Germinal summary chapter by chapter. "Germinal", an artistic analysis of the novel by Emile Zola
Germinal
Emile Zola
Germinal
Mechanic Étienne Lantier, expelled from railway for slapping the boss, he is trying to get a job in the mine of the Monsu company, which is near the town of Vore, in the village of Dvuhsot Soroka. There are no jobs anywhere, the miners are starving. A place for him in the mine was found only because on the eve of his arrival in Vora, one of the haulers died. The old slaughterer Mahe, whose daughter Katrina works with him in the mine as a second hauler, takes Lantier into his gang.
The work is unbearably difficult, and fifteen-year-old Katrina looks perpetually haggard. Mahe, his son Zakharia, artel workers Levak and Chaval work, lying either on their backs or on their sides, squeezing through a shaft barely half a meter wide: the coal seam is thin. In the slaughter unbearable stuffiness. Katrina and Etienne are pushing the carts. On the very first day, Etienne decides to leave Vore: this daily hell is not for him. In front of his eyes, the company's management smashes the miners for not caring about their own safety. The silent slavery of the miners amazes him. Only the look of Katrina, the memory of her make him stay in the village for some more time. The Mahe live in unimaginable poverty. They are always indebted to the shopkeeper, they do not have enough for bread, and Maheu's wife has no choice but to go with the children to the Piolena estate, owned by the landowners Gregoires. Gregoires, co-owners of the mines, sometimes help the poor. The owners of the estate discover all signs of degeneration in Mahe and her children and, having handed her a pair of old children's dresses, they teach a lesson in frugality. When a woman asks for a hundred sous, she is refused: serving is not in the Gregoire rules. Children, however, are given a piece of bread. In the end, Mahe manages to soften the shopkeeper Megr - in response to a promise to send Katrina to him. While the men work in the mine, the women prepare dinner, a stew of sorrel, potatoes, and leeks; the Parisians, who came to inspect the mines and get acquainted with the life of the miners, are touched by the generosity of the mine owners, who give the workers such cheap housing and supply all the mining families with coal.
Washing becomes one of the holidays in a mining family: once a week, the whole Mahe family, without hesitation, takes turns dipping into a barrel of warm water and changing into clean clothes. Mahe then indulges with his wife, calling his only entertainment "free dessert". Meanwhile, Katrina is harassed by the young Chaval: remembering her love for Etienne, she resists him, but not for long. In addition, Chaval bought her a ribbon. He possessed Katrina in a barn outside the village.
Etienne gradually gets used to work, to comrades, even to the rough simplicity of local customs: he now and then comes across lovers walking behind the dump, but Etienne believes that young people are free. Only the love of Katrina and Chaval outrages him - he is unconsciously jealous. Soon he meets the Russian machinist Suvarin, who lives next door to him. Souvarine avoids talking about himself, and Étienne does not soon find out that he is dealing with a populist socialist. After fleeing Russia, Souvarine got a job at the company. Etienne decides to tell him about his friendship and correspondence with Plushard, one of the leaders of the labor movement, the secretary of the northern federation of the newly created International in London. Souvarine is skeptical about the International and Marxism: he believes only in terror, in revolution, in anarchy, and calls for burning cities, destroying them by all means. old world. Etienne, on the contrary, dreams of organizing a strike, but it needs money - a mutual benefit fund that would allow him to hold out at least for the first time.
In August, Etienne moves to live with Mahe. He tries to captivate the head of the family with his ideas, and Mahe seems to begin to believe in the possibility of justice, but his wife immediately reasonably objects that the bourgeoisie will never agree to work like miners, and all talk of equality will forever remain nonsense. Mahe's ideas about a just society come down to the desire to live properly, and this is not surprising - the company is fined workers with might and main for non-compliance with safety regulations and is looking for any excuse to cut wages. Another pay cut is the perfect excuse to strike. The head of the Mahe family, receiving a godlessly reduced salary, is also reprimanded for talking about politics with his tenant - rumors have already circulated about this. Toussaint Maheu, an old miner, is only enough to nod fearfully. He himself is ashamed of his own stupid obedience. A cry of poverty spreads throughout the village. At the new site where the Mahe family works, it becomes more and more dangerous - either an underground source will hit in the face, or a layer of coal will be so thin that you can move in the mine only by peeling off your elbows. Soon, the first collapse in Etienne's memory occurs, in which the youngest son of Mahe, Jeanlin, broke both legs. Etienne and Mahe understand that there is nothing more to lose: only the worst lies ahead. It's time to strike.
