinate part is in a subordinate relationship with the predicative center of the main part, and the very fact of the presence of the subordinate part and the nature of its design (not motivated by anything in the main part) are determined by the semantic relations that are established between the subordinate and main parts.

More on the topic § 74. TYPES OF SUBJECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN A COMPLEX SENTENCE:

1. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence at the junction of conjunctions and allied words
2. 7.4. Types of syntactic connection in a phrase and a sentence

There is such a thing in linguistics as a subordinating relationship. In Russian, the subordinating connection occurs in phrases and sentences. This happens all the time in speech. But what is a subordinating phrase and a sentence?

In contact with

First, let's look at what subordination means. It connects independent (significant) words and phrases through the fact that one part is main and the other is dependent. It is very easy to check this. From the main part, you can ask a question to the dependent. Such a connection is determined both by meaning and grammatically. For example, a beautiful flower, where from the word "flower" you can ask the question "what?" to the word "beautiful" and determine that the dependent here is an adjective.

Types of subordination in a phrase

Coordination

The gender, number and case form of the dependent part are fully consistent with the main part, that is, it is likened to it. From the main word, you can ask questions “what?” and "whose?" (These questions may vary depending on the form).

When agreeing, the noun is always the main one, and the dependents can be:

1. Adjectives: blue sea, clear image, bright light.
2. Ordinal numbers: first place, (on) the tenth floor, hundredth film.
3. Participles: a writing person, a running kitten, a bouncing ball.
4. Possessive pronouns (other than them, him, her): our hearts, my treasure.

Coordination also is complete and incomplete. In the first case, the dependent word in all forms is likened to the main one, and in the second case, only partially. But the incomplete form concerns rather only exceptions and vernacular. An example of incomplete (or partial) agreement is the case when a word denoting a profession (as we know, many such words are in the masculine form, but the person himself can be a woman) has an adjective next to it, but in a different gender (our doctor).

Control

When controlling, the dependent word changes under the influence of the main word only in case, one word “controls” another. A word combination with control can be: a verb + a noun, a gerund + a noun, a participle + a noun, two nouns or a cardinal number + a noun. It happens two types of control: with a preposition when there is a preposition, or without a preposition. When managing a dependent word, the question of the indirect case or the adverbial question (where, where, where from) is asked, since the word can answer two questions at the same time.

Examples: smoking a cigarette, living in a house, a cat toy, six players, dropping out of school, writing books.

adjoining

With this type of connection, one part "adjoins" the other. In other words, these phrases determined only by meaning, since both parts retain all their shapes. The main sign of adjacency is that the dependent word is an invariable part of speech (verb infinitive, gerund, adverb, pronouns his, her, them).

The main difference from management and coordination is precisely the “independence” of the parts and dependence on each other only in meaning. Adjacency is the connection of two nouns if they denote a name (Lake Baikal, the country of Russia, the Volga River). You can ask a circumstantial question (not to be confused with management!): what to do, what to do, what to do, what to do, and whose (him, her, them).

Examples: his jacket, planet Earth, live well, drive without stopping, grew up quickly.

Phrases that do not have a subordinating connection

• Word and service part of speech (near the house).
• Compound words (more vivid).
• Words joined by "and".
• Phraseologisms.
• Verb and subject.

Subordination in sentences

Sentences also have a subordinating relationship, but this only applies to non-compound sentences. A complex sentence differs from a compound one in that both parts cannot be broken. If they are used separately, then the sentence will lose its meaning, while parts of a compound sentence are quite possible use separately and on the letter to divide by a dot.

Separate the types of subordination in such sentences only if there are several subordinate clauses. For example: he told me that he would only go to the place where he was sent. Here we see one main clause and two dependent ones.

• sequential;
• parallel;
• homogeneous.

Sequential a sentence can be defined if a question goes from the main part to a subordinate clause, and from this clause to another clause. For example: I bought a jacket (which one?), which was sewn for me in an atelier (in which one?), which is far from my home.

At parallel in the form of subordination to all subordinate clauses, questions are asked from the main part, but from different words. Thus, a kind of "parallel" is obtained. In such cases, usually the main part is between the dependents. (Example: when the bell rang at school, I was talking to a new classmate who had recently moved into our class).

