Global Poverty. Глобальная бедность

Global Problems of Today
People have lived on our planet Earth for centuries and global problems have always existed. In ancient times the biggest global problem was wars. People have been fighting with each other since the beginning of the civilisation mostly to get new territories and more land. Later, fighting the distance was another global problem, too, before the discovery of the plane. Today, there are more global problems which can be divided into two categories: ecological problems and social, eco¬nomic and political issues.
The first category includes issues relating to ecological destruction, pollution and global warming as the result. The climate is changing and many people agree that climate change may be one of the greatest threats facing the planet. Many people think that a rise in temperature of about three or four degrees is not very much, but the effects are worse than it seems at first sight. Global warming has already killed off some types of animals and plants. There have been more and more heat waves in the summer, with many people dying in big cities. Rising sea levels are threatening whole nations on low-lying islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
The second category of global problems deals with social, economic and political issues. They include global terrorism, poverty, human rights, health issues, racism and many others.
We are faced with the problem of global terrorism and more and more countries are suffering from it. It is difficult to catch terrorists and prevent their acts. The most terrible terrorist attack took place on September 11, 2001 in the USA. The World Trade Centre, the pride of all Americans and one of the symbols of New York City, was destroyed completely and thousands of people died. The world was shocked and most countries decided to fight against terrorism. However, new terrorist attacks have been committed. Many innocent people still get killed and nobody can stop terrorists.
Poverty is another global problem. It may seem surprising, but most of humanity lives on just a few dollars a day now. The worst situation is in Africa where people (mostly children) die every day of hunger because they have nothing to eat. The poor also have less access to health, education and other services. Problems of hunger, malnutrition and diseases affect the poorest in society.
Another global problem is racism, when people of different races and different skin colour are humiliated and even killed. There are many organisations that fight social global problems, but this battle has lasted for a long time and it will take much time for the solution of all of them.
We live in the 21st century and humanity has made a great progress in technology, so I think that it is strange that we still have global problems, especially the ones that deal with social, economic and political issues. I am sure that they can be solved completely without any conflicts or wars.

ПЛАН-ОТВЕТ. GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF TODAY
1. Вступление по теме (People have lived on our planet Earth for centuries and global problems have always existed. In ancient times the biggest global problem was wars. People have been fighting with each other since the beginning of the civilisation mostly to get new territories and more land. Later, fighting the distance was another global problem, too, before the discovery of the plane.).
2. Рассказать о двух группах глобальных проблем и о каждой в отдельности (two categories; ecological problems: ecological destruction, pollution and global warming; climate change; killed off some types of animals and plants; heat waves in the summer; many people dying in big cities; rising sea levels; social, economic and political issues: global terrorism, poverty, human rights, health issues, racism; terrorists, most terrible terrorist attack, fight against terrorism, new terrorist attacks, innocent people; poverty, Africa, die of hunger, less access to health, education and other services; racism, humiliated and killed, organisations, fight social global problems).
3. Заключение (We live in the 21st century and humanity has made a great progress in technology, so I think that it is strange that we still have global problems, especially the ones that deal with social, economic and political issues. I am sure that they can be solved completely without any conflicts or wars.).

QUESTIONS
1. What global problems were there in the past?
2. What are the two categories of global problems now?
3. What does the first category include?
4. Why is global warming considered a global problem?
5. How does it affect nature?
6. What global problems does the second category include?
7. Why is terrorism a global problem?
8. Is poverty a big issue nowadays? Why?
9. What is racism and why is it a global problem?
10. What other global problems can you mention?
11. In what way can we fight global problems?
12. What global problem do you think is the biggest one? Why?

USEFUL WORDS AND PHRASES
Problems Проблемы
climate change изменение климата
diseases болезни
ecological экологические
economic экономические
educational образовательные
environmental связанные с окружающей средой
financial crisis финансовый кризис
global глобальные
global warming глобальное потепление
health здравоохранение
hunger голод
malnutrition недоедание
political политические
pollution загрязнение
poverty бедность
racism расизм
social социальные
technological технологические
terrorism терроризм

Nowadays the humanity faces a great number of various problems . The scientific and technological progress has changed the life on our planet and as a result our natural resources are exhausted , the ecological balance of the planet is disturbed , many species of flora and fauna disappeared , pollution threatens everything alive. But the environmental problems are not the only ones. Every year thousand of people die because of wars of annihilation , terrorism, different diseases, natural disasters , social problems and in different terrible accident s.