The director of the Enbo mines is informed that no one has come to work. Etienne and several of his comrades made up a delegation to negotiate with the hosts. Mahe also entered. Along with him went Pierron, Levak and delegates from other villages. The demands of the miners are insignificant: they insist that they be given an increase in the wage for the trolley by only five sous. Enbo tries to cause a split in the deputation and speaks of someone's vile suggestion, but not a single miner from Monsou is yet a member of the International. On behalf of the miners, Etienne begins to speak - he alone is able to argue with Enbo. Étienne finally directly threatens that sooner or later the workers will be forced to resort to other measures in order to defend their lives. The board of mines refuses to make concessions, which finally hardens the miners. The whole village is running out of money, but Etienne is convinced that the strike must be held to the last. Plushard promises to come to Vora and help with money, but hesitates. At last Étienne waited for him. The miners gather for a meeting with the widow Desir. The owner of the tavern, Rasner, is in favor of ending the strike, but the miners tend to trust Étienne more. Plushard, considering strikes to be too slow a means of struggle, takes the floor and urges all the same to continue the strike. The police commissioner with four gendarmes appears to forbid the meeting, but, warned by the widow, the workers manage to disperse in time. Plushard promised to send the allowance. The company's board, meanwhile, decided to fire the most stubborn strikers and those who were considered instigators.
Etienne is gaining more and more influence over the workers. Soon he completely supplants their former leader - the moderate and cunning Rasner, and he predicts the same fate for him over time. An old man named Immortal at the next meeting of miners in the forest recalls how fruitlessly his comrades protested and died half a century ago. Étienne speaks passionately like never before. The assembly decides to continue the strike. Only the mine in Jean-Bart works for the entire company. The local miners are declared traitors and decide to teach them a lesson. Arriving in Jean Barthes, workers from Monsou begin to cut ropes - by doing this they force the miners to leave the mines. Katrina and Chaval, who live and work in Jean-Bart, also go upstairs. A fight breaks out between strikers and strikebreakers. The management of the company calls the police and the army - dragoons and gendarmes. In response, the workers begin to destroy the mines. The uprising is gaining momentum, spreading like fire through the mines. With the singing of the Marseillaise, the crowd goes to Mons, to the board. Enbo is lost. The miners rob Megr's shop, who died while trying to save his property. Chaval brings the gendarmes, and Katrina barely has time to warn Étienne so that he does not get caught by them. This winter, police and soldiers are deployed in all the mines, but work is not resumed anywhere. The strike covers more and more mines. Etienne finally waited for a direct skirmish with the traitor Chaval, for whom Katrina had long been jealous, and won: Chaval was forced to give her up and flee.
Meanwhile, Jeanlin, the youngest of Mahe, although limping on both legs, learned to run quite quickly, rob and shoot with a sling. He was disassembled by the desire to kill the soldier - and he killed him with a knife, jumping like a cat from behind, unable to explain his hatred. Collision of miners with soldiers becomes inevitable. The miners themselves went to bayonets, and although the soldiers were ordered to use weapons only as a last resort, shots were soon heard. The miners throw mud and bricks at the officers, the soldiers respond with firing and with the very first shots they kill two children: Lydia and Beber. Killed Mouquette, in love with Etienne, killed Toussaint Mahe. The workers are terribly frightened and depressed. Soon representatives of the authorities from Paris come to Mons. Etienne begins to feel himself the culprit of all these deaths, ruin, violence, and at this moment Rasner again becomes the leader of the miners, demanding reconciliation. Etienne decides to leave the village and meets with Souvarine, who tells him the story of the death of his wife, who was hanged in Moscow. Since then, Souvarine has neither affection nor fear. After listening to this scary story, Etienne returns home to spend his last night in the village with the Mahe family. Souvarine, on the other hand, goes to the mine where the workers are going to return, and saws off one of the fasteners of the sheathing that protects the mine from the underground sea - the "Stream". In the morning, Étienne finds out that Katrina is also going to go to the mine. Yielding to a sudden impulse, Etienne goes there with her: love makes him stay one more day in the village. By evening, the current broke through the skin. Soon the water broke through to the surface, exploding everything with its powerful movement. At the bottom of the mine, old Muc, Chaval, Etienne and Katrina remained abandoned. Chest-deep in water, they try to get out into a dry mine, wander in underground labyrinths. This is where the last skirmish between Etienne and Chaval takes place: Etienne cracked the skull of his eternal rival. Together with Katrina, Etienne manages to scrape out a kind of bench in the wall, on which they sit above the stream rushing along the bottom of the mine. They spend three days underground, waiting for death and not hoping for salvation, but suddenly someone's blows are heard through the thickness of the earth: they make their way to them, they are saved! Here, in the dark, in the mine, on a tiny strip of firmament, Étienne and Katrina, for the first time and last time merge in love. After that, Katrina is forgotten, and Etienne listens to the approaching tremors: the rescuers have reached them. When they were brought to the surface, Katrina was already dead.