At homogeneous type dependent sentences refer to the same word in the main part. (For example: today I went for a walk in the park, which is usually very few people and where I forgot my jacket).

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GIA. Section “Grammar. Syntax". Complex sentences with different types of communication Tkachenko Elena Ivanovna, teacher of the Russian language and literature, MBOU "Secondary School No. 58", Arzamas

Types of connection in a complex sentence allied non-union coordinating subordinative

A coordinative connection is found between parts of a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions: However, but, nevertheless, but, yes (= a, = and), or, and, too, the same, the same, then ... then, either ... or, neither .. . nor. Subordination is found in complex sentences. Subordinating conjunctions are divided into simple and compound. Simple: What, so that, how, when, barely, if, while, although, once, whether, as if, as if, exactly, only, only, as if, as soon as, only, for, so that, if, for now, if only , when. Composite: Because, because, so, due to the fact that, due to the fact that; In order to, in order to; As, since; At the time when, since when.

1) I couldn’t fall asleep for a long time, and 2) axes were banging outside the window, 3) because woodcutters arrived in the village. (parts 1 and 2 - allied coordinating connection, coordinating union a; 2 and 3 parts allied subordinating connection, subordinating union because) 1) He thought: 2) winter will end soon, but 3) his teeth were chattering from the cold. (parts 1 and 2 - unionless, 2 and 3 - union writing)

1) The snow was melting, 2) the birds were returning home, and 3) the cold was gradually moving away from the heart. (1 and 2 - union-free connection, 2 and 3 - allied coordinating) 1) So leave unnecessary disputes - 2) I have already proved everything to myself; 3) Only mountains can be better than mountains, 4) Which have not yet been. (1 and 2 - unionless, 2 and 3 - unionless, 3 and 4 - allied subordinating)

Among sentences 32–37, find a complex sentence with an allied coordinating and subordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this offer. (32) At a big break, the director and I, in an empty classroom, began to make our way to Golubkin's conscience. (33) It was then, in the midst of our conversation, that Vanya Belov appeared and said: - (34) I came to hand myself over to justice! (35) I didn’t believe that he pulled out the dictations, but the director agreed with Vanya’s version. (36) After the lessons, six students, whose works disappeared, rewrote the dictation. (37) Senya Golubkin received a triple, because he had already discovered his mistakes during the break, and moved to the seventh grade. 35

In the sentences below from the read text, all commas are numbered. Write down the numbers denoting commas between parts of a complex sentence connected by a coordinating link. She, (1) seemed (2) ready to thank him for another hour, (3) but he turned and ran away. And at the first break it turned out (4) that none of the boys in their class gave anything to the girls. No one. Only in front of Lena Popova were tender branches of mimosa. - Where did you get the flowers from? the teacher asked. “Vitya gave me this,” (5) Lena said calmly. Everyone immediately whispered, (6) looking at Vitya, (7) and Vitya lowered his head low. 3, 7

Among sentences 12–23, find a complex sentence with an allied and allied coordinating and subordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this offer. (12) Sergeeva is a theater artist, a young and beautiful woman. (13) And Alice asked the guy an “adult” question: - (14) Do you love her? - (15) No, - the guy smiled. - (16) I once saved her. (17) In our city, the theater was then on tour with us. (18) It was in the spring, at the end of March. (19) The guys were sledding along the river. (20) Sergeeva also wanted to ride. (21) The guys gave her a sled. (22) She sat down and drove off, the sleigh accidentally drove onto the ice, which was thin and fragile, and a minute later Sergeeva found herself in icy water. (23) The guys screamed, but I was not far away and heard. 22

Among sentences 26–32, find a complex sentence with an allied coordinating and subordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this offer. (26) Tears flowed down the cheeks of the sailors, who more than once looked death in the face. (27) 3 having valued courage, the sailors saw the fortitude of the Leningrad schoolchildren. (28) The cruiser was preparing to go into battle, from which not everyone would return, and in these guys there was spiritualized hope itself. (29) Saying goodbye to the children, the team lined up. (30) The guys began to present gifts that they brought with them. (31) Taking a cloth pouch from the girl’s hands, the foreman, on whose chest there were two military orders, said: “I accept the third award of the Motherland.” (32) Sailors knew the price of courage. 28