Our environment is vitally connected with the problem of peace on our planet. The scientists consider that nuclear war could destroy mankind completely. It’s true to say that nowadays great masses of chemical and bacteriological weapons have been stocked in the world. If any of these weapons is used, the casualties will run into tens of millions, because mankind has no immunity against bacteriological weapons , and the use of chemical weapons will result in mass contamination of the area.

In recent years terrorism has become a serious issue . People always panic about the possibility of terrorists getting hold of nuclear weapons or they may blow up a nuclear power station instead. Another worry is about the possibility of our water supplies being poisoned. Lately other forms of terrorism such as “suicide terrorism ” and bombing have become a real threat . Everyone remembers the tragedy which happened on the 11thof September in the USA when terrorists hijacke d two planes and crashed them into two buildings in New York. Unfortunately, there is little we can do about it , except, place our faith in the government , and hope that measures taken to prevent terrorism are successful.

There are also diseases that still can’t be cured. One of them is AIDS. This devastating diseasestrikes the body’s immune system . Millions of people have already died of AIDS . To overcome this problem we need further progress of science and personal responsibility. Other examples of incurable diseases are different forms of cancer and heart disorders .

They say that recent extreme weather is due to global warming . Bad weather threatens our homes and even our life. One of the worst weather hazards is the storm known as a hurricane or cyclone (the combination of enormous wind speed, heavy rainfalls and high seas). Another terrible thing is a tornado . Tornadoes are black, twisting clouds that suddenly appear from nowhere, travel at terrifying speed, move in unpredictable ways and cause catastrophic damage in seconds. It’s extremely difficult to forecast where they are likely to strike. People also suffer from earthquakes (a sudden shaking movements of the ground), floods (when water covers the land), drought (a long period of time when there is little or no rain and crops die) and avalanches (a large amount of snow and ice that suddenly falls down a mountain; a large amount of substance that falls down somewhere: an avalanche of rock/stones/mud).

To sum up, I think that the most dangerous problem is natural disasters because we can’t predict and avoid them in time.

As for the ecological situation in the world, we can say that it’s getting worth. People cut down forests and rainforests,pollute air, water and soil , so rare plant and animal species disappear and the climate changes. We have the time, the money and even the technology to repair the damage . All we need to do is to open our eyes and act immediately. We can prevent tragedies if only the government hires responsible specialists who don’t overlook human or computer errors, look after the buildings, toads and transport, keep nature under a strong control and develop an ability to resist any terrorist activity .

Here are some of the ways to solve ecological problems. Express your own opinion if they are helpful or not:

The factories and plants must be removed from cities

Green zones must be created. The greenery must be protected and increased

Pollution control systems must be introduced

Purifying systems for cleaning and trapping harmful substances must be widely used

Noise must be reduced

We must keep the streets of towns clean

Topic: My Problems

Тема: Мои проблемы

As a first-year student who studies far from home and wants to enjoy life to the full, I have a dozen of different problems. is a lack of money. Of course, my parents send me some pocket money once or twice a month but, unfortunately, this sum cannot cover all my expenses. That is why I just have no other choice but to combine work and tutorials.

Как любой студент-первокурсник, который учится далеко от дома и хочет получать от жизни все, я имею дюжину проблем. Одна из моих самых больших проблем – нехватка денег. Конечно мои родители шлют мне карманные деньги раз или два в месяц, но, к сожалению, этой суммы недостаточно, чтобы покрыть все мои расходы. Поэтому у меня нет другого выбора, как совмещать работу и занятия.

It is hardly a secret that it is not an easy thing to study at the university and gain a living. It requires much effort. When I am up to my eyes at work, the only way I can get along is to cut the classes and I feel really ashamed because of it. As I must work six days a week and have a day off only on Sunday I cannot concentrate on getting ready for tests and writing papers. Sometimes I feel so exhausted and tired out, that I cannot force myself to do my homework, even to begin doing it. Sometimes my homework is so time-consuming that I just have no time to do it. As a result, I fall behind and have poor grades. I live in a vicarious circle - problems with money cause serious problems with grades, which, in turn, cause problems in relationships with my relatives. I understand that a university degree provides a passport to a decent job and to get it I have to study well. So if I do not want my plans to become a good financier come to nothing I must quit the job, get down to studying and catch up with my groupmates.