Having recovered, Etienne leaves the village. He says goodbye to the widow Mahe, who, having lost her husband and daughter, goes to work in a mine - a hauler. In all the mines that have recently been on strike, work is in full swing. And the dull blows of the kyle, it seems to Etienne, are heard from under the blossoming spring land and accompany his every step.
Emile Zola
GERMINAL
PART ONE
In the thick darkness of a starless night, along the high road from Marchienne to Mons, which ran exactly right between the sugar beet fields for ten kilometers, a traveler walked. He did not even see the earth in front of him and only felt that he was walking along, open field: here, in the boundless expanse, the March wind rushed, like an icy sea squall, completely sweeping the bare earth and swampy swamps. Not a tree was visible against the night sky; a paved road stretched through impenetrable darkness, as if they were in a port.
The traveler left Marchienne at two o'clock. He walked with long strides, wearing a shabby cotton jacket and velvet trousers, shivering from the cold. He was very embarrassed by a small bundle tied in a checkered handkerchief; every now and then he shifted it from one hand to the other, trying to squeeze it under his arm so that it would be easier to put both hands into his pockets, stiff from the east wind and cracked to the point of blood. In the devastated head of this unemployed, homeless man, only one thought stirred, one hope that with the dawn, maybe it would get warmer. He had been walking like this for a whole hour, and now, two kilometers from Monsou, he saw red lights on the left; three braziers with red-hot coals seemed to hang in the air. At first this even frightened the traveler, and he paused; however, he could not overcome the agonizing urge to warm his hands, even for a moment.
The road descended into a hollow. The lights are gone. To the right stretched a wooden fence, behind it was the railroad track; to the left was a slope overgrown with grass; a village with low monotonous tiled roofs stood out vaguely. The traveler walked another two hundred paces. Suddenly the lights reappeared at the turn in front of him. He couldn't understand how they could burn so high in dark sky- exactly three foggy moons. But at this time another picture attracted his attention: below he saw the crowded buildings; above them rose the silhouette of a factory chimney; faint light flickered here and there in the dimmed windows; Outside, on the scaffolding, five or six lighted lanterns hung bleakly, so that one could barely make out a row of blackened logs that looked like giant goats. From this fantastic bulk, drowning in smoke and darkness, only one sound could be heard - the mighty, drawn-out breathing of an invisible steam engine.
The traveler realized that in front of him were coal mines. He suddenly felt ashamed: was it worth going there? You won't find work there. Instead of heading towards the mine buildings, he climbed the embankment, where coal burned in three cast-iron braziers, illuminating and heating the work site. The workers here had to work until late at night, as coal waste was still supplied from the mines. Here the traveler heard the rumble of trolleys that rolled along the walkways; he could make out silhouettes moving, people unloading coal at every brazier.
Great, - he said, approaching one of the braziers.
There, with his back to the fire, stood the driver, an old man in a purple woolen jersey and a hat of rabbit fur. The big bay horse, as if rooted to the spot, patiently waited for the six wagons it had brought in to be released. A skinny red-haired fellow slowly emptied them, mechanically pressing the lever. And above, the icy wind whistled with redoubled force, sweeping like a sweep of a scythe.
Good, the old man replied.
There was silence. Feeling the incredulous look of the driver, the traveler hurried to give his name.
My name is Etienne Lantier, I'm a mechanic... Is there any work for me here?
The flame illuminated him; he was probably no more than twenty-one years old. Black-haired, handsome, he seemed very strong, despite his small stature.
The driver, reassured by his words, shook his head negatively:
Jobs for a mechanic? No no. Two people came yesterday too. There is nothing.
A gust of wind silenced them. Then Étienne asked, pointing to a dark pile of buildings at the foot of the hill:
It's a mine, isn't it?
The old man could not immediately answer him: he was choked by a strong attack of coughing. At last he coughed, and where the spit had fallen to the ground, a black spot appeared in the reddish reflection of the flame.
Yes, this is the Vore mine ... And here is the village. Look!