In the sentence below, from the read text, all commas are numbered. Write down a number indicating a comma between parts of a complex sentence connected by a coordinating link. He sat all in the same place, (1) near the foot of the bed, (2) and, (3) when someone leaned over him, (4) with formidable impotence he put forward a jagged claw. one

In the sentences below from the read text, all commas are numbered. Write down the numbers denoting commas between parts of a complex sentence connected by a coordinating link. – I just wanted to know (1) why she howls. She feels bad, (2) right? - You're right, (3) she feels bad. Yanka used to walk during the day, (4) and I'm at work. Here comes my wife, (5) and everything will be all right. 3,4,5

Among sentences 5-12, find a non-union complex sentence. Write the number of this offer. (5) First, the nickname. (6) His name was Borozhai. (7) Find another dog on earth that has such a ridiculous name! (8) Secondly, my dog ​​was obscenely cowardly. (9) As soon as one of the guys growled menacingly, my Borozhay squealed like a woman, squatted low and, dodging, scrabbled from all legs to a mocking hoot. (10) And at that moment I was ready to fall through the ground. (11) Look at Tolik Karbyshev's dog, so dog! (12) 3 Thunder will come, he will look - so the trembling goes up to the very heels. 12

Among sentences 18–25, find a complex sentence with an allied and allied subordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this offer. - (18) I told everyone in the city how good it is here: now the hostesses will not fight off the guests, my hand is light. (19) Starting from Sunday, more and more summer residents began to come to the village. (20) The hostesses were seized by a fever of profit, and prices tripled, and since the people were driving, they began to grab without any conscience. (21) Somehow a neighbor came to Polikarpovna. (22) During the conversation, she casually asked how much she rents out housing, and when she heard the answer, she opened her eyes in surprise: - (23) Yes, you, grandmother, are completely crazy! (24) I have one, he will tear you off with his hands for a hundred. (25) Now they take one and a half hundred, two hundred each! eighteen

Among sentences 23–26, find complex sentences with non-union and allied coordinating links between parts. Write the numbers of these proposals. (23) But one day something happened that is still talked about in our places. (24) The plank shed caught fire at the neighbors. (25) They managed to bring out the cows, and the calf in the farthest cage was closed - you can’t get close. (26) Heat, smoke, he, poor fellow, no longer mumbles, but groans, everyone is sorry, but you can’t climb into the fire. 25, 26

In the sentences below from the read text, all commas are numbered. Write down the numbers denoting commas between parts of a complex sentence connected by a subordinating relationship. -Thank you, (1) - said Nazarov, (2) - but I didn’t come for that. My father is sick. We arrived in Moscow, (3) but in Moscow I only know you, (4) and I wanted to ask, (5) can we stay with you for a week? - No, (6) no, (7) - Sergeyeva said hastily. - This is inconvenient, (8) because I have a very small apartment. 5, 8

Among sentences 12–16, find a complex sentence with an allied and allied coordinating and subordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this offer. (12) The kingdom of toys reflected the real world in its own way, not humiliating anyone, but elevating me. (13) By the diminutiveness of their toys, they emphasized that they were created, as it were, to obey me. (14) And to completely host - I realized even then - it’s very pleasant. (15) I controlled the routes of cars and trains, the habits and actions of the animals that I was afraid of in my life. (16) I dominated, commanded - they were wordless, silent, and I secretly thought that it would be good to continue to treat others in this way. 16

Among sentences 29–33, find a complex sentence with different types of connection (non-union and allied subordinating) between the parts. Write the number of this offer. - (29) I’m not like that, I’m on business ... (30) In this is her “People around!” so much faith and optimism that everyone somehow gets better, brighter ... (31) It is incomprehensible to travel half of Russia, more than five thousand kilometers, without a ticket and without money, and return in the same way. (32) But they believe her. (33) Her face, eyes and smile glow with friendliness, she is so sincere - all outward that she simply cannot be trusted. 33

References Open bank of tasks GIA-9 // FIPI website http://www.fipi.ru/ Trosnetsova L.A., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. Russian language. Grade 9 M.: Education, 2013.