Ни для кого не секрет, что учиться в университете и зарабатывать себе на жизнь совсем не просто. Это требует больших усилий. Когда я по уши в работе, единственный способ справиться – это прогулять пары, и мне очень стыдно из-за этого. Так как я вынужден работать 6 дней в неделю и у меня только один выходной, Воскресенье, я не могу сконцентрироваться на подготовке к зачетам и написании докладов. Иногда я чувствую себя настолько изможденным и уставшим, что не могу заставить себя делать домашнее задание, даже начать. А иногда домашнее задание настолько трудоемкое, что у меня просто нет времени его выполнять. В результате я отстаю в учебе и имею плохую успеваемость. Я живу в замкнутом круге – проблемы с деньгами порождают серьезные проблемы с успеваемостью, которые, в свою очередь, становятся причиной проблем в отношениях с родными. Я понимаю, что университетский диплом – это пропуск к хорошей работе, и чтобы получить его, я обязан хорошо учиться. Поэтому если я хочу, чтобы мои планы стать хорошим финансистом не провалились, я должен бросить работу, засесть за учебу и догнать своих одногруппников.

Another problem I worry about is my shyness. I feel very uncomfortable in a big company of other people, and prefer staying at home better than parting all night long. My groupmates think that I live in my ivory tower and do not want to spend my leisure hours with them. But it is not the case. This is my first year at the university and it requires some adjustments. I do not have a friend who can support me or give his helping hand, and I feel very bad about it. Sometimes I hear my groupmates talking about me and all I want at that moment is to disappear from sight. I hope that in the foreseeable future I will overcome all difficulties in communication and will be more self-confident.

Другая проблема, которая меня беспокоит, – это моя застенчивость. Я чувствую себя очень некомфортно в компании других людей, и предпочитаю проводить время дома, чем гулять всю ночь напролет. Мои одногруппники думают, что я живу в своем собственном мире и не хочу проводить с ними свободное время. Но это не так. Это мой первый год в университете, и мне необходимо освоиться. У меня нет друга, который мог бы поддержать или подать руку помощи, и от этого мне очень плохо. Иногда я слышу, как одногруппники обсуждают меня, и в этот момент мне хочется провалиться сквозь землю. Надеюсь, что в ближайшем будущем я преодолею трудности в общении и стану более уверенным в себе.

Global problems are those which affect not only one individual but the whole mankind. They can’t be solved in one day and require organized efforts from the world community. If people leave these problems unsettled, it may lead to serious consequences in the future. It will affect all humanity and environment.

All in all, global problems are the following: environmental pollution, climate change, resource issues, overpopulation, nuclear weapons and some others. Speaking about pollution, I’d like to mention the Chernobyl disaster, which was the result of reckless economic activities. At the moment, many forests and rivers are also endangered due to careless attitude. In the 21st century our world faces one of the most urgent problems – the climate change. The earth is warming up. As a result some species and their habitats suffer. Recent years have shown increasing temperatures in some regions and extreme weather conditions, including hurricanes, earthquakes, and tsunamis.

The shortage of resources is another pressing issue. Natural resources are limited and we can’t use them carelessly. The increasing number of factories is the root of this problem. The world’s population will soon reach an intolerable level and this will lead to the shortage of resources as well. To avoid the catastrophe this growth must be stopped. Many environmental and social problems are the result of overpopulation.

Nuclear weapon is one of the most terrifying global problems. The use of such weapon is against any international law. Apart from nuclear there is also chemical weapon and biological. Another threatening problem nowadays is terrorism. It endangers life of every person on the earth.

Перевод топика на русский язык:

Глобальными являются те проблемы, которые влияют не только на одного человека, но на все человечество. Их нельзя решить в течение одного дня, они требует организованных усилий со стороны мирового сообщества. Если люди оставят эти проблемы нерешенными, это может привести к серьезным последствиям в будущем. Это повлияет на все человечество и окружающую среду.

В целом, к глобальным проблемам относятся: загрязнение окружающей среды, изменение климата, проблемы с ресурсами, перенаселенность, ядерное оружие и некоторые другие. Говоря о загрязнении, я хотел бы выделить, Чернобыльскую катастрофу, которая явилась результатом безрассудной экономической деятельности. На данный момент, многие леса и реки также опасности в результате небрежного отношения. В 21-м веке наш мир переживает одну из наиболее актуальных проблем – изменения климата. Земля разогревается.

В результате некоторые особи и их среда обитания страдают. Последние годы показали повышение температуры в некоторых регионах и экстремальные погодные условия, в том числе ураганы, землетрясения и цунами. Нехватка ресурсов одна из актуальных проблем.