And he pointed into the darkness where the village was; the traveler had noticed its tiled roofs before.
But now all six trolleys were empty; the old man silently followed them, with difficulty moving his sick, rheumatic legs. A large bay horse pulled the trolleys without prodding, stepping heavily between the rails; a sudden gust of wind ruffled her fur.
The Vore Mine is no longer a hazy vision. At the brazier, Étienne seemed to have forgotten that he needed to warm his hands, which were chapped to the point of blood. He kept looking and recognizing every detail of the mine: the tarred sorting shed, the tower over the descent into the mine, the large room for the hoist, and the square tower that housed the sump pump. This mine with squat brick buildings, settled in a hollow, putting up a chimney like a formidable horn, seemed to him a lurking insatiable beast, ready to devour the whole world. Continuing to look at everything, he thought about himself, about the fact that for a whole week he had been looking for work and living like a vagabond; he remembered how he worked in the railway workshop, how he slapped the boss, was expelled from Lille, and how he was later expelled from everywhere. On Saturday he came to Marchienne, where, according to rumors, one could get work in the ironworks; but there he found nothing either in the factories or at Sonneville, and he had to spend Sunday in the lumberyards at the carriage workshop, hiding behind logs and boards stacked in piles; At two o'clock in the morning he was driven out of there by the watchman. Now he had nothing - not a single sous, not a slice of bread; what will he do, wandering along the high roads, not even knowing where to hide from the cold wind? And so he got to the coal mines; by the light of rare lanterns one could see lumps of mined coal, and through the open door he saw the brightly blazing furnaces of steam boilers. He heard the incessant, relentless puff of the pump, powerful and drawn out, like the stifled breath of a monster.
The worker who unloaded the carts stood hunched over and never looked at Étienne, who stooped to pick up his bundle, which had fallen to the ground. At this time, a cough was heard, announcing the return of the driver. He slowly emerged from the darkness, followed by a bay horse pulling six newly loaded wagons.
Are there factories in Monsou? asked Étienne.
The old man coughed black, and then answered under the whistle of the wind:
There are enough factories here. You should have seen what was being done here three or four years ago! The chimneys smoked, there were not enough workers, people never earned as much as in those days ... And now they had to tighten their stomachs again. A real misfortune: workers are counted, workshops are closed one after another ... The emperor, perhaps, is not to blame, but why did he start a war in America? Not to mention that livestock and people are dying from cholera.
The novel Germinal by Zola is one of his works, part of the Rougon-Macquart cycle. It was first published in 1885. Interestingly, among the working versions of the name were: "Rotten Roof", "House Cracks", "Bloody Shoots", "Breath of the Future", "Underground Fire". Its final name is a reference to the first month of spring french revolution germinal.
The novel "Germinal" by Zola begins with the mechanic Etienne Lantier trying to get a job in the mine of the Monsou company. Previously, he was fired from the railroad for slapping his boss. But even there there is no work, the miners themselves are sitting without food. But they find a place for Etienne, because the hauler died the day before. He enters the artel to the slaughterer May, whose daughter Katrina works as the second hauler.
The novel "Germinal" describes this hard and thankless work. Katrina is only 15 years old, she constantly looks haggard. Mahe and other experienced artel workers work lying down, climbing into the shaft about half a meter high, it is very stuffy in the face.
Etienne and Katrina are pushing the carts. On the first day, the main character realizes how hard this work is. In addition, right in front of him, the management scolds the miners for not caring about their safety. In response, no one is outraged. Etienne even wants to leave, but the memories of Katrina stop him.
Mahe themselves live in poverty, they owe everyone around, often there is not enough money for bread. Mahe's wife goes with the children to the Piolena estate, which belongs to the Gregoires, co-owners of the mines. They occasionally help the poor. This time, the owners discover signs of degeneration in Mayu and her children, instead of helping, they give a lesson in thrift. Parisians who come to inspect the mines admire the generosity of the owners of the company, who give workers cheap housing and supply coal to all families.
Washing becomes a real holiday for miners. The whole Mahe family dips into the barrel once a week, and then changes into clean clothes. Katrina begins to harass Chaval, she resists, remembering her feelings for Etienne, but not for long. In addition, Chaval buys her a tape and takes possession of her in the barn.
Passion for revolutionary ideas
Main character"Germinal" by E. Zola Etienne eventually gets used to everything that happens here. Only the love between Chaval and Katrina revolts him, since he himself is unconsciously jealous of the girl.