In this article, we will consider what complex sentences with different types of connection are, examples of which will be given and analyzed. But to be clear, let's start from afar.

What is a complex sentence

In syntax, a sentence is words that have a common meaning and are connected with the help of the laws of grammar, having a common theme, purpose of expression and intonation. With the help of sentences, people communicate, share their thoughts, present any material. Thought can be expressed briefly, but it can be expanded. Accordingly, the proposals can be concise or widespread.

Each sentence has its "heart" - a grammatical basis, i.e. subject and predicate. This is the subject of speech and its main characteristic (what does it do, what is it, what is it?). If the grammatical basis in the sentence is one, it is a simple sentence, if there are two or more of them, then it is complex.

(JV) may include two parts, three, four and even more. Relations in meaning between them, as well as the means of their connection with each other, can be different. There are complex allied proposals and non-union ones. To learn about their diversity, read the next section.

What are joint ventures

We have already begun to talk about the fact that joint ventures can be allied or non-union. Everything is very simple. If the parts of the joint venture are connected by a union (or by intonation, then the connection between them is called allied, and if only by intonation, then, accordingly, unionless.

In turn, allied sentences are divided into coordinating and subordinating - depending on whether their parts are in an "equal" position or one depends on the other.

Spring will come soon. This is a simple suggestion. the world will sparkle with bright colors again. This sentence is complex, while its parts are connected by intonation and union " when". We can ask a question from the main predicative part to the subordinate clause ( the world will sparkle with bright colors when? - when spring comes), which means that Spring will come soon and nature will bloom. This sentence also has two parts, but they are united by intonation and a coordinating union And. You cannot form a question between parts, but you can easily divide this sentence into two simple ones. This sentence is a compound one. Spring will come soon, flowers will bloom, birds will fly, it will become warm. This joint venture consists of four simple parts, but all of them are united only by intonation, there are no unions on the borders of the parts. This means that it is unionless. In order to compose complex sentences with different types of connection, it would be necessary to combine both allied and unionless relations in one sentence.

How many simple sentences can be in a complex one?

For a sentence to be considered complex, it must include at least two simple, two predicative parts. Complex sentences with different types of connection (we will see examples below) contain at least three parts, and sometimes there are about ten. But in this case, the proposal can be difficult to perceive. Such sentences combine allied and non-union communication, coordinating and subordinating in any combination.

He was surprised; a strange feeling filled his head and chest; the water ran with frightening speed, indomitably breaking through between the stones, and fell from a height with such force that it seemed that the mountain, along the slopes of which were full of mountain flowers, could not withstand this pressure ...

Here's a great example. Here are parts of complex sentences with different ones. In this sentence there are 5 predicative parts, between which all of the possible types of connection are presented. What are their features? Let's remember in more detail.

allied coordinating link

Complex allied sentences are compound (CSP) or complex (CSP).

The coordinative connection (CC) connects "equal" simple sentences. This means that it is impossible to form a question from one predicative part of a complex sentence to another, there is no dependence between them. Parts of the SSP can easily be made independent sentences, and the meaning of the phrase will not suffer from this and will not change.

Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect parts of such sentences. and, but, or etc. The sea was restless, and the waves crashed against the rocks with furious force..

allied subordination

With a subordinating relationship (PS), as its name implies, one part of the sentence "subordinates" the other, carries the main meaning, is the main one, while the second (subordinate) only supplements, specifies in something, you can ask a question about it from the main part. For subordinating communication, such unions and allied words are used as what, who, when, which, because, if etc.

But it is sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that they cheated on her all the time, that she deceived us ...(A. Pushkin). This sentence has one main part and three subordinate clauses, dependent on it and answering the same questions: " But it's sad to think (about what?), which is in vain ..."

If you try to divide the NGN into separate simple ones, then in most cases it will be seen that the main part retains its meaning and can exist without clauses, but the clauses become incomplete in semantic content and are not full-fledged sentences.