Природные ресурсы ограничены, и мы не можем использовать их небрежно. Увеличивающееся количество заводов является корнем этой проблемы. Населения в мире скоро достигнет недопустимого уровня, и это также приведет к нехватке ресурсов. Чтобы избежать катастрофы, данный рост должен быть остановлен. Многие экологические и социальные проблемы являются результатом перенаселения.

Ядерное оружие является одним из самых страшных глобальных проблем. Использование такого оружия любым международным законам. Помимо ядерного оружия, есть ещё и химическое и биологическое. Другой угрожающей проблемой в настоящее время является терроризм. Он ставит под угрозу жизнь каждого человека на земле.

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Test 16

Глобальные проблемы современности

Раздел 2. (задания по чтению)

1. Limited natural resources
2. Unequal financial resources
3. Our obligation before future
4. Against the east
5. Nuclear weapons
6. Climate change
7. Religious world of today
8. Women’s rights

A. The earth is ours to use as we please without regard for the future, for our children, for the earth itself. We must reassume our historical responsibility for our children’s future by protecting their heritage. The reckless anarchy of the exploitation of the earth must be replaced by responsible dialogue among the users, and among the governments of the earth. At present, we have a gathering of the Big 7 or 8 on how to manage the world to their own advantage. Such a dialogue, however, brings up questions of justice and fairness in the allocation of the resources of the earth. A new protocol must be worked out whereby the universal declaration of human rights is more than a God’s wish-list that is lost in the fight of big corporations to use the resources of the earth.

B. The oil, the water, the old growth forests are all limited resources. They must be conserved for the most important future uses. Oil is necessary for the operation of all sorts of machinery, yet it is not being conserved but endlessly pumped out of the earth and sold to the highest prices. Drinkable water, too, is increasing rare; indeed, it is sold in stores for the same price of colas. But underground water is needed for crops, and the underwater reserves are running out. Here, national and international management are required.

C. We are faced with the problem of Global Terrorism which has been called the shadow of the process of Globalization. As the world is becoming one place, so it is that the effects of terrorism have global effects. Also it may be understood that the causes of this global terrorism are likewise global in nature, with disaffected individuals and groups caught up in ideologies of global scope and participating in causes that go beyond international and even inter-continental barriers. We see this particularly in the Muslim world, where issues in Palestine, Bosnia, Afghanistan or Iraq can mobilize people on the other side of the world to want to make interventions.

D. Global poverty and hunger are increasing each year instead of decreasing. The agricultural land of the earth is owned by fewer and fewer people. Much of what is left in the hands of small farmers is being bought up by international agribusinesses - by multinational corporations distant from land but close to big money. The big oil, the pharmaceutical companies, the media conglomerates, the insurance companies, including medical insurance have more influence on government policies than the poor or even the general population. Government policies seem more oriented to maintaining the economy than in the economic and physical well-being of their populations.

E. Another major problem that looms on the horizon and one that probably is already upon us and exerting its effects, is the phenomenon of Global Warming. It can be argued endlessly whether Global Warming is man-made or whether it’s a natural phenomenon, however the empirical evidence certainly shows that Global Warming is indeed occurring. This is made manifest in the melting glaciers and polar ice caps, the increase in hurricane activity (with category 4 and 5 hurricanes, the most intense, doubling in frequency over the past 50 years), changing rainfall patterns and of course the actual increases in measured surface temperatures.

F. It seems that the danger posed by an arsenal of 50,000 missiles in Russian and America is less today than 15 or 20 years ago when Jonathan Schell’s The Fate of the Earth saw catastrophe on the horizon and a real possibility of giving the earth back to the insects and grasses. The cold war between Russia and the U.S. has thawed, but the proliferation of weapons goes on, and the growing masses of nuclear waste. Why? Because the military ways of thinking go on, the national security imperative still drives small countries to spend most of their small budget on weapons instead of social programs. We need to outgrow the dangerous and costly structures of thinking that are our legacy from modernity. Instead of endless debates, we need dialogue and negotiations-not just in Ireland, Russia, East Timor, Pakistan, the Balkans, the Middle East-but in the United Nations about the natural resources, power concentrations, poverty, human rights of the populations of the world.

G. The UN system continues to give particular attention to the issue of violence against women. The 1993 General Assembly Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women contained “a clear and comprehensive definition of violence against women and a clear statement of the rights to be applied to ensure the elimination of violence against women in all its forms”. It represented “a commitment by States in respect of their responsibilities, and a commitment by the international community at large to the elimination of violence against women”.