He meets the Russian machinist Suvarin. He talks little about himself, so Etienne does not immediately find out that he met with a populist socialist. Souvarine fled Russia, now works in a mine. Etienne decides to confess his friendship with one of the leaders of the local labor movement, Plushard, a supporter of Marxism and the International. At Souvarine, they are skeptical. His ideals are terror, anarchy and revolution, the destruction of the old world by any means.
Etienne begins to prepare a strike, first you need to collect a mutual fund. In August, he moves to Mahe, trying to captivate the head of the family with his ideas. He even begins to believe in success, but his wife declares that the bourgeoisie will never want to work like miners, and all talk of equality is nonsense. Mahe's own ideas of justice come down to the desire to live well. After all, his already small earnings are constantly being reduced due to fines for any reason. The upcoming next reduction is a good reason for a strike.
Strike
A summary of Zola's "Germinal" will help you quickly recall this work, refresh your memory of the main events. When Mahe again receives a reduced salary, he is also reprimanded for talking about politics. At the same time, the new section of the mine, where the cartel operates, is becoming more and more dangerous. There is a collapse in which the youngest son of Maeu Zhanlin breaks both legs. After that, the heroes of "Germinal" Zola understand that they need to go on strike, there is nothing more to lose.
Director Enbo learns that no one showed up for work. Etienne and his friends gather a delegation to start negotiations. The miners demand that they be given an increase of only five sous for the carts. Enbo tries to provoke a split among the comrades, says that they have been subjected to suggestion, but in reality none of the workers is a member of the International.
Étienne starts arguing with Hennebeau, as a result directly threatening that the workers may resort to other measures to defend their rights. The board does not make concessions, which further embitters the miners. In the village, no one has any money, but Etienne calls to fight to the last. Plushar promises to help with money, but constantly hesitates.
At the meeting, the owner of the tavern, Rasner, calls for an end to the strike, but the miners trust Etienne. The police are trying to disperse the meeting, but the widow warns the workers, they have time to disperse. Meanwhile, the board of mines decided to dismiss the most stubborn and instigators.
Miners' meetings
Over time, Etienne turns into the most powerful person in the mining environment, replacing their previous leader Rasner, who was very cunning. At a regular meeting now taking place in the woods, an old man nicknamed Immortal recalls his bad experience of protesting, when several decades ago several of his friends died as a result, but did not achieve anything.
Etienne speaks passionately, as a result, the miners again decide to extend the strike. In the entire company, only the mine in Jean-Bart is operating. The local workers are called traitors, promising to teach them a lesson. In Jean-Barts, miners from Monsou are cutting ropes, forcing the miners to come to the surface. Chaval and Katrina are also there, who now have to leave. A fight breaks out between strikers and strikebreakers. When company leaders call in the army and police, the workers take on the destruction of the mines.
The uprising is gathering momentum
In Émile Zola's Germinal, the uprising spreads rapidly to other mines. The crowd begins to sing "La Marseillaise", goes to Mons. Enbo is confused, and the miners start robbing Megr's shop, who dies trying to save at least something.
Chaval brings the gendarmes, Katrina manages to warn Etienne about this at the last moment. Soldiers and police are placed in the mines, but no one returns to work. The strike continues to spread. Finally, it comes to a direct confrontation between Chaval and Etienne, who is jealous of Katrina. The protagonist of the novel "Germinal" Zola wins by putting his opponent to flight.
Collisions
Jeanlin has recovered from his injury, is lame in both legs, but manages to run very fast and shoot with a sling. He dreams of killing a soldier, somehow brings his plan to life. He jumps on the soldier from behind, inflicts a fatal blow with a knife.
Clashes between the authorities and the strikers then become inevitable. The soldier is given to use weapons only in the most extreme case, the first shots are soon heard. Miners throw bricks and dirt at opponents, and the military opens fire in response. Two children, Bebera and Lydia, were killed almost immediately. Also killed in love with Etienne Mouquette, Toussaint Mahe.
Internal crisis
The workers are depressed and scared. At this time, representatives of the city authorities come to Monsou. Etienne feels guilty for the death of these people, Rasner seizes power again, who agrees to a truce.
Etienne meets with Souvarine, who tells him about his wife, she was hanged in Moscow. Souvarine himself goes to the mines to which the workers have agreed to return, sawing off the lining that protected the mine from the underground sea.
The next morning, Etienne finds out that Katrina is going to go to the mine. He gives in to a momentary impulse, goes to see her. By evening, the flood breaks through the skin, water breaks to the surface. Etienne, Chaval, Katrina and Muk remain at the bottom of the mine.