Unionless connection

Another type of joint venture is unionless. A complex sentence with different types of connection most often combines a connection without unions with one of the allied types or with both types at once.

Parts of the BSP are connected only intonationally. But this type of joint venture is considered the most difficult in terms of punctuation. If in union sentences only one sign is placed between their parts - a comma, then in this case you need to make a choice of one of four punctuation marks: a comma, a semicolon, a dash or a colon. In this article, we will not go into the details of this difficult rule, since our task today is complex sentences with different types of connections, exercises in their grammatically correct compilation and punctuation.

The horses set off, the bell rang, the wagon flew(A.S. Pushkin). This sentence has three parts connected by intonation and separated by commas.

So, we briefly gave a description of each of the possible types of connection between the parts of the joint venture, and now we will return to the main topic of the article.

Algorithm for parsing a joint venture with different types of communication

How to correctly place signs in a joint venture with many parts and different types of connections? The most important thing is to determine how many parts it has and where exactly their boundaries pass. To do this, you need to find the grammatical foundations. How many of them - so many predicative parts. Next, we highlight all the minor members related to each of the bases, and thus it becomes clear where one part ends and another begins. After that, you need to determine what types of connections between the parts (look for the presence of unions or their absence, try to ask a question or try to make each of the parts a separate sentence).

And finally, it remains only to correctly punctuate, because without them it is very difficult to perceive complex sentences with different types of communication in writing (textbook exercises are precisely aimed at developing this skill).

How not to make a mistake in choosing punctuation marks?

Punctuation of a complex sentence with different types of connection

Once the predicative parts are isolated and the types of connection are established, everything becomes very clear. We place punctuation marks in accordance with the rule relating to a particular type of communication.

Coordinating (SS) and subordinating connection (PS) require a comma before the union. Other punctuation marks in this case are very rare (with a coordinative connection, a semicolon is possible if one of the parts is complicated and contains commas; a dash is possible if the parts are sharply contrasted or one of them contains an unexpected result).

With an allied connection, as mentioned above, there may be one of four punctuation marks, depending on what semantic relationships are between the parts of the sentence.

Drawing up schemes of complex sentences with different types of communication

This step can be done before punctuation, or after, to check their correctness. Schemes are used in punctuation to graphically explain the choice of a particular punctuation mark.

The scheme helps to write complex sentences with different types of communication without punctuation errors. Examples of punctuation and charting will be given right now.

[The day was beautiful, sunny, surprisingly calm]; [a cozy shadow approached from the left], and [it became difficult to understand], (where it ends, the shadow) and (where the emerald foliage of trees begins).

In this sentence, between the first and second parts, an allied connection is easily traced, between the second and third - a coordinating one, and the third part is the main one in relation to the next two subordinate parts and is connected to them by a subordinating connection. The scheme of this joint venture is as follows: [__ =,=,=]; [= __], and [=], (where = __) and (where = __). Schemes of complex sentences with different types of communication can be horizontal and vertical. We have given an example of a horizontal scheme.

Summing up

So, we found out what complex sentences with different types of connections are (their examples are very common in works of fiction and business communication). These are sentences containing more than two simple ones in their composition, and their parts are connected by different types of syntactic connection. SP with different types of communication may include NGN, SSP and BSP in various combinations. In order not to make mistakes in punctuation marks, it is necessary to designate simple sentences inside a complex one and determine the types of syntactic connection.

Be smart!

In modern Russian, especially in writing, complex sentences are often used. Complex in Russian are of two types: allied and non-union. Unionless - which consists of several parts, but unions are not used to connect these parts to each other. Here is a classic example of an allied sentence: "It was snowing, the weather was frosty." Or, for example: "It was cold, the birds flew south."

In contact with

Allied, in turn, have a different feature. They are also of two or more parts, and unions are used for communication. Unions are of two types - coordinating and subordinating. If subordinating conjunctions are used, the sentence is called complex. If composing conjunctions are used, it is called compound.