Peter the Great

Born in Moscow, Russia on June 9, 1672, Peter the Great was a Russian czar in the late 17th

Simple Solutions to Global Problems

What if the answers to global crises - from devastating hurricanes to the malaria epidemic to global warming - were simple and relatively inexpensive?

Journalist Stephen Dubner and economist Steven Levitt, the authors of "SuperFreakonomics," say that throughout history, ’cheap and simple fixes’ often solved the world’s biggest problems.

Take the medical crisis that more than 50 years ago frightened every American child and nearly broke the American health care system. The problem was polio, and the solution was not more hospitals or more efficient iron lungs that would make breathing easier. The answer was a vaccine.

“Polio’s just one of thousands of examples like that, where a simple solution will prevent so much heartache going down the road,” Dubner said.

The "SuperFreakonomics" duo argue that it"s no different in modern times. “We love to think the world is terrible and difficult, and that it’s much worse now than it’s ever been. But the fact of the matter is that’s almost always wrong” Dubner said. “The world is actually better now than it ever was and all the unsolvable problems that appear keep getting solved.”

Intellectual Ventures, a company in Bellevue, Wash., has been in the business of solving global problems since 2000. The self-proclaimed invention company uses inventions from some of the smartest scientists, mathematicians, software engineers and patent experts in the world, including Nathan Myhrvold, the former chief technology officer at Microsoft.

“Our only job is to invent. And so we try to swing for the fences and try to solve really big problems. And sometimes we do!” Myhrvold said.

Although their ideas are sometimes strange and outrageous, Intellectual Ventures currently ranks in the top 50 among companies that file patents worldwide. Myhrvold said the key components are “simple, and cheap and effective. And when you’re lucky and when things are going all right, you can come up with an idea that’s all of them.”

A 7 The solutions of all global problems are not expensive .

A 8 The American medical system was ruined about fifty years ago.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

A 9 The way out of the polio crisis was vaccine.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

A 10 The solution to the polio crisis was quickly found.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

A 11 Simple solutions may also be used nowadays .

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

A 12 The world has changed for the better as Dubner thinks .

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

A 13 Intellectual Ventures is a big company which always solves global problems.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

A 14 Intellectual Ventures’ ideas are very often odd for common people.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

Раздел 3. (задания по грамматике и лексике)

Раздел 4 (задания по письму)

You have 30 minutes to do this task.

You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen friend Kat.

White a letter to him and answer his 3 questions.

Write 100-120 words. Remember the rules of letter writing.

Ключи

Раздел 2

Задание В3

Задание А7-А14

A7 -2, A8 – 2, A9 – 1, A10 – 3, A11 – 1, A12 – 1, A13 – 2, A14 – 1.

Раздел 3

Задание В4-В12

B4 - to be called, B5 - will happen, B6 – vary, B7 - Earth’s, B8 – technologies, B9 - are also mentioned, B10 – is mainly based, B11 – began, B12 - is largely rejected.

Задания В13-В18

B13 – globalization, B14 – interrelationship, B15 – appearance, B16 – delivery, B17 – existence, B18 – ecological.

Раздел 4

Задание С1

Hello Kat,

It’s nice to get another letter from you. I hope everything is OK. I wonder why you are worried about such global problems as pollution. I guess you are right to think that it is the major problem of today. If we cope at least with this one our world will be much better and cleaner.

As for the laptop you are going to buy I don’t really know which one is better for you as everyone has his own preferences. I find macbook as one of the best makes of all the laptops possible. But it’s up to you to decide which one to choose. Of course, a lot depends on the sum you are going to spend.

Best wishes,

Max.

Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между заголовками 1-8 и текстами А-G. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую букву только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

Прочитайте текст. Определите, какие из приведенных утверждений А7-А14 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 - True), какие не соответствуют (2 - False) и о чем в тексте не сказано, то есть на основания текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 - Not stated).

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами. В4-В12 так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию В4-В12.

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами В13-В18 так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию В13-В18.

Для ответа на задание С1 используйте бланк №2.

При выполнении задания С1 особое внимание обратите на то, что ваши ответы будут оцениваться только по записям, сделанным на бланке №2. Никакие записи черновика не будут учитываться экспертом. Обратите внимание также на необходимость соблюдения указанного объема письма. Письма недостаточного объема, а также часть текста письма, превышающая требуемый объем – не оцениваются.

… I think that pollution is one of the greatest global problems…

You know I want to have some new lap top. Which is better to take? Is there really any reliable laptop at the market? Is it easy to find such alone?