In mine
The heroes try to escape, being in chest-deep water. They get out into a dry mine, and then wander through the underground labyrinths. This is where the final clash between Chaval and Etienne takes place.
In reviews of Emile Zola's Germinal, readers and critics have always noted that this is one of the key scenes of the work. During a fight, Etienne smashes his opponent's head. Then, together with Katrina, he scrapes a bench in the rock, on which they sit under a stream of stones rushing along the bottom of the mine.
They spend three days underground, waiting for death, but at the last moment the rescue operation is completed with success. Hearing the sounds of the workers making their way towards them, they share their first kiss. After that, Katrina falls into unconsciousness, and when the rescuers reach them, she is already dead.
The final
After recovering from these events, Etienne leaves the village. In all the mines that have recently rebelled, work is now in full swing. It seems to Etienne that the thuds of the kyle in the distance accompany literally every step he takes.
Young worker Etienne Lantier loses his job on the railway because of his quick temper and unwillingness to obey all the demands of his superiors. The young man is trying to get a job at a nearby mine, but it turns out that the old miners in these places exist from hand to mouth, since there is almost no work. Nevertheless, Etienne is lucky, the elderly slaughterer Mahe agrees to take him to his artel, because the hauler who worked in tandem with his daughter Catherine died suddenly the day before, and Mahe urgently needs a second hauler.
Lantier gets to work and on the very first day he is convinced that the working conditions are simply unbearable, the miners work in incredible closeness and closeness, fifteen-year-old Catherine, due to her constant stay in the mine, looks younger than her age and at the same time sometimes seems like an adult, tired woman. In addition, Etienne is amazed at how silently, without any protest, the miners tolerate the arbitrariness of the company's management, dooming them not only to a half-starved existence, but also constantly exposing them to a mortal threat, even elementary safety requirements are not observed in the mine.
At first, the young man is going to immediately leave the mining village, but still decides to stay at least for a while. His attention is immediately attracted by the silent, meek Catherine, he feels that he is not indifferent to this still very young girl, who is forced to work hard day after day and endure hunger and humiliation along with her loved ones.
The Mahe family lives in terrible poverty, they never have enough money even for bread. The wife of an old miner tries to seek help from the landowners named Gregoire, who are also co-owners of the mine. But they do not give the woman money, giving alms is not part of their life principles, but they give her younger children a piece of bread and old clothes.
With all the poverty and hopelessness of the existence of the miners, they also have their own joys, one of which for the Mahe family is the weekly bathing. After that, between husband and wife, as with other residents of the village, closeness usually occurs. At the same time, Chaval, one of the young miners who recently arrived in the village and works with her father, persistently pesters Katrin. The timid girl tries to resist, because she likes Etienne, but a strong and rude man easily takes possession of Catherine for the first time in an abandoned barn near the village.
Etienne notes with some surprise that among the miners there is an extreme simplicity of morals, girls without any hesitation enter into relationships with guys, without waiting for marriage. The young man tries to understand this, but he is outraged by the connection between Chaval and Catherine, although Etienne tries to assure himself that this does not concern him at all. At the same time, he met the machinist Suvarin, of Russian origin, belonging to the party of socialist populists, who was forced to leave his homeland and hide abroad.
In turn, Etienne has long made friends with a certain Plushard, who is one of the leaders of the labor movement, the young man continues to correspond with him, talking about the lawlessness that is happening at the mine. Souvarine believes that it is possible to achieve equality and justice only through terror and anarchy, and Lantier believes that the miners are obliged to go on strike and thus obtain at least some concessions from the company's management, but for this it is necessary to have certain means that will allow the strikers for some time to survive without income.
Having moved to live with the Mahe family, Etienne tries to tell the head of the family about his ideas, but the old miner is afraid to even discuss such topics. Meanwhile, the situation in the mine is steadily deteriorating, the company continues to fine workers for non-compliance with safety rules, and the patience of miners who receive a reduced wages, appears to be running out. In addition, working on the site where Mahe and his family work is becoming more and more dangerous, a collapse soon occurs, as a result of which both legs are broken in Mahe's youngest son Zhanlen. Now the elderly miner agrees that there is absolutely nothing to lose, and we must fight, we must go on strike.
The director of the Enbo mine learns that no one has come to work. Etienne and several of his comrades come to him with demands for an increase in earnings, but the company's management refuses to make concessions. Lantier gradually becomes a real leader among the workers, replacing the more calm and moderate Rasner, he convinces the miners that they must fight for their rights. Coal mining is continued only by the Jean-Bart mine, where Chaval and Catherine are located. But the workers, led by Etienne, are forcing the miners to leave their work and go upstairs.