Subordinating relationship in a complex sentence

If the parts of a complex sentence are interconnected by means of a subordinate connection, it is called a complex sentence. It consists of two parts: main and subordinate clauses. The main thing is always only one, and there can be several subordinate clauses. From the main part to the subordinate one can raise a question. There are different types of subordination.

adnexa can serve as a circumstance, for example: "I left school when the bell rang." It can also perform the function of an addition: "I told him what I wanted to say for a long time." And, finally, it can serve as a circumstance, for example: “Grandma told her grandson to go where he forgot his briefcase”, “I didn’t come because my grandmother got sick”, « “My mother arrived when the snow melted outside.”

Here are classic examples of variants with different types of subordination. In all examples, the first part will be the main part, and the second - subordinate, respectively, the question is asked from the first part to the second:

• "I love when spring comes";
• "I was reading a book about the house that Jack built";
• “Mom was upset because her son got a deuce”;
• "The boy decided to find out where Santa Claus comes from."

Composition in a complex sentence

We can talk about a coordinative connection in cases where the simple parts that make up the complex are equal in rights, and none of them can be called the main or dependent. Accordingly, the question cannot be posed from one part to another. The most common coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions "a", "but", "and".

Examples of a compositional connection:

• “Mom came home, and the son at that time went for a walk.”
• "I felt bad, but my friends were able to cheer me up."
• "The sun has set and the heads of the dandelions in the meadow have closed."
• "Winter came, and everything around was plunged into white silence."

The coordinative connection in variants with the union "a" is often used in Russian folk proverbs and sayings based on the opposition of any signs, for example: "The hair is expensive, but the mind is short." In the old Russian language, for example, in folklore works (fairy tales, epics, sayings, fables), the union “a” is often replaced by its Old Russian synonym “yes”, for example: “Grandfather came to pull a turnip, but the turnip grew big. The grandfather pulled and pulled the turnip, but called the grandmother for help.

Compound sentences are especially often used in descriptions of nature, when the author of the work wants to give the most complete picture of a summer day, a winter night, or a bright, beautiful landscape. Here is an example of such a descriptive text with a coordinative link in compound sentences: “It was snowing and people were running home with their collars up. It was still light outside, but the birds had long since ceased. Only the crunch of the snow underfoot was heard, but there was no wind. The sun was slowly setting below the horizon, and two lovers on a park bench were admiring the short winter sunset.

Also, compound sentences, especially sentences with the conjunctions “a” and “but”, are actively used in the scientific style of written speech, in reasoning texts. Here is an example of such reasoning: “The human body is hardy, but the immune system is easily destroyed by the uncontrolled use of antibiotics. Antibiotics as medicines have many advantages, but they cause dysbiosis and have a negative effect on the immune system.”

Punctuation Features

Two parts of a subordinating clause connected with each other by subordinating unions. The parts of the compositional type, in turn, are interconnected by compositional conjunctions. A conjunction is a small particle that visually resembles a preposition, but performs a completely different function: connects or two sentences that are inside one.

In both complex and complex sentences, unions must be preceded by a comma. While reading aloud, you need to pause before this comma. The omission of a comma before conjunctions using a coordinating and subordinating connection is considered a gross syntactic error. However, elementary and even secondary school students often make such mistakes in dictations, in independent and test papers in the Russian language, in essays and written works in literature. In this regard, the school curriculum for studying the Russian language includes a separate section devoted to working out the rules of punctuation.

In complex non-union sentences to connect two parts, you can use not only a comma, but also other punctuation marks, for example:

• "The sun rose, the birds woke up with the usual morning song."
• "I warned you: playing with fire is very dangerous!"
• “The full moon lit up, illuminating the earth with its radiance; sensing the approach of night, the wolf howled in the distant forest; somewhere in the distance, on a tree, an owl hooted.

Complex sentences help to make written and spoken speech especially expressive. They are actively used in texts of various contents. Their correct spelling in compliance with all punctuation rules indicates that a person knows Russian well and knows how to clearly express his thoughts in writing. Disregard for existing punctuation rules, on the contrary, indicates a low level of human speech culture. Teachers of the Russian language and literature should pay special attention to the correct spelling of complex sentences when checking students' written work.