The strike grows, more and more mines stop working. The authorities are forced to call for help from the army and the police, the soldiers begin to shoot at the miners, and innocent women and children are among the victims, and the old slaughterer Mahe also dies. Etienne is haunted by guilt for everything that happened, for the death of many people and the complete ruin of the miners. The workers again begin to listen to Rasner, who insists on reconciliation with the management of the company and the resumption of work.
Lantier decides to leave the village the next day, believing that he has nothing more to do here and all the locals hate him. He spends the last night in Mahe's house, and the anarchist Souvarine deliberately spoils the lining that protects the mine from the underground sea. Learning that Catherine is also going to the mine along with the rest of the inhabitants of the village, Etienne, unexpectedly for himself, decides to go there with her, he is unable to part with the girl. By evening, the water breaks to the surface, and the miners, including Etienne, Catherine and Chaval, are desperately trying to get to the top, realizing that they will almost certainly drown.
Between Chaval and Lantier, who have long experienced a deep hatred for each other, the last quarrel occurs, and Etienne kills his rival. With the help of Catherine, the young man creates a small bench in the wall, on which he and the girl sit above the stream of water that sweeps along the bottom of the mine. Both are aware that hope for salvation, most likely, is not necessary and they are destined to die underground. For the first time, they become truly close and experience real happiness, although they understand that they have only a short time to live.
Three days later, rescuers still get to the victims of the flood and raise them to the surface. However, Catherine is already dying by this moment, Etienne desperately admits to himself that he has lost his beloved forever.
Having slightly restored his strength, the young man leaves the mining village. He says goodbye to the widow of old Maheu, who has lost both her husband and daughter, and is forced to return to work in the mine as a hauler. The mines are once again bustling with incessant work, and Lantier realizes that he will never forget what he experienced in these parts.
Emile Zola
GERMINAL
PART ONE
In the thick darkness of a starless night, along the high road from Marchienne to Mons, which ran exactly right between the sugar beet fields for ten kilometers, a traveler walked. He did not even see the land in front of him and only felt that he was walking across an open field: here, in the boundless expanse, the March wind was rushing, like an icy sea squall, completely sweeping the bare earth and swampy swamps. Not a tree was visible against the night sky; a paved road stretched through impenetrable darkness, as if they were in a port.
The traveler left Marchienne at two o'clock. He walked with long strides, wearing a shabby cotton jacket and velvet trousers, shivering from the cold. He was very embarrassed by a small bundle tied in a checkered handkerchief; every now and then he shifted it from one hand to the other, trying to squeeze it under his arm so that it would be easier to put both hands into his pockets, stiff from the east wind and cracked to the point of blood. In the devastated head of this unemployed, homeless man, only one thought stirred, one hope that with the dawn, maybe it would get warmer. He had been walking like this for a whole hour, and now, two kilometers from Monsou, he saw red lights on the left; three braziers with red-hot coals seemed to hang in the air. At first this even frightened the traveler, and he paused; however, he could not overcome the agonizing urge to warm his hands, even for a moment.
The road descended into a hollow. The lights are gone. To the right stretched a wooden fence, behind it was the railroad track; to the left was a slope overgrown with grass; a village with low monotonous tiled roofs stood out vaguely. The traveler walked another two hundred paces. Suddenly the lights reappeared at the turn in front of him. He couldn't understand how they could burn so high in the dark sky, like three misty moons. But at this time another picture attracted his attention: below he saw the crowded buildings; above them rose the silhouette of a factory chimney; faint light flickered here and there in the dimmed windows; Outside, on the scaffolding, five or six lighted lanterns hung bleakly, so that one could barely make out a row of blackened logs that looked like giant goats. From this fantastic bulk, drowning in smoke and darkness, only one sound could be heard - the mighty, drawn-out breathing of an invisible steam engine.
The traveler realized that in front of him were coal mines. He suddenly felt ashamed: was it worth going there? You won't find work there. Instead of heading towards the mine buildings, he climbed the embankment, where coal burned in three cast-iron braziers, illuminating and heating the work site. The workers here had to work until late at night, as coal waste was still supplied from the mines. Here the traveler heard the rumble of trolleys that rolled along the walkways; he could make out silhouettes moving, people unloading coal at every brazier.
Great, - he said, approaching one of the braziers.
There, with his back to the fire, stood the driver, an old man in a purple woolen jersey and a hat of rabbit fur. The big bay horse, as if rooted to the spot, patiently waited for the six wagons it had brought in to be released. A skinny red-haired fellow slowly emptied them, mechanically pressing the lever. And above, the icy wind whistled with redoubled force, sweeping like a sweep of a scythe.
Good, the old man replied.
There was silence. Feeling the incredulous look of the driver, the traveler hurried to give his name.
My name is Etienne Lantier, I'm a mechanic... Is there any work for me here?
The flame illuminated him; he was probably no more than twenty-one years old. Black-haired, handsome, he seemed very strong, despite his small stature.
The driver, reassured by his words, shook his head negatively:
Jobs for a mechanic? No no. Two people came yesterday too. There is nothing.
A gust of wind silenced them. Then Étienne asked, pointing to a dark pile of buildings at the foot of the hill:
It's a mine, isn't it?
The old man could not immediately answer him: he was choked by a strong attack of coughing. At last he coughed, and where the spit had fallen to the ground, a black spot appeared in the reddish reflection of the flame.
Yes, this is the Vore mine ... And here is the village. Look!
And he pointed into the darkness where the village was; the traveler had noticed its tiled roofs before.
But now all six trolleys were empty; the old man silently followed them, with difficulty moving his sick, rheumatic legs. A large bay horse pulled the trolleys without prodding, stepping heavily between the rails; a sudden gust of wind ruffled her fur.
The Vore Mine is no longer a hazy vision. At the brazier, Étienne seemed to have forgotten that he needed to warm his hands, which were chapped to the point of blood. He kept looking and recognizing every detail of the mine: the tarred sorting shed, the tower over the descent into the mine, the large room for the hoist, and the square tower that housed the sump pump. This mine with squat brick buildings, settled in a hollow, putting up a chimney like a formidable horn, seemed to him a lurking insatiable beast, ready to devour the whole world. Continuing to look at everything, he thought about himself, about the fact that for a whole week he had been looking for work and living like a vagabond; he remembered how he worked in the railway workshop, how he slapped the boss, was expelled from Lille, and how he was later expelled from everywhere. On Saturday he came to Marchienne, where, according to rumors, one could get work in the ironworks; but there he found nothing either in the factories or at Sonneville, and he had to spend Sunday in the lumberyards at the carriage workshop, hiding behind logs and boards stacked in piles; At two o'clock in the morning he was driven out of there by the watchman. Now he had nothing - not a single sous, not a slice of bread; what will he do, wandering along the high roads, not even knowing where to hide from the cold wind? And so he got to the coal mines; by the light of rare lanterns one could see lumps of mined coal, and through the open door he saw the brightly blazing furnaces of steam boilers. He heard the incessant, relentless puff of the pump, powerful and drawn out, like the stifled breath of a monster.
The worker who unloaded the carts stood hunched over and never looked at Étienne, who stooped to pick up his bundle, which had fallen to the ground. At this time, a cough was heard, announcing the return of the driver. He slowly emerged from the darkness, followed by a bay horse pulling six newly loaded wagons.
Are there factories in Monsou? asked Étienne.
The old man coughed black, and then answered under the whistle of the wind:
There are enough factories here. You should have seen what was being done here three or four years ago! The chimneys smoked, there were not enough workers, people never earned as much as in those days ... And now they had to tighten their stomachs again. A real misfortune: workers are counted, workshops are closed one after another ... The emperor, perhaps, is not to blame, but why did he start a war in America? Not to mention that livestock and people are dying from cholera.
Both continued to complain, exchanging short, abrupt phrases. Etienne talked about his fruitless wanderings for a whole week: is it really only left to die of hunger? Soon all the roads will be filled with beggars. Yes, the old man said, all this could probably end badly - it’s not God’s way that so many Christians are thrown out into the street.
Now you don't eat meat every day.
If only there was bread!
Look! the driver shouted loudly, turning his face to the south. - Monsou is over there...
Stretching out his hand, he began to name places invisible in the darkness. There in Mons sugar factory Fauvel is still in full swing, but the Gauton sugar factory has already laid off some of the workers. Only Dutilleul's roller mill and Blaise's rope factory, supplying ropes for the mines, remain. One of them survived. Then he gestured north, covering a good half of the horizon; of the three blast furnaces at the smelter in Marchienne, one has been extinguished; finally, the Gagebois glass factory is threatened with a strike, the flow that they are talking about reducing wages.
